Along with the rest ofNortheast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized byheavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties withprivatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits ofoil shale.
The name "Jilin" originates fromgirin ula,[b] aManchu phrase meaning "along the river", shortened to Kirin in English. This Manchu term wastranscribed intojilin wula (t吉林烏拉,s吉林乌拉) inChinese characters and shortened the first two characters, which are transcribed in English as Chi-lin (Wade-Giles) and later "Jilin" (Hanyu Pinyin).[6]
After thePrimorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came fromShandong. By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated intoManchukuo, apuppet state set up byJapan.Changchun (then called Xinjing), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat ofJapan in 1945, the Red Army captured Jilin after OperationAugust Storm.[9] The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by theSoviet Union.Manchuria was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in theChinese Civil War.
In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun andJilin City, and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s, Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During theCultural Revolution, Jilin was expanded again to include a part ofInner Mongolia, giving it a border with the independent state ofMongolia, though this was later reversed.
Jilin lies in the central part of northeastern China, borderingRussia andNorth Korea in the east and southeast respectively. Jilin has an area of 190,000 km2 (73,000 sq mi) and a population of 24 million. Its capital isChangchun, which lies 113 km (70 mi) west ofJilin City. Jilin is rich in natural mineral deposits with 136 types of minerals, of which 70 have been extracted. Jilin has an abundance ofTraditional Chinese medicine resources, with approximately 27,000 kinds of wild plants and 9,000 kinds of medicinal herbs.[10]
The province is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel,molybdenum, talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves ofoil shale are the largest in the country.[11]
Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast and drops gently towards the northwest. TheChangbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions and contains the highest peak of the province,Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft). Other ranges include the Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains.
Jilin has a northerlycontinentalmonsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from −20 to −14 °C (−4 to 7 °F). Rainfall averages at 350 to 1,000 mm (13.8 to 39.4 in).
In 2011, the nominal GDP of Jilin province totaled RMB 1053.1 billion (US$167.1 billion). Its GDP has been rising at a double-digit rate since 2003, growing 51 percent from 2003 to 2007. Per capita nominal GDP increased to RMB 26,289 (US$3,848) in 2009. Meanwhile, the incremental value and profit of large enterprises witnessed an increase of 19 percent and 30 percent respectively, compared with 2005 figures.[20]
Jilin's agricultural production is centered upon rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such asYanbian Prefecture. TheChangbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Sheep herding is an important activity in the western parts, such asBaicheng.
Among its natural resources, Jilin has the largest reserves of shale oil and one of the top five largest mineral reserves in China.[21] Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits ofKieselguhr,wollastonite,floatstone, andmolybdenum.
Industry in Jilin is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy.
Jilin is one of the most important commodity grain bases in China and ranks 6th in timber production.[11]
Traditionally, Jilin has been known as a major pharmaceutical center, with yields of ginseng and deer antlers among the largest in China, being used extensively inthe field of Chinese medicine.[10][21]
The zone was founded in 1992 and is in Jilin city, covering 818 km2 (316 sq mi) of planned area with 242 km2 (93 sq mi) established. The leading industries in the zone are new materials, refined chemical products, integration ofphotoelectron and mechanism,electronics, medicine andbioengineering. A mere 14 km (8.7 mi) from Songhua Lake, the nearest bus and train stations are within 3 km (1.9 mi).[22]
The Jilin Economic and Technological Development Zone was founded in May 1998 and is in the northeast of Jilin city. The zone has a total planned area of 28 km2 (11 sq mi). It is 90 km (56 mi) from Changchun, 5 km (3.1 mi) from Jilin Airport, and 8 km (5.0 mi)from Jilin Railway Station.
Major industries include refined chemicals, bioengineering, fine processing of chemical fiber, and farm products. It is divided into four parts: the Chemical Industrial Park, the Food Industrial Park, the Textile Industrial Park, and the Medical Industrial Park. The latter specializes in the development of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals, mini molecule medicine, bio-pharmaceuticals and health products.
State-level ETDZsChangchun Economic and Technological Development Zone
In 1993, with the approval of the state, Changchun Economic & Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) became a state-level economic and technological development zone. The total area of CETDZ is 112.72 km2 (43.52 sq mi), of which 30 km2 (12 sq mi) has been set aside for development and use. By the end of 2006, the total fixed assets investment of the Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone reached 38.4 billion yuan. There were 1656 registered enterprises in this zone including 179 foreign-funded enterprises. The regional gross product of the zone reached 101.8 billion yuan; industrial output value reached 233.0 billion Yuan; overall financial revenue reached 15.7 billion yuan.[23]
Changchun is also the location of one of the largest factories whereCRRC manufactures bullet trains. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world that would have sleeper berths, and would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. NicknamedPanda, they are capable of running at 250 kmph, operate at −40 degreesCelsius, haveWi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.[24]
State-level HIDZsChangchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area
Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area is connected by four roads and one light-rail line to the downtown area. The nearest train station, Changchun Station, is twenty minutes away by light rail. In 2002, Changchun HDA became the first area in Northeast China to qualify for the environmental certification of ISO14001. Its landscaping ratio reaches 38%.[25]
Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi). In 2002 and 2001, the Hunchun Export Processing Zone and Hunchun Sino-Russia Trade Zone were set up in it. It has a strategic location at the junction of the borders of China, Russia and Korea. It focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmaceuticals, textile industry and other industries.[26]
The Hunchun Export Processing Zone is in 5 km2 (1.93 sq mi) area is in the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area is 2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi). It relies on the same infrastructure and policies as its parent zone.[27]
There are 35,216 km (21,882 mi) of highways, including over 500 km (310 mi) of expressways.
The province has a rail network, begun by the Japanese, with Changchun as its main hub. There are four major new railway projects which started construction in 2007. One of these, theHarbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway connectingHarbin withDalian via Changchun was completed in 2012. Trains on the line can travel at up to 350 km/h (220 mph). The four railway projects were estimated to cost RMB13 billion, and the province urged foreign investors to invest in them. A line from Changchun to Jilin City, expected to be completed in 2015, was expected to cut the journey times between the cities from 96 minutes to 30. The railway network in Jilin can be divided into two directions in the northwest–southeast and southwest–northeast. The main trunk line Beijing-Harbin railway runs through the north and south of Jilin. From Jilin Province, it can go directly to Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Jinan, and so on. By the end of 2015, the railway business mileage of Jilin province reached 4,877.4 km (3,030.7 mi).
Jilin is landlocked. River navigation is possible from April to November. The major river ports are at Da'an, Jilin city and Fuyu. In 2007, Jilin started construction on a two-phase RMB60 million comprehensive river port; the first phase is finished. The port is on the Songhua River, has an annual throughput of two million tons, and will connect to the waterways of Northeast China.[11] Aviation takes Changchun as the center, supplemented by Yanji and Baishan. It can go directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ningbo, Dalian, Kunming, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and so on. Changchun Longjia Airport, Yanji Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport and Changbaishan Airport, etc.
Jilin is part ofNortheast China and shares many similarities in culture to neighbouring regions, such asErrenzhuan andYangge. Amongits music, Jiju, orJilin Opera, is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history.
Languages spoken in Jilin: yellow: Mandarin; blue: Korean; red: Mongolian
The majority of the province speaks Mandarin, the official language of China. Closer to the east, many people speakKorean. Some people ofQian Gorlos autonomous county speak Mongolian.
^Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012).中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing:China Statistics Print.ISBN978-7-5037-6660-2.
^National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司); Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) (2003).《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 (in Chinese (China)). Beijing:Publishing House of Minority Nationalities.ISBN978-7105054251., 2 volumes
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