| Jogye Order | |
 Kyong Ho Seong-Wu, 75th Patriarch | |
| Korean name | |
|---|---|
| Hangul | 조계종 |
| Hanja | |
| Revised Romanization | Jogye-jong |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chogye-chong |
 |
| Part ofa serieson |
| Zen Buddhism |
|---|
 |
Teachings The "essence" The way The "goal" Background |
Indian Mahayana texts
Chinese texts |
Traditions |
Persons Chán in China Classical
Post-classical Contemporary Zen in Japan Seon in Korea Thiền in Vietnam Western Zen Category: Zen Buddhists |
TheJogye Order, officially known as theJogye Order of Korean Buddhism, (대한불교조계종, 大韓佛敎 曹溪宗), is the leading order of traditionalKorean Buddhism, with roots dating back 1,200 years to the lateSilla period. Around 820 CE, National Master Doui introducedSeon (Zen in the West) and the teachings of the SixthPatriarch,Huineng, fromChina. The order's name, Jogye, originates from the village where Huineng's home temple,Nanhua Temple, is located.(Chinese:曹溪; pinyin:cáo xī; Korean:조계; romaja:Jogye).[1]
The Jogye Order rose to prominence in the late 11th century when the monkJinul combined the direct practices ofKorean Seon with the theological foundations of sutra-based Buddhist schools andPure Land Buddhism.[2]
By 1994, the Jogye Order oversaw 1,725 temples, 10,056 clerics, and had 9,125,991 adherents.[3]
The internationalKwan Um School of Zen, a Jogye school, was founded by Seon MasterSeungsahn, the 78th Patriarch, who received dharma teachings from Seon Master Gobong.
The original "Nine Mountain Schools" of Seon, which descended fromChan Buddhism, were instrumental in the development of the nation during the Later Silla and thereafter.[4][5] During theGoryeo period, theCheontae school rose to prominence under the leadership ofUicheon, attracting many talented monks and compelling Seon practitioners to innovate.[2] In response, Buddhist leadersJinul andTaego Bou led major Seon movements. Jinul, in particular, sought to establish an order founded in the direct practices of Seon but also gave importance to sutra study andthe recitation of the name ofAmitābha as found in thePure Land teachings.[2] The basic precept Jinul advocated was "sudden enlightenment followed by gradual cultivation".[1][2]
The Jogye Order was established as the leading Seon tradition until the persecution during the Joseon dynasty. Its inclusive nature and emphasis on continuous discipline garnered significant support from the military establishment, allowing it to flourish in monasteries across theKorean peninsula.[2]
However, during the Joseon period, Buddhism was repressed in favor ofNeo-Confucianism.[citation needed] During the reign ofSejong (r. 1418-1450), two sects were formed, one of all the doctrinal schools and another of all the Seon schools. These were then temporarily disbanded under the reign ofYonsangun (r. 1494-1506), resulting in great confusion.[citation needed]
During theJapanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), National MastersSeosan and Samyeong raised armies that protected the nation, which improved the situation of Buddhism for a time.[citation needed] However, it was not until the political reforms of 1895 that monks were permitted in the cities again. Then, in 1899, under the leadership of Seon MasterGyeongheo (1849-1912), monks petitioned fromHaeinsa to reestablish the traditions and the philosophical basis for a reconstructed Buddhist order. Eventually, theWonjong andImjejong orders of theLinji school were founded, and attempts were made to revive the doctrinal schools and to reestablish activities in the cities. These movements were soon suppressed during theJapanese occupation, which began in 1910.
Reaction to the occupation by Japan was mixed in the Jogye. While some collaborated with the authorities,[6] monks such asYongsong andManhae led efforts to keep Korean Buddhist traditions alive. In 1921, theSonhakwon Seon Meditation Center was established, and in 1929, a Monks’ Conference of Joseon was held. In 1937, a movement for the establishment of a Central Headquarters began, which was successful with the building of theMain Buddha Hall ofJogyesa in Seoul in 1938. Finally, in 1941, the Joseon Buddhism Jogye Order which was distinctly Korean and free from Japanese influence, was established. This was the first legal Buddhist order in modern Korea and the precursor of today's Jogye Order.
Following liberation from Japan in 1945, Seon monks who had preserved and cherished Korean Buddhist traditions began a purification drive to re-establish the traditional celibate orders and take back the temples from married priests, a remnant of the Japanese Occupation. Finally, in 1955 the Jogye Order was established centered on celibate monks; however, as a result of mediation between the elder monks and the government, already-married priests were also included.
On April 11, 1962, the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism was officially established with three main goals: training and education; sutra translation into Korean fromHanja; and propagation. These goals continue to guide the Jogye Order today as well. It was in 1947-1949 that a group of monks atBongamsa began a movement advocating "Living According to the Teachings of the Buddha" and this provided the opportunity for the establishment of fundamental principles and traditions as well as the accepted ceremonies of the order.
In the late 1990s, a struggle broke out between two factions of the Order for who would appoint the heads of major temples in Korea.[6] Although the court ruled in favor of the Purification and Reform Committee (PRC), the ruling was not sufficiently enforced, and fighting broke out between hundreds of monks using makeshift weaponry.
In more recent years, the Jogye Order has been beset with scandals involvinggambling[7][8] andsexual misconduct.[9][10]
The Jogye Order faced conflict with the government led by former PresidentLee Myung-bak, a conservativePresbyterian Christian. The government is at odds with the Jogye Order due to the decreasing of Temple Stay funding, the lack of government recognition of theLantern Festival, and the omission of Buddhist temples, even famous ones, while marking the locations of even minor Christian churches in the new address system.[11] After Lee's ascendance to the Presidency the high proportion of Christians in relation to Buddhists in the public sector became known–particularly the president's cabinet, where there were 12 Christians to only one Buddhist,[12] among other reported incidents.[13]
In 2006, according to theAsia Times, "Lee also sent a video prayer message to a Christian rally held in the southern city of Busan in which the worship leader prayed feverishly: 'Lord, let the Buddhist temples in this country crumble down!'"[14] Further, according to an article inBuddhist-Christian Studies: "Over the course of the last decade a fairly large number of Buddhist temples in South Korea have been destroyed or damaged by fire by misguided Protestant fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, attacked and decapitated. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of night."[15]
On September 20, 2024, the Chief Administrator of the Jogye Order held a press conference at the Korean Buddhist History and Culture Memorial Hall in Jongno, Seoul, announcing plans to officially propose the establishment of "World Meditation Day" on May 21 (tentatively) during a visit to theUN headquarters in New York.[16]
The numerous temples of the Jogye order are arranged under 24 "head temples." The head temples each oversee a district (gyogu), containing a large number of subordinate temples.[1]
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