Joan Ganz Cooney | |
|---|---|
 Cooney in 1985 | |
| Born | Joan Ganz (1929-11-30)November 30, 1929 (age 96) Phoenix, Arizona, U.S. |
| Education | |
| Occupations | |
| Known for | Children's Television Workshop (1968-2000) (renamed)Sesame Workshop (2000–present) Sesame Street (1969–present) |
| Spouses | |
| Relatives | Emil Ganz (grandfather) |
Joan Ganz Cooney (bornJoan Ganz; November 30, 1929) is an American television writer and producer. She is one of the founders ofSesame Workshop (formerlyChildren's Television Workshop or CTW), the organization famous for the creation of thechildren's television showSesame Street, which was co-created by her. Cooney grew up inPhoenix and earned aBachelor of Arts in education from theUniversity of Arizona in 1951. After working for theState Department inWashington, D.C., and as a journalist in Phoenix, she worked as a publicist for television and production companies inNew York City. In 1961, she became interested in working for educational television, and became a documentary producer for New York's first educational TV stationWNET (Channel 13). Many of the programs she produced won local Emmys.
In 1966, Cooney hosted what she called "a little dinner party"[1] at her apartment nearGramercy Park. In attendance was her then-husband Tim Cooney, her boss Lewis Freedman, andLloyd Morrisett, an executive at theCarnegie Corporation, in which the potential of television to teach young children was discussed. Cooney was chosen to oversee and direct the creation of what eventually became the children's television programSesame Street, which premiered in 1969, and the CTW, the organization that oversaw its production. Cooney was named CTW's first executive director. As one of the first female executives in American television, her appointment was called "one of the most important television developments of the decade".[2]
Cooney remained executive director of the CTW until 1990 when she became the chair of CTW's executive board. She served as a board member or trustee for many organizations, and received numerous awards and honorary degrees. In 2007, the Sesame Workshop foundedThe Joan Ganz Cooney Center.
Joan Ganz was born on November 30, 1929,[3] in Phoenix, Arizona, to Sylvan Ganz, a banker, and Pauline (née Reddon), a homemaker. Her father was from Phoenix.[4] Her father wasJewish and her mother was Catholic.[5] Her grandfatherEmil Ganz was a tailor fromWalldorf, Thuringia, in Germany, who immigrated to the U.S. in 1858 and was president of the First National Bank of Arizona and mayor of Phoenix for three terms.[6] Joan Ganz was the youngest of three siblings.[7] She described her childhood as "upper middle class, country club atmosphere" and stated, "I was raised in the most conventional way, raised to be a housewife and a mother, to work an interesting job when I got out of college, and to marry at the appropriate age, which would have been twenty-five."[8]
She attendedNorth High School in Phoenix, where she was active in school plays. She stated that her biggest influence as a teenager was her teacher Bud Brown, whose lectures about thecivil rights movement, poverty, the free press, andantisemitism in Europe "absolutely inflamed"[4] her and changed her life.[8] Brown was laterinvestigated as a Communist.[9] She went toDominican College, an all-girls Catholic institution inSan Rafael, California, for a year before transferring to theUniversity of Arizona in 1948, where she was a member ofKappa Alpha Theta.[10][11] She stopped acting in college because her father refused to support her in that career. She chose education, even though she was not interested in becoming a teacher, on the recommendation of her mother[4] and because as she later stated, "It was something that girls of my generation did because teaching was acceptable."[12]
After graduating in 1951, Ganz moved toWashington, D.C., where she worked as a clerk and typist at theState Department. She was exposed to FatherJames Keller'sChristopher Movement, which inspired her to become involved with television and the media. Cooney later said, "Father Keller said that if idealists didn't go into the media, nonidealists would."[12] She returned to Phoenix and despite no experience injournalism,[13] took a job as a reporter at theArizona Republic. Eighteen months later, in 1953 and at the age of 23, she moved to New York City and was apublicist for the next ten years, initially forDavid Sarnoff atRCA, then atNBC writingpress releases andsoap opera synopses,[12] and then for theUnited States Steel Hour atCBS.[4][14] During this time, she became involved with liberalDemocratic politics and "fell in with a literary set of young writers and editors who gathered at the West Side apartment ofPartisan Review editorWilliam Phillips". Some of this "notable group" includedJason Epstein andNorman Mailer.[12] In 1956, after many years of depression, Cooney's father committed suicide at his home in Phoenix.[15]
Her literary contacts, political savvy, and vast interest in the "world of ideas"—in addition to disarming self-confidence—got her hired [at Channel 13]. Her masterful organization skills and intuitive grasp of the zeitgeist of the times won her success.
While Cooney was working for theU.S. Steel Hour, a colleague left to work for the educational television stationWGBH-TV in Boston; her reaction was life-changing: "What?! There is educational television?!"[14] She later stated, "I knew that I was born to be in educational television; it wasSt. Paul on the highway."[16] In 1961, she began to track the progress of a court case in which a New York City nonprofit group was attempting to acquireNewark, New Jersey–basedindependent station WNTA-TV (channel 13), which would become the precursor ofPBS stationWNET, the first public television station in the New York area.[17] When channel 13 becamenon-commercial two years later as WNDT, Cooney applied for a position as the station's publicist, but the general manager told her they needed producers. "I can produce," she told him, even though she had no experience in producing television shows. She later stated, "I've never been qualified for any job I've been hired for."[12] According to television historian Cary O'Dell, WNDT hired her because of the ties she had made through her political activities and associations withPartisan Review.[12] Cooney later said during an interview with theArchive of American Television that the transition to becoming a documentary producer was not difficult for her because she was well-read and aware of the issues of the day, adding, "I felt like I'd died and gone to heaven, dealing with foreign policy and domestic policy and civil rights, which became the great passion in those years for me."[16]
Taking a pay cut,[18] Cooney and her boss Lewis Freedman produced what author Michael Davis called "a series ofteach-ins on major issues".[19] One of her first programs was calledCourt of Reason, a weekly live debate show; notable guests includedMalcolm X andCalvin Butts. She produced a debate show on America's policy about Cuba that aired the week before theCuban Missile Crisis. She also produced another debate show calledPoverty, Anti-Poverty, and the World, in which poor people were brought into the studio to confront the government officials responsible for developinganti-poverty programs.[14][16][17] Although the ratings were low, Cooney and Freedman wonEmmys for its production, and as Davis stated, "the viewers who did tune in were serious-minded adults who cared about matters of race, injustice, and the imbalance of opportunity in New York and beyond."[19] She also produced inexpensively-made documentaries that she later called "LittleGrandma Moses documentaries"[18] for WNDT that were well received by their viewers,[19] includingA Chance at the Beginning, which featured the precursor ofHead Start that won her a local Emmy and was later used to train Head Start teachers.[20] She later reported that WNDT had won eight out of 13 New York Emmys in one year.[16]
In February 1964, at age 34, she married Timothy Cooney, a staff member of New York mayorRobert Wagner, Jr. They met while she was working onA Chance at the Beginning.[16] He was also director of public relations for the New York City Department of Labor and director of New York's Office of Civil Defense. Timothy Cooney would eventually become "an unpaid advocate for the urban poor".[21] Cooney credited him, whom Davis called "a radical feminist,"[22] for making her into a feminist, and later said that he was very supportive and encouraging.[21] Davis called the Cooneys "a delightfully unmatched set, aSpencer Tracy andKatharine Hepburn twosome who married despite differences in upbringing, station, and sobriety".[23]
In the winter of 1966, Cooney hosted what she called "a little dinner party"[1] at her apartment nearGramercy Park. in attendance was her husband; her boss, Lewis Freedman; and Lloyd and Mary Morrisett, whom the Cooneys knew socially.[24]Lloyd Morrisett was a mid-level executive atCarnegie Corporation (who later became its CEO), and was then responsible for funding educational research. The conversation turned to the possibilities of using television to educate young children; Morrisett raised the question, "Do you think television could be used to teach young children?" Cooney replied, "I don't know, but I'd like to talk about it."[25] According to Davis, the party was the start of a five-decade-long professional relationship between Cooney and Morrisett.[25] A week later, Cooney and Freedman met with Morrisett at the offices of Carnegie Corporation to discuss doing a feasibility study on creating an educational television program for preschoolers.[26] Freedman was opposed to Cooney's involvement because he did not think she would be interested in a project that focused on children and because he did not want to lose her at WNDT, but she was chosen to do the study.[1]
In the summer of 1967, Cooney took a leave of absence from WNDT and, funded by Carnegie Corporation, traveled the U.S. and Canada interviewing experts in child development, education, and television. She reported her findings in a fifty-five-page document entitled "The Potential Uses of Television in Preschool Education".[27] The report, which Gikow called "a schematic for the showSesame Street would become,"[28] described what the new show would look like and proposed the creation of a company that oversaw its production, which eventually became known as theChildren's Television Workshop (CTW).[1][note 1] Cooney later stated that her undergraduate training in Education helped her research and write the study, and that it, along with her Emmy, provided her with credibility in the eyes of both the experts she interviewed and the new show's funding sources.[1] Davis credited Cooney's motivation to be involved with the project with her journalism skills, learned early in her career, and her idealism, which drove her to want to, as she put it, "make a difference".[30] She later told an interviewer, "I could do a thousand documentaries on poverty and poor people that would be watched by a handful of the convinced, but I was never really going to have an influence on my times."[30] She later told Davis, "Preschoolers were not necessarily my thing. It was using television in a constructive way that turned me on."[31]
At first, Cooney assumed that the project would be produced by WNDT, but when the station's owner rejected the proposal and questioned Cooney's credentials, she left the station and went to the Carnegie Corporation as a full-time consultant in May 1967.[32] For the next two years, Cooney and Morrisett worked on researching and developing the new show, raising $8 million forSesame Street, and establishing the CTW.[33] According to Davis, despite her leadership in the project's initial research and development, Cooney's installment as CTW's executive director was put in doubt due to her lack of high-level managerial experience and leadership, untested financial management skills, and lack of experience in children's television and education. Davis also speculated that sexism was involved, stating, "Doubters also questioned whether a woman could gain the full confidence of a quorum of men from the federal government and two elite philanthropies, institutions whose wealth exceeded the gross national product of entire countries."[34] At first, Cooney did not fight for the position, but with the support of her husband and Morrisett, and after the investors of the project realized that they could not move forward without her, Cooney pursued it and was named executive director of CTW in February 1968.[35] As one of the first female executives in American television, her appointment was called "one of the most important television developments of the decade".[2]
Sesame Street premiered on PBS on November 10, 1969.[36][37] In its first season, the show won three Emmys, aPeabody, and was featured on the cover ofTime magazine.[38][39] According toNewsday, "Scores of glowing newspaper and magazine stories fluttered down on Mrs. Cooney and her workshop like confetti onto the heads of conquering heroes."[40] Les Brown ofVariety called Cooney "St. Joan".[41] Cooney later reported, "The reception was so incredible. The press adored us; the parents adored us."[42] The first yearSesame Street was on the air, Cooney was, as Davis put it, "inundated with attention".[43] Cooney reported that the requests for interviews from the press "were endless"[43] and attributed it to the emergence of the women's movement in the early 1970s. Cooney also testified before Congressional hearings on children and television, starting before the show's premiere.[43]
In 1969, the Cooneys, who were childless,[44] became "de facto foster parents to an inner-city black child"[45] whom Tim met while working in Harlem for a civil rights organization. Eventually, the child returned to live with his mother and was killed in New York City before he turned 30.[46] The Cooneys' marriage, which Davis called "turbulent,"[45] ended in 1975.[47] Due to Tim's long history of alcoholism, he was unable to support himself, so Cooney paid himalimony until his death in 1999.[48][49] In August 1975, nine months after separating from her husband, Cooney was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a radicalmastectomy.[50] In 1980, Cooney married businessmanPeter G. "Pete" Peterson, formerU.S. Secretary of Commerce under PresidentRichard Nixon.[51] They met when Peterson was on the board ofNational Educational Television, during her presentation ofSesame Street to them.[52] They were married for 37 years, until his death in 2018. From her marriage to Peterson, she had five stepchildren and nine grandchildren.[53]
Cooney remained the chairwoman and chief executive officer of the CTW until 1990 when she stepped down and was replaced by David Britt, whom Cooney called her "right-hand for many years".[44] Britt had worked for her at the CTW since 1975 and had been its president and chief operating officer since 1988. At that time, she became chairman of the CTW's executive board, which oversaw its businesses and licensing, and became more involved in the organization's creative side.[54]
Cooney served on several committees and corporate boards, including theMayo Foundation,Chase Manhattan Bank,Johnson & Johnson, andMetropolitan Life Insurance.[51] Cooney recognized that she was invited to serve on these boards because she was a woman and because companies were trying to be more inclusive. She also did some public speaking on the behalf of the CTW and returning to her roots, worked on documentaries. She credited her involvement with the boards with teaching her how to run an organization and about the business world.[44] In 2007, Sesame Workshop foundedThe Joan Ganz Cooney Center, an independent, non-profit organization which studies how to improve children's literacy by using and developing digital technologies "grounded in detailed educational curriculum," just as was done during the development ofSesame Street.[55] In 2014,Public Prep launched a full day pre-kindergarten program for low-income four-year-olds living in South BronxNYC Housing Authority projects, called the Joan Ganz Cooney Early Learning Program.[56]
Unless otherwise noted, entries from Cooney's entry inEncyclopedia of Television (2013).[57]
Board of directors
Trustee
Honorary degrees
Footnotes
Citations
Works Cited
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