| Jiangshan dialect | |
|---|---|
| 江山話 | |
| Native to | China |
| Region | Jiangshan city,Quzhou prefecture,Zhejiang province |
Native speakers | (undated figure of 500,000–600,000[citation needed]) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | long1386 Jiangshan |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
TheJiangshan dialect (江山話) is aSouthern Wu dialect, closely related tothat of Quzhou. It is spoken inJiangshan, a city inQuzhou prefecture,China.
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m 馬 | n 腦 | ŋ 我 | |||
| Plosive | tenuis | p 巴 | t 豬 | k 姜 | ||
| aspirated | pʰ 怕 | tʰ 聽 | kʰ 氣 | |||
| slack voice | b̥ 爬 | d̥ 同 | ɡ̊ 群 | |||
| Affricate | tenuis | ts 再 | tɕ 朱 | |||
| aspirated | tsʰ 寸 | tɕʰ 唱 | ||||
| slack voice | d̥z̥ 茶 | d̥ʑ̊ 傳 | ||||
| Fricative | tenuis | f 夫 | s 山 | ɕ 心 | h 曉 | |
| slack voice | v̥ 浮 | z̥ 事 | ʑ̊ 樹 | ɦ 雲 | ||
| Approximant | l 李 | |||||
| 耳[ør] | 衣[ɦi] | 无[vu] | 雨[ɦy] | 之[tsɿ] |
| 拉[lɑ] | 家[kiɑ] | 瓦[ŋuɑ] | ||
| 鞋[ɦæ] | 也[ɦiæ] | 快[kʰuæ] | ||
| 天[tʰiɛ̃] | 全[ʑyɛ̃] | |||
| 开[kʰe] | 会[kue] | |||
| 哥[ko] | ||||
| 包[pɐɯ] | 表[piɐɯ] | |||
| 楼[lɯ] | 秋[tɕʰiɯ] | |||
| 三[sã] | 香[hiã] | 关[kuã] | ||
| 干[kɔ̃] | 状[ʑiɔ̃] | |||
| 盘[bɐ̃] | 官[kuɐ̃] | |||
| 门[mõ] | 穷[ɡiõ] | |||
| 齿[tsʰɿə] | 鱼[ŋɯə] | |||
| 金[kœ̃] | 森[ɕyœ̃] | |||
| 京[kĩ] | 春[tɕʰỹ] | |||
| 八[paʔ] | 学[ɦiaʔ] | 扩[kʰuaʔ] | ||
| 笔[pœʔ] | 十[ʑyœʔ] | |||
| 日[nəʔ] | 习[ʑiɛʔ] | 越[ɦyɛʔ] | ||
| 月[ŋoʔ] | 肉[ʑioʔ] | |||
| 合[kɔʔ] | 肉[ŋyɔʔ] |
The Jiangshan dialect is considered to have eight tones. However, since tone split from Middle Chinese, each character still depends on the voicing of the initial consonant. These constitute just three phonemic tones:pin, shang, andqu. (Ru syllables are phonemically toneless, as their distinctiveness lies in a final glottal stop.)
| Number | Tone name | Tone contour | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 陰平 yīn píng | ˦ (44) | 天空飛山 |
| 2 | 陽平 yáng píng | ˨˧˩ (231) | 南來田皮 |
| 3 | 陰上 yīn shàng | ˧˨˦ (324) | 紙九火口 |
| 4 | 陽上 yang shàng | ˨ (22) | 坐買有被 |
| 5 | 陰去 yīn qù | ˥˩ (51) | 菜四送去 |
| 6 | 陽去 yáng qù | ˧˩ (31) | 備洞路硬 |
| 7 | 陰入 yīn rù | ˦˥ʔ (45) | 七雪踢客 |
| 8 | 陽入 yáng rù | ˩˨ʔ (12) | 六肉白獨 |
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
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| WesternHimalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim) |
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| EasternHimalayas (Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo- Burmese border |
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| East andSoutheast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates,Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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