The city's population was 388,627 at the 2010 census,[10] and 373,589 at the 2020 census;[11] the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 375,699, composed of 182,840 males and 192,859 females.[1] Its metropolitan area was home to 4,010,436 inhabitants in 2010, which includes the city ofMagelang and 65 districts acrossSleman,Klaten,Bantul,Kulon Progo andMagelang regencies. Yogyakarta has one of the highestHDI (Human Development Index) in Indonesia.[12] It has the highest HDI in all of regencies and cities of Indonesia. Its HDI score is 0.887, whereas the regency and city with the lowest HDI isNduga Regency, with a score of 0.351.
Yogyakarta is named after the Indian city ofAyodhya, the birthplace of the eponymous heroRama from theRamayana epic.Yogya means "suitable; fit; proper", andkarta means "prosperous; flourishing". Thus,Yogyakarta means "[a city that is] fit to prosper".[13]
In colonial era correspondence, the city is often written in theJavanese script asꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ,[14] read as/ˌŋɑːjɒɡjəˈkɑːrtə/ with the added prefixnga-.
In theorthography of the time, the proper name was spelt with theLatin alphabet as "Jogjakarta". As the orthography of theIndonesian language changed, the consonant/j/ came to be written with⟨y⟩, and the consonant/dʒ/ with⟨j⟩. Personal and geographical names however, were allowed to maintain their original spelling according tocontemporary Indonesian orthography. Thus, the city can be written as "Yogyakarta", which is true to its original pronunciation and the Javanese script spelling, or "Jogjakarta", which is true to the old Dutch spelling and reflects popular pronunciation today, but differs from the original Ayodhya etymology. One may encounter either "Yogyakarta" or "Jogjakarta" in contemporary documents.
Mataram became the centre of a refined and sophisticated Javanese Hindu-Buddhist culture for about three centuries in the heartland of theProgo River valley, on the southern slopes ofMount Merapi volcano. This time period witnessed the construction of numerouscandi, includingBorobudur andPrambanan.
Historians suggest that some time during the reign ofKing Wawa of Mataram (924–929 CE), Merapi erupted and devastated the kingdom's capital in Mataram.[16][17]
During theMajapahit era, the area surrounding modern Yogyakarta was identified again as "Mataram" and recognised as one of the twelve Majapahit provinces in Java ruled byBhre Mataram. During the reign of the fourth king of the Majapahit Empire, the HinduKing Hayam Wuruk (1350–1389) of theRajasa dynasty, the title of Bhre Mataram was held by the king's nephew and son-in-lawWikramawardhana, later the fifth king of Majapahit.[18]
Kotagede, now a district in southeastern Yogyakarta, was established as the capital of theMataram Sultanate from 1587 to 1613.
During the reign ofSultan Agung Hanyokrokusumo (1613–1645), the Mataram Sultanate reached its zenith as the greatest kingdom in Java, and expanded its influence to Central Java, East Java, and half of West Java. After two changes of capital—to Karta and then to Plered, both located in present-dayBantul Regency—the capital of the Mataram Sultanate finally moved toKartasura.[citation needed]
Yogyakarta secedes and European invasions (1745–1830)
The pavilion of the Museum of Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX, located in the main side ofYogyakarta Royal PalaceTheTaman Sari Water Castle, the former royal garden of the Sultan of Yogyakarta
A civil war in the Mataram Sultanate broke out betweenPakubuwono II (1745–1749), the last ruler ofKartasura, and his younger brother and heir apparent to the throne,Prince Mangkubumi (later known as Hamengkubuwono I, the firstSultan of Yogyakarta, and the founder of the current ruling royal house). Pakubuwono II had agreed to cooperate with theDutch East India Company, and ceded some Mataram territory to the Dutch. Prince Mangkubumi, stood against the agreement, citing concerns that the people would become slaves under Dutch rule. During the war, Prince Mangkubumi defeated Pakubuwono II's forces and declared sovereignty in the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, occupying the southern parts of the former Mataram Sultanate.[citation needed]
With Pakubowono II dead from illness, theYogyakarta Sultanate was established as a result of theTreaty of Giyanti (Perjanjian Gianti), signed and ratified on 13 February 1755 among Prince Mangkubumi, the Dutch East India Company, and his nephewPakubuwono III and his allies. Ascending to the newly created Yogyakarta throne with the name Sultan Hamengkubuwono I, Mangkubumi thus established the royalHouse of Hamengkubuwono, still the ruling house of Yogyakarta today. Sultan Hamengkubuwono I and his family officially moved into thePalace of Yogyakarta, still the seat of thereigning sultan, on 7 October 1756. These events consequently marked the end of the Mataram Sultanate, resulting in the births of the rivalYogyakarta Sultanate and theSurakarta Sunanate.[citation needed]
During the brief period ofBritish rule over Java in 1811, rumours of plans by the Yogyakarta court to launch an attack against the British led to uneasiness among the Britons stationed in Java. On 20 June 1812,Sir Stamford Raffles led a 1,200-strong British force to capture the Yogyakarta kraton. The Yogyakarta forces, surprised by the attack, were easily defeated; the kraton fell in one day, and was subsequently sacked and burnt.[19]
The attack on the kraton was the first of its kind inIndonesian history, leaving the Yogyakarta court humiliated. The sultanate found itself involved in conflict again during theJava War.[19]
In 1942, theJapanese Empire invaded theDutch East Indies and ruled Java until they were defeated in 1945.Sukarno proclaimed the independence of theIndonesian Republic on 17 August 1945; SultanHamengkubuwono IX promptly sent a letter to Sukarno, expressing his support for the newly born nation of Indonesia and acknowledging the Yogyakarta Sultanate as part of the Indonesian Republic.
The Sultanate of Surakarta did the same, and both of the Javanese kingdoms were accordingly awarded privileged statuses as "Special Regions" within the Indonesian Republic. However, because of a leftist anti-royalist uprising in Surakarta, the Sunanate of Surakarta lost its special administrative status in 1946 and was absorbed intoCentral Java Province.
Yogyakarta's support was essential in the Indonesian struggle for independence during theIndonesian National Revolution (1945–1949). The city of Yogyakarta became the capital of the Indonesian Republic from 1946 to 1948, after the fall of Jakarta to the Dutch. Laterthe Dutch also invaded Yogyakarta, causing the Republic's capital to be transferred once again, toBukittinggi inWest Sumatra on 19 December 1948. TheGeneral Offensive of 1 March 1949 resulted in an Indonesian political and strategic victory against the Dutch and the withdrawal of Dutch forces from Yogyakarta. On 29 June 1949 Yogyakarta was completely cleared of Dutch forces, under pressure from theUnited Nations.
For its significant contribution to the survival of the Indonesian Republic, Yogyakarta was given autonomy as a "special district",[20] making it the only region headed by a recognised monarchy inIndonesia.
The area of the city of Yogyakarta is 32.82 square kilometres (12.7 square miles). While the city spreads in all directions from theKraton, the Sultan's palace, the core of the modern city is to the north, centred aroundDutch colonial-era buildings and the commercial district.Jalan Malioboro, with rows of pavement vendors and nearby markets and malls, is the primary shopping street for tourists in the city, while Jalan Solo, further north and east, is the shopping district more frequented by locals. The large local market ofBeringharjo (id) and the restored Dutch fort ofVredeburg are on the eastern part of the southern end of Malioboro.
Surrounding theKraton is a densely populated residential neighbourhood that occupies land that was formerly the Sultan's sole domain. Evidence of this former use remains in the form of old walls, scattered throughout the city, and the ruins of theTaman Sari water castle, built in 1758 as a pleasure garden. No longer in use by the Sultan, the garden was largely abandoned before being used for housing by palace employees and descendants. Reconstruction efforts began in 2004, and the site is now a popular tourist attraction.
Nearby to the city of Yogyakarta isMount Merapi, with the northern outskirts of the city running up to the southern slopes of the mountain inSleman Regency. Mount Merapi (literally "mountain of fire" in both Indonesian and Javanese), is an activestratovolcano located on the border between Central Java and Yogyakarta. It is the most active volcano in Indonesia and has erupted regularly since 1548, with the last eruption occurring in May 2018.
Yogyakarta features atropical monsoon climate (Köppen:Am) as the precipitation in the driest months between June and September are below 100 millimetres (3.9 inches). The wettest month in Yogyakarta is January with precipitation totalling 392 millimetres (15.4 inches). The climate is influenced by the monsoon. The annual temperature is roughly about 26 to 27 Celsius. The hottest month is April with average temperature 27.1 Celsius.
Climate data for Yogyakarta, Indonesia (elevation 121 m or 397 ft)
The city of Yogyakarta is an administrative part of theYogyakarta Special Region which has the status of a province in Indonesia. In 2020, Yogyakarta City held the highest population density in Greater Yogyakarta, with 11,546 people per square kilometre, Sleman and Bantul Regencies holding the second place with a population density of 1,958.5 people/sq kilometre, and third place with 1,940 people/sq kilometre respectively.[23] Within the Greater Yogyakarta area lies Yogyakarta city.
Yogyakarta is divided into fourteendistrict-level subdivisions calledkemantren (Javanese:ꦏꦼꦩꦤ꧀ꦠꦿꦺꦤ꧀), which makes Yogyakarta the only city in Indonesia to have such a designation, as it applied only within the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Below is a list of thekemantrens with their areas and their populations as at the 2010 Census[10] and the 2020 Census,[11] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.[1] The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number ofadministrative villages within each district, and its post codes.
In 2017, the Gross Domestic Regional Product (GRDP) of Yogyakarta City at current prices was 31.31 trillion rupiahs (around US$2.2 billion).[24] The tertiary sector contributed an important share (around 78% of GDP). the tertiary sector included wholesale and retail trade; repair of cars and motorcycles, transportation and warehousing; provision of accommodation and eating and drinking; information and communication; financial services and insurance; real estate; corporate services; government administration, defence and compulsory social security; educational services; health services and social activities as well as other services. In 2017, economic growth of Yogyakarta City reached 5.24 percent slightly faster compared to 2016, which the growth reached 5.11 percent.[25][24][26]
To rapidly jumpstart the economy, a plan for the 2nd phase of Indonesianhigh speed train is currently being developed fromBandung to Yogyakarta &Solo, initiating construction by 2020, which is projected to be completed by 2024.[27] This proposal would connect to otherhigh-speed rail in Indonesia.
Borobudur is the world's largest Buddhist archaeological site.[30]
Yogyakarta is home to a myriad of heritage buildings, landmarks and important monuments. Because of its proximity to theBorobudur andPrambanan temples, and presence of the Javanese courtKraton culture of Kraton Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta hosts a sizeable tourist industry.Kotagede, the capital ofMataram Sultanate is also located in the city.[citation needed]
Wayang (shadow puppets) in Yogyakarta style, a scene from Irawan's Wedding. Mid-20th century, from theUniversity of Hawaii Department of Theatre and Dance.Kawung Motif in batik from YogyakartaKotagede silverwork
Notable local traditions and marketplaces in Yogyakarta include:
Gudeg Yogya: a traditional food from Yogyakarta[33] andCentral Java made from young unripenangka (jack fruit) boiled for several hours withpalm sugar andcoconut milk. This is usually accompanied byopor ayam (chicken in coconut milk),telur pindang (hard boiled egg stew), andkrechek (spicy beef skin and tofu stew).Gudeg from Yogyakarta has a unique sweet and savoury taste, and is drier and more reddish than other regional variants because of the addition of Javaneseteak leaf.
Krechek (orkrecek orsambal goreng krechek): a traditional spicy beef skin dish made from seasonedkrupuk kulit (beef skin crackers).Krechek is usually served as a side dish together withgudeg.
Bakpia andbakpia Pathok: a sweet pastry filled with sugared mung bean paste, derived from the Chinese pastry. A well-known bakpia-producing area is Pathok nearJalan Malioboro, wherebakpia Pathok is sold.
Kipo: derived from theJavanese questionIki opo? ("What is this?"), a small sweet snack fromKotagede made of glutinous rice flour and coconut milk dough filled with grated coconut and palm sugar.
Ronde (wedhang ronde): a hot Javanese dessert of glutinous rice balls stuffed with peanut paste, floating in a hot and sweet ginger and lemongrass tea.
Angsle (wedhang angsle): a hot soupy dessert of sago pearls, pre-cooked glutinous rice and mung beans,putu mayang (brightly coloured, noodle-shaped flour cakes), and fried peanuts, covered in hot and sweet coconut milk.
To the east of the town centre is the large Air Force Museum (Museum Pusat Dirgantara Mandala), with 36 aircraft in the building and six aircraft displayed outdoors. As Indonesia was for a period in the Soviet sphere of influence, this museum contains a number of vintage Russian aircraft not widely available for inspection in the NATO sphere of influence. The collection includes examples of theMikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 trainer,Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17,Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19,Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 andTupolev Tu-16, together with an assortment of Japanese, American and British aircraft.[34] Other museums include theJogja National Museum.
Yogyakarta was first served by rail in 1872. The city is located on one of the two majorrailway lines that run across Java betweenJakarta in the west andSurabaya in the east.
The city has an extensive system of public city buses, and is a major departure point for inter-city buses to other cities in Java and Bali, as well as taxis, andongs, andbecaks.Motorbikes are by far the most commonly used personal transportation, but an increasing number of residents own automobiles.[37] Yogyakarta and surrounding areas also have a circle highway known as theRing Road and overpasses including Janti Overpass, Lempuyangan Overpass, and a recently built Jombor Overpass.
Trans Jogja Bus. A bus rapid transit system in Yogyakarta.
Since early 2008, the city has operated abus rapid transit system,Trans Jogja, also known as "TJ". Trans Jogja is modelled after theTransJakarta system in the capital, but unlike TransJakarta, there is no special lane for Trans Jogja buses, which instead run on main streets. There are currently six Trans Jogja lines, with routes through the main streets of Yogyakarta, some of which overlap. The lines extend from theJombor Bus Terminal in the north to theGiwangan Bus Terminal in the south, and to thePrambanan bus shelter in the east viaAdisucipto International Airport.
Kedaulatan Rakyat (KR) is the major newspaper in Yogyakarta, its headquarters is located near the Tugu monument. First published in 1945, the paper is one of the oldest continuously published newspaper in Indonesia.[38] Other major daily newspapers includeHarian Jogja,Koran Merapi andTribun Jogja, as well as online-onlyBernas. KR-ownedMinggu Pagi is the major weekly newspaper.
Yogyakarta is served by radio and television stations covering Special Region of Yogyakarta and surrounding areas. The public radioRRI Yogyakarta has one of its studios in the city. Other radio stations based in Yogyakarta includeGeronimo FM, Retjo Buntung FM and Yasika FM. However most of television stations is located in nearby Sleman Regency, such as the publicTVRI Yogyakarta, AdiTV, Jogja TV and RBTV, though their broadcast coverage include Yogyakarta city.
^Pospelov, E. M. (2002).Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь. (Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira. Toponimicheskiy slovar) [Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary.] (in Russian). Russkie slovari, Astrel, AST. p. 138.ISBN5-17-001389-2.
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