.svg) | |
| Company type | Private |
|---|---|
| Industry | Professional wrestling |
| Founded | 1931 (original company)[1] March 1965 (reincorporated inNorth Carolina) 2022 (revival) |
| Founder | Jim Crockett |
| Defunct | February 1965 (original company) April 1993 (reincorporated company) |
| Fate | Selected assets sold toTurner Broadcasting System and relaunched asWorld Championship Wrestling in October 1988[1] |
| Headquarters | , |
Area served | Eastern Seaboard[2] |
| Owner | Original company: Jim Crockett (1931–1965, 1965–1973) Jim Crockett Jr. (1973–1988, 1988–1993) WWE (2001–2022) Revival: Conrad Thompson andDavid Crockett (2022) David Crockett (2022–present) |
| Parent | Original company: WWE Libraries (2001–2022) |
Jim Crockett Promotions, at times branded asEastern States Championship Wrestling andMid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, is afamily-ownedprofessional wrestling promotion headquartered inCharlotte, North Carolina, United States.[2] Founded in 1931, the promotion emerged as a cornerstone of theNational Wrestling Alliance (NWA). By the 1980s, Jim Crockett Promotions was, along with theWorld Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE), one of the two largest promotions in the United States. The Crockett family sold a majority interest in the promotion toTurner Broadcasting System (which was acquired by Time Warner in 1996, later becameWarnerMedia from 2018–2022, now known asWarner Bros. Discovery), resulting in the creation ofWorld Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1988.[4][1] In 2022, Jim Crockett Promotions Inc. was restarted by Jim Crockett's son and Jim Crockett Jr's brother,David Crockett.[2]
Jim Crockett (1909–1973) was a promoter of live events includingprofessional wrestling,music concerts,plays,minor league baseball, andice hockey. In 1931, he founded his ownprofessional wrestling promotion, Jim Crockett Promotions.[1] Crockett built JCP as a regional promotion centred onthe Carolinas andVirginia.[5]
Although the business was always called Jim Crockett Promotions, it used a variety of pseudonyms as brand names for specific TV shows, newspaper and radio ads, and even on event tickets, themselves. Among those brand names that JCP created were "Championship Wrestling", "All Star Wrestling", "East Coast Wrestling", "Eastern States Championship Wrestling", "Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling", "Mid-Atlantic Championship Sports", "Wide World Wrestling", and "NWA Pro Wrestling", NWA World Wide Wrestling", and "NWA World Championship Wrestling" following its membership in theNational Wrestling Alliance (NWA).
Crockett joined theNational Wrestling Alliance (NWA) in 1952, and his "territory" coveredVirginia,North Carolina andSouth Carolina. The name "Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling" became JCP's primary brand name[citation needed] in print, radio, and other advertising (the name was also used for its main television programs). The business was incorporated in the 1950s.
Jim Crockett died in 1973. He left JCP to his family, with his eldest son,Jim Crockett, Jr., taking over as chief executive.[1][3]
Led by the younger Crockett and under the guidance of a new creative force—former wrestler-turned-match-bookerGeorge Scott—the promotion moved away from generally featuring justtag teams, to primarily focusing on singles wrestling (although tag-team matches continued to play a big part in the company).
By the early-1970s, JCP had gradually phased-out its multiple weekly television tapings in such cities asCharlotte, North Carolina,Greenville, South Carolina, andHigh Point, North Carolina, consolidating its production schedule into just one shoot (a Wednesday night videotaping atWRAL-TV inRaleigh), and then syndicating the broadcast to several local TV stations throughout the Carolinas and Virginia. In 1981, JCP moved to theWPCQ-TV studios in Charlotte (a station once owned byTed Turner).
The local shows hosted by announcers like Billy "Big Bill" Ward (fromWBTV in Charlotte) and Charlie Harville (atWGHP in High Point) gave way toMid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling (known briefly in 1978 asMid-Atlantic Championship Sports).Mid-Atlantic was hosted byBob Caudle, (a longtime WRAL weatherman). Caudle was joined by a rotation of co-hosts (everyone fromLes Thatcher all the way toDr. Tom Miller), beforeDavid Crockett (another son of Jim Crockett Sr.) became Bob's permanent co-host/color commentary man (after ending a very brief career as a wrestler, himself). For a brief period, a secondary show,East Coast Wrestling, was taped at WRAL; it was basically a re-packaged version ofMid-Atlantic, and it was also announced by Billy "Big Bill" Ward.
In 1975, JCP premiered a new, syndicated show,Wide World Wrestling (renamedWorld Wide Wrestling in 1978). The original host of this show was formerGeorgia Championship Wrestling announcer Ed Capral. SubsequentWide World/World Wide announcers included Les Thatcher,George andSandy Scott, and Dr. Tom Miller. It was also hosted by the team ofRich Landrum andJohnny Weaver. In 1978, JCP later added a short-lived show,The Best of NWA Wrestling, which was taped at theWCCB studios in Charlotte (across the street from the now-Bojangles' Coliseum, a regular venue for Mid-Atlantic live events) and featured then-active wrestler Johnny Weaver sitting down with top stars in a "coach's show" format (in which host and guest did running commentary over 16 millimeter film footage of matches from local arenas). Rich Landrum and David Crockett appeared on "Best Of", doing promo interviews for local arena shows.
JCP gradually began to expand, running shows in eastern Tennessee, parts ofWest Virginia, and evenSavannah, Georgia. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, it ran regular shows inCincinnati andDayton, Ohio. Crockett and Scott also bought minority shares ofFrank Tunney'sToronto-based promotion,Maple Leaf Wrestling.Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling also aired onWUTV inBuffalo, New York,[6] enabling the Tunney/Crockett/Scott enterprise to bring a full slate of shows toOntario andupstate New York.
In the 1980s, Crockett, Jr. began consolidating theSouthern member promotions of the National Wrestling Alliance. Discarding the Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling brand, he began promoting his events simply as NWA shows, although his promotion remained distinct from the larger NWA entity.[7] In August 1980, Crockett, Jr. was elected president of the NWA,[3] and the next year (the same year Crockett moved his TV show tapings from Raleigh to Charlotte), former (and future)Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW) bookerOle Anderson took over as Mid-Atlantic's booker. In 1981, Anderson booked both JCP and GCW simultaneously.
In 1982, Crockett partnered with wrestlersRic Flair andBlackjack Mulligan to start Southern Championship Wrestling, a secondary company out ofKnoxville, Tennessee. The promotion featured such stars as Mulligan; his sonBarry Windham (then billed as Blackjack Mulligan Jr.);Kevin Sullivan;Wayne Ferris;The Mongolian Stomper;Terry Taylor;Tim Horner, and others. The enterprise lasted less than one year, however.
By the 1980s, American professional wrestling was undergoing seismic and rapid change. The old, NWA-sanctioned system of separate, regional "territory" promotions[8] was collapsing under increasing competitive pressure fromVincent K. McMahon's World Wrestling Federation (WWF, nowWWE)—itself a family-owned territory promotion covering thenortheastern U.S. — which was aggressively expanding into a nationwide promotion. Crockett had similar expansion goals, envisioning a united NWA through JCP's buyout of or merger with all of the NWA's regional promotions.
Ted Turner, whoseAtlanta television stationWTCG would become distributed nationally via satellite starting in 1976, had realized the value of professional wrestling forcable television in the early 1970s. WTCG aired Georgia Championship Wrestling's programming on Saturday evenings, and wrestling provided his then-fledgling enterprise (the futureSuperStation WTBS) a source of cheap live entertainment which was well-suited to the station's target demographics. Turner could runper inquiry advertisements (for products likeSlim Whitman albums andGinsu knives) and take part of the sales profits just by providing the big viewing audience delivered by pro wrestling's loyal fanbase (wrestling generally did not attract large ad revenues at that time, due to negative industry perceptions of its lower-income target demographic).
SuperStation TBS's parent company,Turner Broadcasting System, had asked Georgia Championship Wrestling to change its public brand name toWorld Championship Wrestling, helping fuel rumors that theJim Barnett-controlled company would go national itself; GCW acquiesced to the World Championship Wrestling name change in 1982.[9] Meanwhile, by 1983, JCP went from recording its weekly shows in a television studio to shooting on-location, in between matches at live arena events. After purchasing a mobile television production unit for $1 million, Crockett unveiled what became the NWA's dominant annual supercard,Starrcade.[10]
In 1984, McMahon's WWF purchased controlling interest in GCW from a number of its co-owners (including Barnett and brothersJack andJerry Brisco), thus gaining control of GCW's flagship Saturday night time slot on TBS. This tactic—co-opting the time slots of rival territories in their own "backyard"/local TV markets—was part of the WWF's national expansion strategy. To McMahon's surprise, however, the move backfired with TBS. When the WWF aired its first show on TBS on July 14, replacingWorld Championship Wrestling, viewer backlash was severe, as the show's Southern fans were incensed to see their beloved stars suddenly replaced—without advance notice—by an "invading force" of wrestlers from "up North", an event that has since become known in pro wrestling lore asBlack Saturday. In response to the ensuing deluge of complaints, TBS granted an upstart promotion calledChampionship Wrestling from Georgia (backed by holdout GCW shareholder and NWA member Fred Ward and former GCW wrestler/booker Ole Anderson) an early Saturday morning time slot so that the local stars could still be seen. Championship Wrestling from Georgia's television show (which had the same name as the promotion itself), along with that ofBill Watts'sMid-South Wrestling (to whom Turner had also granted a time slot), easily surpassed the ratings for the WWF broadcast, which only featuredclips and wrestlerpromos instead of original matches. The steep decline in ratings for the Saturday evening WWF show, and viewers clamoring for GCW's return, began to make the WWF's move a money-losing one. Eventually, McMahon cut his losses and sold the time slot to Crockett for $1 million. Although this gave Crockett vital national exposure, it also allowed McMahon to finance his own marquee wrestling event,WrestleMania. This chain of events was critical in Turner's eventual decision to purchase JCP and formWorld Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1988.
An extra sense of urgency was added to Crockett's national expansion ambitions when, after Frank Tunney's death, his nephew and successorJack joined forces with the WWF. Crockett would now have to either find other willing partner-promoters or buy them out if he wanted to run shows outside the Mid-Atlantic territory. This period also marked Crockett's first attempt to create a national promotion; Crockett and other wrestling companies needed this opportunity after the WWF buyout of the Toronto territory occurred, as well as after the airing of the WWF programThe War to Settle the Score onMTV to high ratings. Together with theMinneapolis-basedAmerican Wrestling Association (AWA), Championship Wrestling from Georgia, andMemphis-based Jarrett Promotions, JCP createdPro Wrestling USA. However, the organization fell apart in January 1986.
Crockett bought out Ole Anderson's Championship Wrestling from Georgia, on April 6, 1985,[11] and was re-elected NWA President. This was to help counter the WWF, after it became America's dominant wrestling business in the wake of WrestleMania. Crockett then purchased both Saturday evening TBS time slots from Vince McMahon and filled the time slot with two hours of original programming filmed inTed Turner's Atlanta studios. The programming aired under theWorld Championship Wrestling banner, which had been adopted by GCW before its demise. The entire company was frequently referred to in the influentialPro Wrestling Illustrated and its sister publications by the WCW name or more commonly as "the World Championship area."[12][13] As a result of the successWorld Championship Wrestling now had from JCP acquiring the Saturday night time slot, Crockett (along with JCP bookerDusty Rhodes) was able to establish an annual summer arena tour, "The Great American Bash" starting with a single supercard in 1985 and expanding to the full tour in 1986.
By 1987, Crockett was elected to a third term as NWA President, and gained control (either through purchase or working agreements) of theSt. Louis Wrestling Club,Heart of America Sports Attractions (Bob Geigel's Central States brand),Championship Wrestling from Florida, andBill Watts's Mid-South Sports (which operated under the Mid-South Wrestling, and later, upon expansion,Universal Wrestling Federation brand names). Despite Crockett now having six consolidated territories under his banner and leading the NWA, JCP and the NWA were still two separate entities, and Crockett—like all NWA promoters before and since—was simply licensing the NWA brand name, whose true value was as a credibility-infusing, fan-trusted brand name for wrestling championships. Still, Crockett had an iron-clad grip on theNWA World Heavyweight Championship during his presidency; by this point, JCP's top contracted performer,Ric Flair, was locked-in as the champion. Moreover, even though Flair was obligated to perform title-defense matches in each territory against the territory's own chosen star/challenger, any title changes only occurred between other performers also contracted to Crockett, such asDusty Rhodes andRon Garvin.
Crockett's rapid expansion had significant financial consequences for JCP. By December, the company had bought-out the rival UWF; Crockett even moved many of his administrative employees from his Charlotte base to the UWF's former offices in Dallas. Jim Crockett, Jr. and Dusty Rhodes personally manned the Dallas office, leaving Jim Jr.'s brother David Crockett in charge of the Charlotte operations. Bob Geigel, a former NWA President who bought his promotion back from Crockett in Febrtuary 1987 through a partnership, had also withdrawn from the NWA. JCP also began to run shows in new markets from coast-to-coast (often in less-than-sold-out arenas), greatly increasing travel costs and other overhead. JCP's first pay-per-view endeavor,1987's Starrcade, was scheduled in its traditionalThanksgiving slot, but ran into unexpected competition from the WWF's inauguralSurvivor Series PPV, which was scheduled to air the same night. Not wanting to possibly lose to the WWF in a direct PPV competition, Crockett decided to move Starrcade's starting time to Thanksgiving afternoon instead of the evening. However, the WWF then threatened cable companies that if they chose to air Starrcade, they would not be offered future WWF PPVs, including that year's Survivor Series and the forthcomingWrestleMania IV. Since the WWF was the uncontested #1 PPV content provider in America at the time, only a handful of companies committed to air Starrcade, devastating the event's profitability.[10]
After the cable industry warned McMahon to never again attempt such a move, Crockett felt it safe to restart his PPV attempts, and scheduledBunkhouse Stampede in January 1988. However, the WWF again sabotaged JCP by airing the first-everRoyal Rumble on theUSA Network opposite Bunkhouse Stampede, cutting into its buy rate. Crockett then attempted to use McMahon's tactics against him, airingClash of the Champions I—featuring a PPV-quality card—on TBS in an attempt to draw viewers away fromWrestleMania IV on PPV, which took place that same night. This was one of the few tactics to actually work for JCP in its war with the WWF, as WrestleMania IV's buy rate was much lower than that of the previous year's Survivor Series. However,Clash of the Champions was now the only thing Crockett could use to keep the NWA alive, though it was not even as highly watched as the WWF'sSaturday Night's Main Event.[14][15] On the verge of bankruptcy, Crockett sold Jim Crockett Promotions to Ted Turner in November 1988, and the promotion was renamed the Universal Wrestling Corporation. Soon after, it was renamed again to World Championship Wrestling (WCW).
The eventual downfall of JCP, leading to its eventual sale to Ted Turner (and thereby the birth of WCW) can be attributed to several key factors.Magnum T. A. — one of JCP's topbabyfaces, and the performer scheduled to become NWA World Heavyweight Champion atStarrcade 1986 — was severely injured in a car accident over two months before Starrcade (October 14), and could never wrestle again. So, JCP turned major "heel"Nikita Koloff, into a face on October 25, to take Magnum T. A.'s place while still being able to have a profitable build-up to Starrcade's main event. JCP alienated loyal fans in the Carolinas by movingStarrcade '87 and theBunkhouse Stampede to arenas in Chicago and New York City, respectively. JCP had no real history and market presence in either of these non-southern metro areas, and its ability to drawing sellout crowds for arena shows in theSoutheast eventually suffered, as some local fans vindictively withheld their support.[16]
Booking decisions also factored into the promotion's downfall. JCP flushed away a potentially profitableangle following the acquisition ofBill Watts's UWF by "burying" the UWF's talent. Instead of portraying them as competitive with JCP wrestlers, the UWF's wrestlers and championships were portrayed as second-rate compared to those of JCP. Meanwhile, mid-carderRon Garvin beat perennial championRic Flair for the NWA world title. Although Garvin was booked to be a babyface, many fans did not find him credible enough to be a serious threat to Flair.[17]
JCP apparently neglected to monitor its own lavish spending as well.[18] Crockett flew himself and his top performers around in an expensive private jet.[19] In addition to the expense of Crockett's personal jet, there were other extravagant purchases such as the limousines provided for various wrestlers and regular business parties held by officials throughout JCP's regional offices.[20] In addition, the large amount of capital needed to take a wrestling company on a national tour and Crockett's aggressive territorial acquisitions had seriously drained JCP's coffers.[21] In purchasing the UWF, JCP also took responsibility for the UWF's large debt from TV contracts, etc.
Compounding the issues that came with expansion was a lack of investing in the kind of marketing needed to make it successful. As mentioned, major cards such as Starrcade and the Bunkhouse Stampede did not draw as well when moved out of JCP's traditional territory. According to Rhodes, JCP failed to gain the national name recognition that McMahon achieved with the World Wrestling Federation.[22] Rhodes also pointed out that with the WWF's success, McMahon was financially able to lure the top talent away from rival companies. Because of this, JCP offered many of its stars lucrative contracts - paying them beyond their actual value - to prevent them from leaving the company.
Another factor was the fans' exasperation with the "Dusty Finish" (a type of "screwjob" finish named after Rhodes, who did not actually invent the concept, but used it frequently for matches at regular house shows and PPV/major cards, alike). Due to the heavy overuse of this end-of-match sequence, many JCP fans started to expect theswerve at any moment, whenever a popular wrestler (usually aface) appeared to win a title match and was about to be awarded the championship belt (or any similar situation), only to have the win overturned due to a technicality. As a result, attendance at live shows began to fall — even at venues where JCP had traditionally drawn well or extremely well.[23]
By 1988, JCP was on the verge ofbankruptcy.[7] In November 1988, Turner Broadcasting System purchased a majority interest in JCP for $9 million. The Crockett family retained a minority interest, with Crockett, Jr. becoming a consultant.[1][24] Turner Broadcasting System ultimately rebranded the promotionWorld Championship Wrestling. In 1993, JCP ceased to exist.
On May 16, 2022, Ric Flair announced he would return to the ring for one last match under Jim Crockett Promotions,Ric Flair's Last Match on July 31, 2022. Shortly after Flair's announcement, David Crockett andConrad Thompson of theStarrcast wrestling fan convention filed for U.S. trademarks on "Jim Crockett Promotions" and "JCP" with respect to wrestling events, news, and merchandise.[25]
During a media call promoting the pay-per-view, Thompson stated he will give his 50% percent of the U.S. trademarks of Jim Crockett Promotions to David Crockett on August 1, 2022, after the conclusion of the Starrcast weekend.[26]
| |
