Jinzhou 锦州市 Chinchow | |
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.png) Location of Jinzhou City jurisdiction in Liaoning | |
  Jinzhou Location of thecity center in Liaoning | |
| Coordinates (Liaoshen campaign memorial):41°07′44″N121°08′53″E / 41.129°N 121.148°E /41.129; 121.148 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Liaoning |
| Districts and Counties | List
|
| Government | |
| • CPC Party Secretary | Liu Zhiqiang (刘志强) |
| • Mayor | Wang Wenquan (王文权) |
| Area < | |
| 9,988.6 km2 (3,856.6 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 535 km2 (207 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,323.6 km2 (1,283.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 24 m (79 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 2,703,853 | |
| • Density | 270.69/km2 (701.09/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,111,849 |
| • Urban density | 2,080/km2 (5,380/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,524,362 |
| • Metro density | 458.65/km2 (1,187.9/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 132.7 billion US$ 21.3 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 43,207 US$ 6,937 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postcode | 121000 |
| Area code | 416 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-LN-07 |
| License plate | 辽G |
| Administrative division code | 210700 |
| Website | www |
Jinzhou (/ˈdʒɪnˈdʒoʊ/,[3]simplified Chinese:锦州;traditional Chinese:錦州;pinyin:Jǐnzhōu),formerlyChinchow, is a coastalprefecture-level city in central-westLiaoning province, China. It is a geographically strategic city located in theLiaoxi Corridor, which connects most of theland transports betweenNorth China andNortheast China, and is the economic center of western Liaoning. Located on the northern shore ofLiaodong Bay, Jinzhou encompasses a coastline of 97.7 km (60.7 mi), with thePort of Jinzhou being China's northernmost seaport.
It is the fifth-most populous city in Liaoning, with a population of 2,703,853 (2020 census), of whom 1,524,362 reside in the built-up (or metro) area encompassing the 3 urbanurban districts and Linghai City largely being conurbated. The total area under the jurisdiction of Jinzhou is 9,989 square kilometers (3,857 sq mi), most of which is rural.
Jinzhou is an ancient city with over a thousand years of history. Originally known asTuhe (徒河), it was part ofYan in theWarring States period. Under theQin dynasty, the majority of what is now Jinzhou became part ofLiaodong Commandery. It was part ofChangli Commandery in the province ofYouzhou during theHan dynasty andThree Kingdoms periods, but fell under the jurisdiction of Yingzhou in theBeiwei,Dongwei, andBeiqi periods, before becoming part ofLiucheng Commandery and thenYan Prefecture during theSui dynasty andTang dynasty. During the Tang, it was the seat of theAndong Protectorate.
The name "Jinzhou" came into use in theLiao dynasty, when it belonged toZhongjing prefecture. In theJin dynasty, it was part ofDongjing Prefecture and Beijing Prefecture. It belonged to Liaoyang Xingzhongshu in theMongol Empire/Yuan dynasty and to Liaodong township in theMing dynasty. It was ruled by Tianfu during theQing dynasty, when its name was changed from Jinzhou toJinxian. It is also known in English asChinhsien andChinchow.
During theRepublican period, Jinzhou was attached toLiaoning Province. When theChinese Civil War resumed in 1945, Jinzhou was the site of a major battle between theCommunist andNationalist forces, since it is where the main route fromManchuria throughShanhai Pass enters central China. Its capture on 22 November 1945, by Nationalist forces underDu Yuming forced the Communists to agree to a temporary ceasefire that lasted several months.[4]
During theLiaoshen campaign, in which thePeople's Liberation Army began to consolidate control ofNortheast China, refugees tried to escape to the city to flee further south. TheRepublic of China Army, under orders fromChiang Kai-shek not to allow refugees to escape the region, shot at them as they tried to cross theDaling River 30 kilometers north of the city. The Communists commanded byLin Biao captured the city in September 1948.[5]
After theestablishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949,Liaoxi Province was founded and Jinzhou became its provincial capital. Jinzhou came back under the administration of Liaoning Province in 1954, when Liaoxi and Liaodong provinces re-merged.[6]
Jinzhou is located in the southwestern portion of Liaoning, and bordersPanjin,Anshan, andShenyang to the east, andHuludao on the west. The city's southern coast is theLiaodong Bay. On the north areChaoyang andFuxin.
Jinzhou has amonsoon-influencedhumid continental climate (KöppenDwa), with four distinct seasons; winters are cold but very dry while summers are hot and humid. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.9 °C (17.8 °F) to 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in July, with the annual mean being 9.50 °C (49.1 °F). The annual averageprecipitation is between 540 and 640 millimeters (21 and 25 in), the majority of which usually occurs in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 68% in three months, the city receives 2,682 hours of bright sunshine annually, with autumn and winter being especially sunny.
Fossil-bearing rocks are exposed in the city's vicinity, including theYixian Formation. Agenus ofEarly Cretaceous birds has been namedJinzhouornis in honor of the locality, but it appears to be ajunior synonym ofConfuciusornis which was found in the sameformation some years earlier.
| Climate data for Jinzhou, elevation 66 m (217 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1939–present) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) | 18.6 (65.5) | 28.2 (82.8) | 36.1 (97.0) | 37.3 (99.1) | 41.8 (107.2) | 41.7 (107.1) | 37.4 (99.3) | 34.9 (94.8) | 29.3 (84.7) | 22.2 (72.0) | 13.9 (57.0) | 41.8 (107.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) | 2.5 (36.5) | 9.2 (48.6) | 17.4 (63.3) | 24.1 (75.4) | 27.2 (81.0) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.2 (84.6) | 25.4 (77.7) | 17.9 (64.2) | 7.7 (45.9) | 0.3 (32.5) | 15.7 (60.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) | −3.2 (26.2) | 3.3 (37.9) | 11.5 (52.7) | 18.3 (64.9) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.2 (77.4) | 24.6 (76.3) | 19.8 (67.6) | 12.0 (53.6) | 2.4 (36.3) | −4.9 (23.2) | 10.4 (50.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −11.3 (11.7) | −7.7 (18.1) | −1.5 (29.3) | 6.3 (43.3) | 13.1 (55.6) | 18.1 (64.6) | 21.7 (71.1) | 20.7 (69.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 7.0 (44.6) | −2.0 (28.4) | −9.0 (15.8) | 5.9 (42.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.8 (−12.6) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −19.3 (−2.7) | −7.8 (18.0) | 1.5 (34.7) | 8.9 (48.0) | 13.2 (55.8) | 8.2 (46.8) | 2.3 (36.1) | −6.2 (20.8) | −17.8 (0.0) | −23.9 (−11.0) | −24.8 (−12.6) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 2.5 (0.10) | 3.0 (0.12) | 7.3 (0.29) | 23.8 (0.94) | 52.4 (2.06) | 94.4 (3.72) | 145.3 (5.72) | 140.9 (5.55) | 40.5 (1.59) | 29.4 (1.16) | 13.7 (0.54) | 3.0 (0.12) | 556.2 (21.91) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.8 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 5.0 | 7.3 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 64.7 |
| Average snowy days | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 14.8 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 49 | 47 | 44 | 45 | 51 | 66 | 75 | 73 | 63 | 55 | 52 | 51 | 56 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 205.1 | 209.8 | 249.8 | 249.7 | 274.5 | 231.3 | 207.9 | 230.6 | 241.7 | 226.0 | 188.4 | 188.7 | 2,703.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 69 | 69 | 67 | 62 | 61 | 51 | 46 | 55 | 65 | 67 | 64 | 66 | 62 |
| Source 1:China Meteorological Administration[7][8] October all-time Record[9] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[10] | |||||||||||||
Jinzhou has eight immediate sub-municipal divisions:
| Map | ||||||
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| # | Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2003 est.) | Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| 1 | Taihe District | 太和区 | Tàihé Qū | 210,000 | 459 | 458 |
| 2 | Guta District | 古塔区 | Gǔtǎ Qū | 240,000 | 28 | 8,571 |
| 3 | Linghe District | 凌河区 | Línghé Qū | 420,000 | 48 | 8,750 |
| 4 | Linghai City | 凌海市 | Línghǎi Shì | 600,000 | 2,862 | 210 |
| 5 | Beizhen City | 北镇市 | Běizhèn Shì | 530,000 | 1,782 | 297 |
| 6 | Heishan County | 黑山县 | Hēishān Xiàn | 630,000 | 2,436 | 259 |
| 7 | Yi County | 义县 | Yì Xiàn | 440,000 | 2,496 | 176 |
| 8 | Jinzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone | 锦州经济 技术开发区 | Jǐnzhōu Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifā Qū | |||
The above eight are subdivided into 43 towns, 69 townships, and 1680 villages.
Jinzhou has a wide range of industries. Major traditional industries includepetrochemistry,metallurgy, textiles, pharmacy and building materials.
Jinzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone: The Jinzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone was established in 1992. It is among the first province-level development zones approved by Liaoning Province. The development zone enjoys convenient transportation with easy access to Jinzhou Seaport, Jinzhou airport and several state highways.
Shopping and Services: Within the city, some western franchises have set up shop, most notablyKFC, which has a long established foothold in Chinese markets.RT-Mart, New-Mart and Do-Do Express are major food and sundries retailers. Bank of Jinzhou (Jinzhou Yinhang) is the only bank in Jinzhou upon this writing with native English speaking staff, whileWestern Union, Bank of China and many other banking service are also present in the city.Visa andMasterCard are not accepted in Jinzhou, aside from a few large bank branches with access to these networks.
Jinzhou Jinzhouwan Airport provides air transport to major airports in China. There are two railway stations in the city, one designated for long trips and one for shorter routes. The most popular way to get around Jinzhou is on foot or by bicycle. Taxis crowd the streets and start at 6RMB per trip. Bus routes also blanket the city and provide the most economical means of transportation, but are not always reliable.
Jinzhou is headquarters of the40th Group Army of thePeople's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that comprise theShenyang Military Region responsible for defending China's northeastern borders withRussia andNorth Korea.
TheLiaoshen Campaign Memorial (traditional Chinese:遼沈戰役紀念館;simplified Chinese:辽沈战役纪念馆) commemorates theLiaoshen Campaign of 1948. It is a large museum that holds and displays over 16,000 pieces of equipment used during the campaign, including rifles, machine guns, mortars, cannons, and tanks. It also holds thousands of pictures and documents. The best known exhibit inside the museum is the Panoramic Picture Hall, which reproduces the complete Battle of Jinzhou on a rotating circular screen.
Yiwulü Mountain is located in the west of Beizhen City of Jinzhou. It is one of the three sacred mountains in Northeast China. Wanghai Mountain is the main peak, with a height of 867 meters above the sea level, and tourist spots such as Beizhen Temple, Shenshui Bridge, Fish Pool, Guanyin Pavilion, Sijiao Pavilion, Kuangguang Pavilion, Lotus Stone, Cloud Pass and Wanghai Temple are scattered throughout the mountain range.
Mount Bijia is an island in the Bohai Sea south of Jinzhou and the site of aChinese Buddhist temple. During most of the day, Mount Bijia can only be accessed by boat, but when the tide wanes, a natural causeway connects Mount Bijia to the mainland. People can walk to Mount Bijia from the seafront on foot and local people have named this natural wonderTian Qiao, (lit: Sky Bridge). On the top of the mountain there is a tall stone pavilion, which resembles a gigantic pen resting on a pen holder, hence the name "Bijiashan", meaning the "Pen Holder Mountain".
Guangji Pagoda (traditional Chinese:廣濟寺塔;simplified Chinese:广济寺塔): The Guangji Pagoda is located in Guta Park situated at the heart of Jinzhou. The 72-meter-tall tower is an example of beautifulLiao-style architecture, with thirteen levels in an octagonal shape. A quiet temple beneath completes the ancient Chinese setting. Visitors will see locals gather for early morning rituals, exercise and various other activities. There is no fee for admission to the temple grounds.
During the winter, a small ice park on the Xiaoling River is set up, and lasts as long as the river is frozen. Activities include, riding ATVs on the frozen river, ice skating, ice skating chairs and vehicles, and rubber tyre rides, while being pulled by vehicles.
Jinzhou is currently most famous for its Night Market which usually runs during summer evenings and becomes the Morning Market during the colder seasons. One can enjoy many snacks, drinks, partake in various activities and be part of the bustling atmosphere. The Jinzhou Night Market is located on Nanning Street （南宁路）
One of the bestsellingnonfiction novels of the 1990s,"Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China", provides some detailed descriptions of Jinzhou both before and after the "1949 Liberation of China".
Jinzhou has onesister city, as designated bySister Cities International.
"锦州战役是国共内战中中国人民解放军与国民党军之间的一场战役，它是在东北的其中一场决定性战役，是辽沈战役的一个组成部分。"
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