History ofVietnam (bynames of Vietnam)

~2879–2524 BC Xích Quỷ[a] ~700–258 BC Văn Lang 257–179 BC Âu Lạc 204–111 BC Nam Việt 111 BC – 40 AD Giao Chỉ 40–43 Lĩnh Nam 43–203 Giao Chỉ 203–544 Giao Châu 544–602 Vạn Xuân 602–679 Giao Châu 679–757 An Nam 757–766 Trấn Nam 766–866 An Nam 866–968 Tĩnh Hải quân 968–1054 Đại Cồ Việt 1054–1400 Đại Việt 1400–1407 Đại Ngu 1407–1427 Giao Chỉ 1428–1804 Đại Việt 1804–1839 Việt Nam 1839–1945 Đại Nam 1887–1954 Đông Dương 1945– Việt Nam Main template History of Vietnam v t e

Jiaozhou (Chinese:交州;Wade–Giles: Chiao¹-Cho¹;Vietnamese:Giao Châu) was animperial Chineseprovince under theHan,Eastern Wu, andJindynasties. Under the Han, the area includedLiangguang andnorthern Vietnam butGuangdong was later separated to form the province ofGuangzhou bySun Quan following the death ofShi Xie and lasted until the creation of theAnnan Protectorate in 679.

In 111 BC, the armies ofEmperor Wuconquered the rebel state ofNanyue and organized the area as the circuit (部bù) of Jiaozhi, under the rule of acishi (zh:刺史 (cìshǐ)vi:thứ sử). In addition to six originalcommanderies (Nanhai,Hepu,Cangwu,Yulin,Jiaozhi andJiuzhen), the Han Empire conquered new territories onHainan as well as in the area south of theNgang Pass and established them as the commanderies ofZhuya,Dan'er, andRinan.^[1] In 203 CE,Jiaozhi circuit (交趾部 Jiāozhǐ bù) was raised to azhou or province, under the nameJiaozhou (交州 Jiāozhōu).^[2]

Following the death ofShi Xie in 226 CE,Eastern Wu divided Jiaozhou intoGuangzhou and the new Jiaozhou. However, after suppressing Shi Hui (士徽), son of Shi Xie, Eastern Wu re-annexed Guangzhou into Jiaozhou. It was only in 264 CE that Jiaozhou was re-divided: Guangzhou was composed of three commanderies of Nanhai, Cangwu and Yulin while the new Jiaozhou was composed of four commanderies of Hepu, Jiaozhi,Jiuzhen andRinan. Also in the same year, a Roman envoy arrived in Jiaozhi of Jiaozhou and was hastened to the Wu court. In 229, Eastern Wu sent embassy toFunan, where merchants from India and beyond gathered.^[3]

The Wu regime was harsh. Turmoil plagued the southern commanderies by the mid third century. In 231,Lac Viet people in Jiuzhen revolted but was "pacified" by a Wu general.^[3] In 248,Lâm Ấp forces invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi. One Jiaozhi rebel commanded thousands and invested several walled towns before Wu officials got him to surrender.^[4]

In Jiuzhen, a Lạc Việt woman named Triệu Ẩu (Lady Triệu) led a rebellion against the Wu in 248, but was suppressed byLu Yin.^[5]

In 263, "Yue barbarians" in Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen underLã Hưng revolted against the Wu dynasty. The rebels handed the region over to Wu's rival, the northern Chinese kingdom ofJin.^[5] In 268 and 269, they held off large Wu armies and fleets, which eventually retook Jiaozhi's ports and main towns in 271. Fighting continued in the countryside until 280, when Jin destroyed Wu, reunifying China.^[5]

In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms ofFunan andLâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime “boom” in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China untilthe 320s.^[5] In 312 rebels and imperial units fought each other with ferocity over Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen. Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou.^[5] Though defeated in 399, Lâm Ấp continued its raids on Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen for two decades.^[6] A Chinese rebel army fromZhejiang briefly seized Jiaozhi's capital in 411.^[6]

During the Jin dynasty andSix dynasties period of China, the Li-Lao people extended their territories right along the south coast of modernGuangdong and Guangxi, in a swath of land to the east of theRed River Delta and south and west of thePearl River Delta, occupied the overland roads between Guangzhou and Jiaozhou.^[7] The people of Li-Lao country put anyone traveled through their territories in dangers.^[8]

In 446,Liu Song dynasty invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modernHuế). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold.^[6] Despite that, the revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade.^[6]

Rebellions broke out in Jiaozhou from 468 to 485, and in 506 and 515 underLiang dynasty.^[6]

In 541,Lý Bôn, a leader of the local Lý clan revolted against the Liang. In 544 he defeated the Liang and proclaimed himselfEmperor of Nán Yuè with reign eraThiên-đức.^[9] Jiaozhou briefly became independence from the Chinese dynasties. In 545,Chen Baxian led the Liang army attack Jiaozhou, forced Lý Bôn fled west into the mountains above the Red River, where he was killed by Lao highlanders in 548.^[10] However even after Lý Bôn's death, Jiaozhou remained autonomous.^[11] In 583, Lý Hữu Vinh, a local leader of Jiaozhou sent a trained elephant to the Chen court.^[12]

Around 589-590 Lý Xuân (Lý Phật Tử) became the leader of Vạn Xuân. As the authority ofSui gradually consolidated in southern China, Lý Phật Tử recognized Sui overlordship.^[13] In 601, governor of Guangzhou, Ling-hu Hsi forwarded an imperial summons for Phật Tử to appear at the Sui capital. Resolved to resist this demand, Phật Tử sought delay by requesting that the summons be postponed until after the new year. Hsi approved the request, believing that he could keep Phật Tử's allegiance by exercising restraint. Someone, however, accused Hsi of taking a bribe from Phật Tử, and the court grew suspicious. When Phật Tử openly rebelled early in 602, Hsi was promptly arrested; he died en route north.^[14] This caused the Sui court called generalLiu Fang to command 27,000 troops attacked Lý Phật Tử fromYunnan in 602. At Đỗ Long Pass, on the watershedbetween theHsi andChảy Rivers, Fang met two thousand of Phật Tử's men. Brushing aside this unsuspecting frontier garrison, Fang descended the Chay River and penetrated into the heart of Phật Tử's realm. Unprepared to resist an assault from such an unexpected quarter, Phật Tử heeded Fang's admonition to surrender and was sent to the Sui capital atChang'an.Lý Phật Tử and his subordinates were beheaded to preclude future trouble.^[15] This marked theThird Chinese domination of Vietnam.

In 622, the rebelXiao Xian was defeated by the Tang and the Chinese warlord in Jiaozhou, Qiu He, submitted to theTang dynasty.^[16]

In 679,Protectorate General to Pacify the South (Annam) was created and replaced the Jiaozhou protectorate.^[17]

The name "Jiaozhi" was revived for the province encompassing northern Vietnam in theMing dynasty.

• First andSecond Chinese domination of Vietnam

• Taylor, Keith Weller (1983).The Birth of the Vietnam. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
• Kiernan, Ben (2019).Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present.Oxford University Press.ISBN 9780190053796.
• Loewe, Michael (1986), "The conduct of government and the issues at stake (A.D. 57-167)", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.),The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 291–316
• Li, Tana (2011), "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han Period Tongking Gulf", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.),The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 39–53,ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2
• Churchman, Michael (2011), ""The People in Between": The Li and the Lao from the Han to the Sui", in Li, Tana; Anderson, James A. (eds.),The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 67–86,ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2

21°01′N105°51′E / 21.017°N 105.850°E /21.017; 105.850

• Eastern Wu
• Former commanderies of China in Vietnam
• Historical regions of China
• History of Guangxi
• History of Guangdong
• History of Hainan
• Historical geography of Vietnam
• Jin dynasty (266–420)
• Provinces of the Han dynasty

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