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| Alternative names | Jodrell Bank Experimental Station |
|---|---|
| Named after | William Jauderell |
| Organization | |
| Location | Lower Withington,Cheshire East,Cheshire,North West England, England |
| Coordinates | 53°14′10″N2°18′26″W / 53.23625°N 2.3071388888889°W /53.23625; -2.3071388888889 |
| Altitude | 77 m (253 ft) |
| Established | 1945 |
| Website | www |
| Telescopes |
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  Location of Jodrell Bank Observatory | |
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 Related media on Commons | |
Interactive map of Jodrell Bank Observatory | |
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) |
| Reference | 1594 |
| Inscription | 2019 (43rdSession) |
| Area | 17.38 ha (42.9 acres) |
| Buffer zone | 18,569.22 ha (45,885.5 acres) |
Jodrell Bank Observatory (/ˈdʒɒdrəl/JOD-rəl) inCheshire, England, hosts a number ofradio telescopes as part of theJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at theUniversity of Manchester. Theobservatory was established in 1945 byBernard Lovell, a radio astronomer at the university, to investigatecosmic rays after his work onradar in theSecond World War. It has since played an important role in the research ofmeteoroids,quasars,pulsars,masers, andgravitational lenses, and was heavily involved with the tracking ofspace probes at the start of theSpace Age.
The main telescope at the observatory is theLovell Telescope. Its diameter of 250 ft (76 m) makes it the third largest steerable radio telescope in the world. There are three other active telescopes at the observatory; theMark II and 42 ft (13 m) and 7 m diameter radio telescopes. Jodrell Bank Observatory is the base of theMulti-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), a National Facility run by the University of Manchester on behalf of theScience and Technology Facilities Council.
The Jodrell Bank Visitor Centre and anarboretum are inLower Withington, and the Lovell Telescope and the observatory nearGoostrey andHolmes Chapel. The observatory is reached from theA535. TheCrewe to Manchester Line passes by the site, andGoostrey station is a short distance away. In 2019, the observatory became aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site.[1][2]
Jodrell Bank was first used for academic purposes in 1939 when the University of Manchester'sDepartment of Botany purchased three fields from the Leighs. It is named from a nearby rise in the ground, Jodrell Bank, which was named afterWilliam Jauderell, an archer whose descendants lived at the mansion that is nowTerra Nova School. The site was extended in 1952 by the purchase of a farm from George Massey on which the Lovell Telescope was built.[3]
The site was first used forastrophysics in 1945, when Bernard Lovell used some equipment left over fromWorld War II, including agun laying radar, to investigatecosmic rays.[4][5] The equipment was a GL II radar system working at a wavelength of 4.2 m, provided byJ. S. Hey.[6][7] He intended to use the equipment inManchester, butelectrical interference from the trams onOxford Road prevented him from doing so. He moved the equipment to Jodrell Bank, 25 miles (40 km) south of the city, on 10 December 1945.[7][8] Lovell's main research was transient radio echoes, which he confirmed were fromionized meteor trails by October 1946.[9] The first staff were Alf Dean and Frank Foden, who observed meteors with the naked eye while Lovell observed the electromagnetic signal using equipment.[10] The first time Lovell turned the radar on – 14 December 1945 – theGeminidsmeteor shower was at a maximum.[8]
Over the next few years, Lovell accumulated more ex-military radio hardware, including a portable cabin. The first permanent building was near to the cabin and was named after it.[9]
Asearchlight was loaned to Jodrell Bank in 1946 by the army;[11] a broadside array, was constructed on its mount by J. Clegg.[11] It consisted of 7 elements ofYagi–Uda antennas.[12] It was used for astronomical observations in October 1946.[13]
On 9 and 10 October 1946, the telescope observed ionisation in the atmosphere caused by meteors in theGiacobinids meteor shower. When the antenna was turned by 90 degrees at the maximum of the shower, the number of detections dropped to the background level, proving that the transient signals detected by radar were from meteors.[12] The telescope was then used to determine the radiant points for meteors. This was possible as the echo rate is at a minimum at the radiant point, and a maximum at 90 degrees to it.[11] The telescope and other receivers on the site studied theauroral streamers that were visible in early August 1947.[14][15]
The Transit Telescope was a 218 ft (66 m)parabolic reflectorzenith telescope built in 1947. At the time, it was the world's largest radio telescope. It consisted of a wire mesh suspended from a ring of 24 ft (7.3 m)scaffold poles, which focussed radio signals on afocal point 126 ft (38 m) above the ground. The telescope mainly looked directly upwards, but the direction of the beam could be changed by small amounts by tilting the mast to change the position of the focal point. The focal mast was changed from timber to steel before construction was complete.[3]
The telescope was replaced by the steerable 250 ft (76 m) Lovell Telescope, and the Mark II telescope was subsequently built at the same location.
The telescope could map a ± 15-degree strip around the zenith at 72 and 160 MHz, with a resolution at 160 MHz of 1 degree.[16] It discovered radio noise from theGreat Nebula inAndromeda – the first definite detection of an extragalactic radio source – and the remnants ofTycho's Supernova in the radio frequency; at the time it had not been discovered byoptical astronomy.[17]
The "Mark I" telescope, now known as the Lovell Telescope, was the world's largest steerable dish radio telescope, 76.2 metres (250 ft) in diameter, when it was constructed in 1957;[18] it is now the third largest, after theGreen Bank telescope inWest Virginia and theEffelsberg telescope in Germany.[19] Part of the gun turret mechanisms from theFirst World War battleshipsHMS Revenge andHMS Royal Sovereign were reused in the telescope's motor system.[20] The telescope became operational in mid-1957, in time for the launch of the Soviet Union'sSputnik 1, the world's first artificial satellite. The telescope was the only one able to track Sputnik'sbooster rocket by radar;[21][22] first locating it just before midnight on 12 October 1957, eight days after its launch.[23][24]
In the following years, the telescope tracked various space probes. Between 11 March and 12 June 1960, it tracked the United States'NASA-launchedPioneer 5 probe. The telescope sent commands to the probe, including those to separate it from its carrier rocket and turn on its more powerful transmitter when the probe was eight million miles away. It received data from the probe, the only telescope in the world capable of doing so.[25] In February 1966, Jodrell Bank was asked by the Soviet Union to track its unmanned Moon landerLuna 9 and recorded on itsfacsimile transmission of photographs from the Moon's surface. The photographs were sent to the British press and published before the Soviets made them public.[26]
In 1969, the Soviet Union'sLuna 15 was also tracked. A recording of the moment when Jodrell Bank's scientists observed the mission was released on 3 July 2009.[27]
With the support of Sir Bernard Lovell, the telescope tracked Russian satellites. Satellite and space probe observations were shared with the US Department of Defense satellite tracking research and development activity atProject Space Track.
Tracking space probes only took a fraction of the Lovell telescope's observing time, and the remainder was used for scientific observations including using radar to measure the distance to the Moon and to Venus;[28][29] observations of astrophysical masers aroundstar-forming regions and giant stars;[30] observations of pulsars (including the discovery of millisecond pulsars[31] and the first pulsar in a globular cluster);[32] and observations of quasars and gravitational lenses (including the detection of the first gravitational lens[33] and the firstEinstein ring).[34] The telescope has also been used forSETI observations.[35]
The Mark II telescope is an elliptical radio telescope, with a major axis of 38.1 metres (125 ft) and a minor axis of 25.4 metres (83 ft).[36] It was constructed in 1964. As well as operating as a standalone telescope, it has been used as aninterferometer with the Lovell Telescope, and is now primarily used as part of the MERLIN project.[37][38]TheMark III telescope, the same size as the Mark II, was constructed to be transportable[39] but it was never moved fromWardle, nearNantwich, where it was used as part ofMERLIN. It was built in 1966 and decommissioned in 1996.[40]
The Mark IV, V and VA telescope proposals were put forward in the 1960s through to the 1980s to build even larger radio telescopes.
The Mark IV proposal was for a 1,000 feet (300 m) diameter standalone telescope, built as a national project.
The Mark V proposal was for a 400 feet (120 m) moveable telescope. The concept of this proposal was for a telescope on a3⁄4-mile-long (1.2 km) railway line adjoining Jodrell Bank, but concerns about future levels of interference meant that a site in Wales would have been preferable. Design proposals by Husband and Co and Freeman Fox, who had designed theParkes Observatory telescope in Australia, were put forward.
The Mark VA was similar to the Mark V but with a smaller dish of 375 feet (114 m) and a design usingprestressed concrete, similar to the Mark II (the previous two designs more closely resembled the Lovell telescope).[41]
None of the proposed telescopes was constructed, although design studies were carried out and scale models were made, partly because of the changing political climate, and partly due to the financial constraints of astronomical research in the UK. Also it became necessary to upgrade the Lovell Telescope to the Mark IA, which overran in terms of cost.[41]
A 50 ft (15 m) alt-azimuth dish was constructed in 1964 for astronomical research and to track theZond 1,Zond 2,Ranger 6 andRanger 7 space probes[42] andApollo 11.[43] After an accident that irreparably damaged the 50 ft telescope's surface, it was demolished in 1982 and replaced with a more accurate telescope, the "42 ft". The 42 ft (12.8 m) dish is mainly used to observe pulsars, and continually monitors theCrab Pulsar.[44]
When the 42 ft was installed, a smaller dish, the "7 m" (actually 6.4 m, or 21 ft, in diameter) was installed and is used for undergraduate teaching. The 42 ft and 7 m telescopes were originally used at theWoomera Rocket Testing Range inSouth Australia.[45] The 7 m was originally constructed in 1970 by theMarconi Company.[46]
A Polar Axis telescope was built in 1962. It had a circular 50 ft (15.2 m) dish on apolar mount,[47] and was mostly used for moon radar experiments. It has been decommissioned. An 18-inch (460 mm) reflecting optical telescope was donated to the observatory in 1951[48] but was not used much, and was donated to the Salford Astronomical Society around 1971.[49]
The Multi-Element Radio LinkedInterferometer Network (MERLIN) is an array ofradio telescopes spread across England and the Welsh borders. The array is run from Jodrell Bank on behalf of theScience and Technology Facilities Council as a National Facility.[50] The array consists of up to sevenradio telescopes and includes the Lovell Telescope, the Mark II,Cambridge,Defford,Knockin,Darnhall, andPickmere (previously known asTabley). The longest baseline is 217 kilometres (135 mi) and MERLIN can operate atfrequencies between 151MHz and 24GHz.[40] At awavelength of 6 cm (5 GHz frequency), MERLIN has a resolution of 50 milliarcseconds which is comparable to that of theHST at optical wavelengths.[50]
Jodrell Bank has been involved withVery Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) since the late 1960s; the Lovell telescope took part in the first transatlantic interferometer experiment in 1968, with other telescopes atAlgonquin andPenticton in Canada.[51] The Lovell Telescope and the Mark II telescopes are regularly used for VLBI with telescopes across Europe (theEuropean VLBI Network), giving a resolution of around 0.001arcseconds.[37]
In April 2011, Jodrell Bank was named as the location of the control centre for the plannedSquare Kilometre Array, or SKA Project Office (SPO).[52] The SKA is planned by a collaboration of 20 countries and when completed, is intended to be the most powerfulradio telescope ever built. In April 2015 it was announced that Jodrell Bank would be the permanent home of the SKA headquarters[53] for the period of operation expected for the telescope (over 50 years[54]).
The Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, of which the Observatory is a part, is one of the largest astrophysics research groups in the UK.[55] About half of the research of the group is in the area of radio astronomy – including research intopulsars, theCosmic Microwave Background Radiation,gravitational lenses,active galaxies andastrophysical masers. The group also carries out research at different wavelengths, looking intostar formation and evolution,planetary nebula andastrochemistry.[56]
The first director of Jodrell Bank wasBernard Lovell, who established the observatory in 1945. He was succeeded in 1980 bySir Francis Graham-Smith, followed byProfessor Rod Davies around 1990 andProfessor Andrew Lyne in 1999.[57]Professor Phil Diamond took over the role on 1 October 2006, at the time when theJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics was formed. Prof Ralph Spencer was Acting Director during 2009 and 2010. In October 2010, Prof. Albert Zijlstra became Director of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics. Professor Lucio Piccirillo was the Director of the Observatory from Oct 2010 to Oct 2011. Prof. Simon Garrington is the JBCA Associate Director for the Jodrell Bank Observatory. In 2016, Prof. Michael Garrett was appointed as the inaugural Sir Bernard Lovell chair of Astrophysics and Director of Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics. As Director JBCA, Prof. Garrett also has overall responsibility for Jodrell Bank Observatory.
In May 2017 Jodrell Bank entered into a partnership with theBreakthrough Listen initiative and will share information with Jodrell Bank's team, who wish to conduct an independent SETI search via its 76-m radio telescope and e-MERLIN array.
There is an active development programme researching and constructing telescope receivers and instrumentation. The observatory has been involved in the construction of severalCosmic Microwave Background experiments, including theTenerife Experiment, which ran from the 1980s to 2000, and the amplifiers and cryostats for theVery Small Array.[58] It has also constructed the front-end modules of the 30 and 44 GHz receivers for thePlanck spacecraft.[59] Receivers were also designed at Jodrell Bank for theParkes Telescope in Australia.[60]
A visitors' centre, opened on 19 April 1971 by theDuke of Devonshire,[61] attracted around 120,000 visitors per year. It covered the history of Jodrell Bank and had a planetarium and 3D theatre hosting simulated trips toMars.Asbestos in the visitors' centre buildings led to its demolition in 2003 leaving a remnant of its far end. Amarquee was set up in its grounds while a new science centre was planned. The plans were shelved whenVictoria University of Manchester andUMIST merged to become theUniversity of Manchester in 2004, leaving the interim centre, which received around 70,000 visitors a year.[62]
In October 2010, work on a new visitor centre started and the Jodrell Bank Discovery Centre opened on 11 April 2011.[63] It includes an entrance building, the Planet Pavilion, a Space Pavilion for exhibitions and events, a glass-walled cafe with a view of the Lovell Telescope and an outdoor dining area, an education space, and landscaped gardens including the Galaxy Maze.[64] A largeorrery was installed in 2013.[65] The facility also includes a history of Jodrell Bank exhibition, and a space dome showing various space themed shows.
The visitor centre is open Tuesday to Sunday and Mondays during school and bank holidays and organises public outreach events, including public lectures, star parties, and "ask an astronomer" sessions.[66]
A path around the Lovell telescope is approximately 20 m from the telescope's outer railway, information boards explain how the telescope works and the research that is done with it.
The 35 acres (140,000 m2)arboretum, created in 1972, houses the UK's national collections ofcrab appleMalus andmountain ashSorbus species, and the Heather Society'sCalluna collection. The arboretum also has a smallscale model of theSolar System, the scale is approximately 1:5,000,000,000. At Jodrell Bank, as part of theSpacedOut project, is the Sun in a 1:15,000,000 scale model of the Solar System covering Britain.[67]
On 7 July 2010, it was announced that the observatory was being considered for the 2011 United Kingdom Tentative List forWorld Heritage Site status.[68] It was announced on 22 March 2011 that it was on the UK government's shortlist.[69] In January 2018, it became the UK's candidate for World Heritage status.[70]
In July 2011 the visitor centre and observatory hosted "Live from Jodrell Bank - Transmission 001" – a rock concert with bands includingThe Flaming Lips,British Sea Power,Wave Machines,OK GO andAlice Gold.[71] On 23 July 2012, Elbow performed live at the observatory and filmed a documentary of the event and the facility which was released as a live CD/DVD of the concert.On 6 July 2013, Transmission 4 featured Australian Pink Floyd, Hawkwind, The Time & Space Machine and The Lucid Dream.[72] On 7 July 2013, Transmission 5 featured New Order, Johnny Marr, The Whip, Public Service Broadcasting, Jake Evans and Hot Vestry.[73] On 30 August 2013, Transmission 6 featuredSigur Rós,Poliça andDaughter.[74]
On 31 August 2013, Jodrell Bank hosted a concert performed by theHallé Orchestra to commemorate what would have been Lovell's 100th birthday. As well as a number of operatic performances during the day, the evening Halle performance saw numbers such as themes fromStar Trek,Star Wars andDoctor Who among others. The main Lovell telescope was rotated to face the onlooking crowd and used as a huge projection screen showing various animated planetary effects. During the interval the 'screen' was used to show a history of Lovell's work and Jodrell Bank.[75]
There is an astronomypodcast from the observatory, namedTheJodcast.[76] TheBBC television programmeStargazing Live was hosted in the control room of the observatory from 2011 to 2016.[77]
Since 2016, the observatory hostedBluedot,[78] a music and science festival, featuring musical acts such asPublic Service Broadcasting,The Chemical Brothers, as well as talks by scientists and scientific communicators such asJim Al-Khalili andRichard Dawkins.
On 3 March 2008, it was reported that Britain'sScience and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), faced with an £80 million shortfall in its budget, was considering withdrawing its planned £2.7 million annual funding of Jodrell Bank'se-MERLIN project. The project, which aimed to replace themicrowave links between Jodrell Bank and a number of other radio telescopes with high-bandwidthfibre-optic cables, greatly increasing the sensitivity of observations, was seen as critical to the survival of the facility.Bernard Lovell said "It will be a disaster … The fate of the Jodrell Bank telescope is bound up with the fate of e-MERLIN. I don't think the establishment can survive if the e-MERLIN funding is cut".[79][80]
On 9 July 2008, it was reported that, following an independent review, STFC had reversed its initial position and would now guarantee funding of £2.5 million annually for three years.[81]
Jodrell Bank has been mentioned in several works of fiction, includingDoctor Who (The Tenth Planet,Remembrance of the Daleks, "The Poison Sky", "The Eleventh Hour", "Spyfall") andBirthday Boy byDavid Baddiel. It was intended to be a filming location forLogopolis (Tom Baker's finalDoctor Who serial) but budget restrictions prevented this and another location with a superimposed model of a radio telescope was used instead. It was also mentioned inThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy[82] (as well asThe Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy film),The Creeping Terror andMeteor.
Jodrell Bank was also featured heavily in the 1983 music video "Secret Messages" byElectric Light Orchestra and also "Are We Ourselves?" byThe Fixx. ThePrefab Sprout song Technique (from debut album Swoon) opens with the line "Her husband works at Jodrell Bank/He's home late in the morning".
The observatory is the site of several episodes in the novelBoneland by the local novelistAlan Garner (2012), and the central character, Colin Whisterfield, is an astrophysicist on its staff.
Jodrell bank made an appearance in the CBBC seriesBitsa.[citation needed]
Since 13 July 1988 the Lovell Telescope has been designated as a Grade Ilisted building.[83] On 10 July 2017 theMark II Telescope was also designated at the same grade.[84] On the same date five other buildings on the site were designated at Grade II; namely the Searchlight Telescope,[85] the Control Building,[86] the Park Royal Building,[87] the Electrical Workshop,[88] and the Link Hut.[89] Grade I is the highest of the three grades of listing, and is applied to buildings that are of "exceptional interest", and Grade II, the lowest grade, is applied to buildings "of special interest".[90]
At the 43rd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee in Baku on 7 July 2019, the Jodrell Bank Observatory was adopted as a World Heritage Site on the basis of 4 criteria[91]
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