Jin 晉 | |||||||||||||
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| 11th century BC–369 BC | |||||||||||||
 Jin in 5th century BC China | |||||||||||||
| Status | March (1042–678 BC) Duchy (678–369 BC) | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Tang (唐) Quwo (曲沃) Jiang (絳) Xintian (新田) | ||||||||||||
| Common languages | Old Chinese | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Taoism,Animism,Ancestor veneration | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Ancient | ||||||||||||
• Established | 11th century BC | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 369 BC | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Spade money | ||||||||||||
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| Jin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Jin" inseal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 晉 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 晋 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Jin (traditional Chinese:晉;simplified Chinese:晋,Old Chinese:*tsi[n]-s), originally known asTang (唐),[1] was a majorstate during the middle part of theZhou dynasty, based near the centre of what was then China, on the lands attributed to the legendaryXia dynasty: the southern part of modernShanxi. Although it grew in power during theSpring and Autumn period, its aristocratic structure saw it break apart when the duke lost power to his nobles. In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized Jin's three successor states:Han,Zhao, andWei. ThePartition of Jin marks the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of theWarring States period.
Jin was located in the lowerFen River drainage basin on the Shanxi plateau. To the north were theXirong andBeidi peoples. To the west were theLüliang Mountains and then theLoess Plateau of northern Shaanxi. To the southwest the Fen River turns west to join the south-flowing part of theYellow River which soon leads to theGuanzhong, an area of theWei River Valley that was the heartland of theWestern Zhou and later of theQin. To the south are theZhongtiao Mountains and then the east–west valley of the Yellow River which was the main route to the Wei Valley to the west. To the east were theTaihang Mountains and then theNorth China Plain. This location gave ambitious Jin dukes the opportunity to move north to conquer and absorb the Xirong tribes, move southwest to fight Qin, and move southeast to absorb the many smaller Zhou states.
Also important to the region were the large states ofChu to the south in theYangtze andHuai River regions andQi to the east inShandong.
Jin had multiple capitals. The first capital of Jin was Tang (唐).[2] The capital was later moved to E (鄂), then Jiang (絳), then Xintian (新田).[3] From 746 to 677 BC, Quwo (曲沃) was the capital of a fragment of Jin.
When the Zhou Dynasty was founded, the conquered lands were given to Zhou relatives and ministers as hereditary fiefs.King Cheng of Zhou, the second Zhou king, gave the land called Tang (唐), west of modernYicheng County inShanxi, to his younger brother,Tang Shuyu (唐叔虞) with the rank of amarquis. Tang Shuyu's son and successor,Marquis Xie of Jin (晉侯燮), changed the name of Tang to Jin. There is little information about Jin for this period beyond a list of rulers.
In 771 BC theQuanrong nomads drove the Zhou out of theWei River valley and killed the king.Marquis Wen of Jin, the eleventh marquis of Jin, supportedKing Ping of Zhou by killing his rival,King Xie of Zhou, an act that King Ping heavily rewarded him for.
WhenMarquis Zhao of Jin (745-739 BC) acceded to the throne, he gave the land ofQuwo to his uncle Chengshi who becameHuan Shu of Quwo. In 739 BC, an official named Panfu (潘父) murdered Marquis Zhao and invited Huan Shu to take the throne. Huan Shu entered Jin but was driven out by the people and retreated to Quwo. All three Quwo rulers, Huan Shu (745–731),Zhuang Bo (731–716) andDuke Wu (716–678) made attempts to take over Jin. In 678 BC, Duke Wu of Quwo conquered Jin and killedMarquis Min of Jin (704–678). One year later, after receiving gifts from Duke Wu,King Xi of Zhou made Duke Wu the legal ruler of Jin, who became known asDuke Wu of Jin (679–677).
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With the establishment of the Quwo line, Jin became the most powerful state for three generations and remained powerful for a century or more after that. Duke Wu died soon after gaining control of Jin. He was followed byDuke Xian of Jin (676-651 BC). Xian broke with Zhou feudalism by killing or exiling his cousins and ruling with appointees of various social backgrounds. He annexed 16 or 17 small states in Shanxi, dominated 38 others, and absorbed a number ofRong tribes. Some of the states conquered were Geng (耿), Huo (霍), old Wei (魏), Yu (虞) andWestern Guo. His death led to a succession struggle which ended with the enthronement ofDuke Hui of Jin (650–637). In 646 BC, Duke Hui was captured byQin and restored as a vassal.
Another son of Duke Xian wasDuke Wen of Jin (636–628), who spent 19 years exile in various courts. He came to the throne in 636 escorted by the troops of his father-in-law,Duke Mu of Qin. Duke Wen quickly established himself as an independent ruler by driving theDi barbarians west of the Yellow River. In 635 BC he supportedKing Xiang of Zhou against a rival and was rewarded with lands near the royal capital. In 633 BC, he confronted the rising power of the southern state ofChu which was then besiegingSong. Instead of directly assisting Song, he attacked two vassals of Chu,Cao andWei. The following year, he formed a military alliance with Qin,Qi and Song that defeated Chu at theBattle of Chengpu, perhaps the largest battle in the Spring and Autumn period. Shortly after the battle, he held an interstate conference atJitu (踐土) withKing Xiang of Zhou and the rulers of six other states. He affirmed the lords' loyalty and received from the King the title of "ba" orhegemon. At some point, there was a war with Qin, which ended in peace. Duke Wen erected monuments to the fallen on both sides. The Chinese proverb "The Friendship of Qin and Jin", meaning an unbreakable bond, dates from this period.
Over the next century, a four-way balance of power developed between Qin (west), Jin (west-center), Chu (south) and Qi (east), with a number of smaller states between Jin and Qi. In 627 BC, Jin defeated Qin while it was attackingZheng. Jin invaded Qin in 625 BC and was driven back the following year. In 598 BC, Chu defeated Jin at the Battle of Mi. In 589 BC, Jin defeated Qi at theBattle of An, which had invadedLu andWey. About this time, Jin began to support the southeastern state ofWu as a means of weakening Chu.Duke Li of Jin (580–573) allied with Qin and Qi to make an east–west front against the threat of Chu from the south. In 579 BC, a minister of the state of Song arranged a four-power conference in which the states agreed to limit their military strength. Four years later, fighting broke out again; Jin and its allies defeated Chu at the battle of Yingling.Duke Dao of Jin (572–558) strengthened the state by internal improvements rather than external wars. He absorbed a number ofRong tribes and was recognized as Hegemon.
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In 607 BC,Duke Ling of Jin (620–607) was killed by Zhao Chuan (趙穿) under the orders of his uncleZhao Dun. Prince Heitun was placed on the throne asDuke Cheng of Jin (606–600). This was the beginning of the slow shift of power from the Jin dukes to the ministerial clans.Duke Li of Jin (580–573), the grandson of Duke Cheng, tried to break the power of the clans by fostering conflicts between them. In 573 BC, he was killed by the Luan (欒氏) and Zhonghang (中行氏) clans.Duke Dao of Jin (572–558) strengthened the ducal power, but could not eliminate the power of the other aristocratic families.
After the reign ofDuke Zhao of Jin (531–526), the Jin dukes were figureheads and the state was controlled by six clans:Fan (范), Zhonghang (中行), Zhi (智), Han (韓), Zhao (趙) and Wei (魏).
The clans soon began to fight among themselves. During the time ofDuke Ding of Jin (511–475), the Fan and Zhonghang clans were eliminated byXiangzi of Zhi. By about 450 BC, the Zhi were dominant and began demanding territory from the other clans. When Zhao resisted, Zhi attacked Zhao and brought along Han and Wei as allies. After along siege atTaiyuan, Han and Wei switched sides and the three weaker clans annihilated the Zhi. They then divided the Zhi lands, as well as most of the rest of Jin, among themselves.[4][5] WhenDuke You of Jin (433–416) came to the throne, the three clans had taken over much of the remaining Jin lands, leaving the dukes only the area aroundJiang andQuwo. From then on, the three clans were known as the "Three Jins" (三晉).
In 403 BC, during the reign ofDuke Lie of Jin (415–389),King Weilie of Zhou recognizedMarquis Jing of Han,Marquis Wen of Wei andMarquess Lie of Zhao, as marquises ofHan in the south,Wei in the center andZhao in the north, completing thepartition of Jin. The state of Jin still nominally existed for several decades afterwards. TheBamboo Annals mentions that in the 20th year ofDuke Huan's reign (369 BC),Marquess Cheng of Zhao andMarquess Gong of Han moved Duke Huan toTunliu, and after that there were no more records of Duke Huan or any other Jin ruler.[6] Modern historians such asYang Kuan,Ch'ien Mu, and Han Zhaoqi generally consider 369 BC the final year of Jin's existence.[7]
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Jin united civil and military authority.[8] Traditionally, Jin had three armies: the upper army, the central army and the lower army. Three more armies were added in 588 BC. Each army contained 12500 soldiers.[9][10]
According to the convention of Zhou dynasty, a large fiefdom like Jin was allowed to have as many as three armies.[11] However, Jin originally had only one army: the limitation was imposed by the Zhou dynasty king in order to observe the rite of Zhou. In679 BCE,Duke Wu of Quwo assassinatedMarquis Xiaozi of Jin and became the ruler of Jin. Quwo was a cadet branch of Jin's ruling house; Ji clan descended fromShu Yu of Tang. The Zhou court, which regarded the lineal legitimacy as an extremely important matter, could not agree with such an usurpation. As a consequence, the king revoked Jin's permission to have three armies.[12][13]
In661 BCE,Duke Xian of Jin lifted this prohibition by establishing the upper army; led by himself and the lower army; commanded by his son Shengshen. Jin's central army was established in the year of 633 BCE byDuke Wen of Jin. In 634 BCE, Duke Wen additionally formed three "ranks" (三行) with the purpose of defending against aBeidi invasion.[13] The three ranks were later redeployed into the "New armies" (新軍). The new armies were largely dependent on the actual military necessity instead of being permanent units. Due to their flexibility, the new armies were sometimes omitted.[12]
According to Tang dynasty scholarKong Yingda, The central army was the most prestigious army among Jin's three armies.[14] Its commanderZhongjunjiang (中軍將) also governs the state of Jin asZhengqing (正卿)----Jin's prime minister.[12][15] Commander of the upper army (Shangjunjiang, 上軍將) and commander of the lower army (Xiajunjiang, 下軍將) did not have the access of political influence in Jin's court and were merely military staffs. Every commander (Junjiang) of an Jin army was accompanied by aJunzuo (軍佐) who was the assistant ofJunjiang (軍將). Other posts in the Jin army wereJunsima (軍司馬) andJunwei (軍尉), both of which were subordinated underJunjiang andJunzuo.[16]
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The main military ranks were:[15][8][17]
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List of Jin rulers based on theRecords of the Grand Historian and theBamboo Annals.[7]
The original branch:
| Title | Given name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Shu Yu of Tang 唐叔虞 | Yú 虞 | 1042 BC–? |
| Xie, Marquis of Jin 晉侯燮 | Xiè 燮 | |
| Marquis Wu of Jin 晉武侯 | Níngzú 寧族 | |
| Marquis Cheng of Jin 晉成侯 | Fúrén 服人 | |
| Marquis Li of Jin 晉厲侯 | Fú 福 | ?–859 BC |
| Marquis Jing of Jin 晉靖侯 | Yíjìu 宜臼 | 858–841 BC |
| Marquis Xi of Jin 晉釐侯 | Sītú 司徒 | 840–823 BC |
| Marquis Xian of Jin 晉獻侯 | Jí 籍 | 822–812 BC |
| Marquis Mu of Jin 晉穆侯 | Fèiwáng 費王 | 811–785 BC |
| Shang Shu 殤叔 | unknown | 784–781 BC |
| Marquis Wen of Jin 晉文侯 | Chóu 仇 | 780–746 BC |
| Marquis Zhao of Jin 晉昭侯 | Bó 伯 | 745–740 BC |
| Marquis Xiao of Jin 晉孝侯 | Píng 平 | 739–724 BC |
| Marquis E of Jin 晉鄂侯 | Xì 郤 | 723–718 BC |
| Marquis Ai of Jin 晉哀侯 | Guāng 光 | 717–709 BC |
| Marquis Xiaozi of Jin 晉小子侯 | unknown | 708–705 BC |
| Min, Marquis of Jin 晉侯緡 | Mín 緡 | 704–678 BC |
The Quwo branch, replacing the original branch in 678 BC:
| Title | Given name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| Huan Shu of Quwo 曲沃桓叔 | Chéngshī 成師 | 745–732 BC |
| Zhuang Bo of Quwo 曲沃莊伯 | Shàn 鱓 | 731–716 BC |
| Duke Wu of Quwo and Jin 曲沃(晉)武公 | Chēng 稱 | 715–679 BC as Duke of Quwo 678–677 BC as Duke of Jin |
| Duke Xian of Jin 晉獻公 | Guǐzhū 詭諸 | 676–651 BC |
| Duke Shao of Jin 晉少公 | Xiqi 奚齊 | 651 BC |
| Zhuozi 卓子 | Zhuō 卓 | 651 BC |
| Duke Hui of Jin 晉恵公 | Yíwú 夷吾 | 650–637 BC |
| Duke Huai of Jin 晉懷公 | Yǔ 圉 | 637 BC |
| Duke Wen of Jin 晉文公 | Chóng'ěr 重耳 | 636–628 BC |
| Duke Xiang of Jin 晉襄公 | Huān 驩 | 627–621 BC |
| Duke Ling of Jin 晉靈公 | Yígāo 夷皋 | 620–607 BC |
| Duke Cheng of Jin 晉成公 | Hēitún 黑臀 | 606–600 BC |
| Duke Jing of Jin 晉景公 | Jù 據 | 599–581 BC |
| Duke Li of Jin 晉厲公 | Shòumàn 壽曼 | 580–573 BC |
| Duke Dao of Jin 晉悼公 | Zhōu 周 | 573–558 BC |
| Duke Ping of Jin 晉平公 | Biāo 彪 | 557–532 BC |
| Duke Zhao of Jin 晉昭公 | Yí 夷 | 531–526 BC |
| Duke Qing of Jin 晉頃公 | Qùjí 去疾 | 525–512 BC |
| Duke Ding of Jin 晉定公 | Wǔ 午 | 511–475 BC |
| Duke Chu of Jin 晉出公 | Záo 鑿 | 474–452 BC |
| Duke Jing (or Ai or Yi) 晉敬公/哀公/懿公 | Jiāo 驕 | 451–434 BC |
| Duke You of Jin 晉幽公 | Liǔ 柳 | 433–416 BC |
| Duke Lie of Jin 晉烈公 | Zhǐ 止 | 415–389 BC |
| Duke Huan (or Xiao) 晉桓公/孝公 | Qí 頎 | 388–369 BC |
TheRecords of the Grand Historian (Shiji) also has anotherDuke Jing after Duke Xiao. However,Shiji's account of the last rulers of Jin is often self-contradictory, and is further contradicted by theBamboo Annals, which does not mention any Jin ruler afterDuke Huan of Jin.[6] Historians such asYang Kuan,Ch'ien Mu, and Han Zhaoqi generally regard theBamboo Annals as more reliable, as it was unearthed from the tomb ofKing Xiang (died 296 BC) of theState of Wei, one of the three successor states of Jin. Duke Huan is therefore generally considered the final ruler of Jin.[7]
TheSui dynasty Emperors were from the northwest military aristocracy, and emphasized that their patrilineal ancestry was ethnic Han, claiming descent from the Han official Yang Zhen.[18] and theNew Book of Tang traced his patrilineal ancestry to theZhou dynasty kings via Ji Boqiao (姬伯僑), who was the son of Duke Wu of Jin.[19] Ji Boqiao's family became known as the "sheep tongue family" (羊舌氏).
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The Yang clan of Hongnong (弘農楊氏)[20][21][22][23][24] were asserted as ancestors by the Sui Emperors like the Li clan of Longxi were asserted as ancestors of the Tang Emperors.[25] The Li of Zhaojun and the Lu of Fanyang hailed from Shandong and were related to the Liu clan which was also linked to the Yang clan of Hongnong and other clans of Guanlong.[26] Duke Wu of Jin was claimed as the ancestors of the Hongnong Yang.[27]
The Yang clan of Hongnong, Jia clan of Hedong, Xiang clan of Henei, andWang clan of Taiyuan from the Tang dynasty were claimed as ancestors by Song dynasty lineages.[28]
There were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in theLater Jin (Five Dynasties).[29]
Jin is represented by the star36 Capricorni (b Capricorni) in the asterismTwelve States,Girl mansion.[30] Jin is also represented by the starKappa Herculis in asterismRight Wall,Heavenly Market enclosure (seeChinese constellation).[31]
