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| Formation | 1970; 55 years ago (1970) (as Hineni Ministries).1973; 52 years ago (1973) (as Jews for Jesus) |
|---|---|
| Founder | Moishe Rosen |
| Type | Non-profit |
| Purpose | Religious proselytization |
| Headquarters | San Francisco,California, U.S. |
Executive Director | Aaron Abramson |
| Website | https://jewsforjesus.org/ |
Formerly called | Hineni Ministries |
| This article is part ofa series on |
| Messianic Judaism |
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Jews for Jesus is an internationalChristian missionary organization headquartered inSan Francisco, California, that is affiliated with theMessianic Jewish religious movement. The group is known for itsproselytism of Jews[1][2][3] and promotes the belief thatJesus is theChrist and theSon of God.[4][5] It was founded in 1970 byMoishe Rosen asHineni Ministries before being incorporated under its current name in 1973.
There are noJewish religious authorities[clarification needed] that consider Jews for Jesus to be a Jewish organization, mainly because the founder is an ordainedBaptist minister and should therefore not be involved in reshapingJudaism. Rabbinical authorities[6] point out that there is only one mention of theOld Testament (theTanakh to Jews) in its "Statement of Faith".[6] Additionally, theSupreme Court of Israel determined that Messianic Jews are not actually Jews as belief in Jesus as the Messiah is not a Jewish value.[6] Instead, most Jews view Jesus either as a good Jewish teacher or as afalse prophet, but most certainly a failed messiah claimant.[7][8]
Jews for Jesus was founded byMoishe Rosen, aBaptist minister of theHebrew Christian movement and a former member of theAmerican Board of Missions to the Jews (ABMJ). The organization was formed in 1970 under the name "Hineni Ministries" as a subsidiary group of the ABMJ.[9] In 1973, Rosen left ABMJ and incorporated his ministry as a501(c)(3) non-profit organization[10] under the name "Jews for Jesus". Originally, "Jews for Jesus" was one of the organization's several slogans, but after the media began to call the group "Jews for Jesus", the organization adopted the name.
Rosen and members began conducting community outreach on streets and college campuses ofSan Francisco, California. In the following years, branches were established inNew York,Chicago, andBoston. In 1978, the Jews for Jesus headquarters relocated to its current location in San Francisco. In 1981, the organization expanded internationally.[11] According to the organization, as of 2021 it maintain offices in 13 countries and 15 cities around the world.[12]
Rosen remained Executive Director until 1996, when he stepped down to work full-time as a staffmissionary.[13] He was replaced byDavid Brickner, who held the position until May 2024.[13]Aaron Abramson is the current Executive Director and CEO of Jews for Jesus.[14]
Jews for Jesus claims tosyncretizeJewish heritage andChristian faith into spiritual harmony. They believe faith in Jesus is a viable expression of Jewish life.[15]
The organization summarizes its beliefs in astatement of faith:[16]
Jews for Jesus is a registered501(c)(3) organization that employs approximately 250 staff worldwide. Its headquarters are located in San Francisco, California, and operates offices in New York City, Los Angeles, Toronto, Sydney, Johannesburg, London, Berlin, Paris, Budapest, Tel Aviv, Kyiv, Odesa, Moscow, and Jerusalem.[18]
Once well-known for their distribution of hand-drawn religious tracts, today Jews for Jesus conducts community engagement through other means. Examples of their outreach methods include Jewish holiday events, Bible studies, service projects, internet evangelism, and multi-purpose spaces such as the Moishe Rosen Center in Tel Aviv and the Upside Down Cafe in Los Angeles.[19]
They are a charter member of theEvangelical Council for Financial Accountability[20] and of MissioNexus.[21] Donations are tax deductible. An independent auditing firm, Eckhoff Accountancy, conducts the organization's annual audit.[citation needed] According to theEvangelical Council for Financial Accountability, the group's total revenue inFY 2021 was US$37,431,707 and its total expenses was $25,888,924. Expense breakdown was $20,744,089 for program, $2,039,434 for administration, and $3,105,401 for fundraising.[22]
Jews for Jesus is governed by international boards of directors in the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Israel, and Europe. The CEO is advised by an executive leadership team consisting of seven members.[23]
Jews for Jesus has a contentious relationship with the Jewish community, and their methods have generated controversy. All Jewish authorities, as well as the governing bodies of theState of Israel, hold the view thatMessianic Judaism, the religious movement with which Jews for Jesus is affiliated, is not a sect ofJudaism but a form ofEvangelical Christianity.[24] Additionally,Gentiles who convert to Messianic Judaism are not recognized as Jewish by any Jewish movement.[25] However, Jews for Jesus says they "cannot support any efforts by Gentile believers to convert to any type of Judaism."[26]
Belief in Jesus asdeity,Son of God, or even a non-divineChrist/Messiah orprophet (as inIslam), is held as incompatible with Judaism by mostJewish religious movements.[27][28] However, there has been some debate of that point by Jewish scholars.Daniel Boyarin, a Jewish historian of religion and professor of Talmudic culture at UC Berkeley, writes in one of his books:
Most (if not all) of the ideas and practices of the Jesus movement of the first century and the beginning of the second century—and even later—can be safely understood as part of the ideas and practices that we understand to be "Judaism."... The ideas of Trinity and incarnation, or certainly the germs of those ideas, were already present among Jewish believers well before Jesus came on the scene to incarnate in himself, as it were, those theological notions and take up his messianic calling.[29]
Dan Cohn-Sherbok, a rabbi of Reform Judaism and professor of Jewish Theology at the University of Wales, implies that Messianic Judaism should be embraced in the Jewish community:
...the non-Orthodox rejection of Messianic Jews is more difficult to comprehend given the multidimensional character of contemporary Jewish life ... There is simply no consensus among non-Orthodox Jews concerning the central tenets of the faith, nor is there any agreement about Jewish observance. Instead, the various branches of non-Orthodox Judaism embrace a totally heterogeneous range of viewpoints ... in my view Messianic Judaism constitutes an innovative, exciting, and extremely interesting development on the Jewish scene.[30]
In a 2013Pew Forum study, 60% of American Jews said that belief in Jesus as the Messiah was not "compatible with being Jewish", while 34% found it compatible and 4% did not know.[31] A 2017 survey that included Messianic Jews "found that 21 percent of Jewish millennials believe Jesus was 'God in human form who lived among people in the 1st century.'"[32] An additional question on faith in the survey found that 14% of participants identified with Christianity, and 10% believed in a hybrid of Christian and Jewish beliefs.[33]
In 1993 the Task Force on Missionaries and Cults of the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York (JCRCNY) issued a statement which has been endorsed by the four major Jewish denominations:Orthodox Judaism,Conservative Judaism,Reform Judaism, andReconstructionist Judaism, as well as national Jewish organizations.[34] Based on this statement, the Spiritual Deception Prevention Project at the JCRCNY stated:
On several occasions leaders of the four major Jewish movements have signed on to joint statements opposing Hebrew-Christian theology and tactics. In part they said: "Though Hebrew Christianity claims to be a form of Judaism, it is not ... It deceptively uses the sacred symbols of Jewish observance ... as a cover to convert Jews to Christianity, a belief system antithetical to Judaism ... Hebrew Christians are in radical conflict with the communal interests and the destiny of the Jewish people. They have crossed an unbridgeable chasm by accepting another religion. Despite this separation, they continue to attempt to convert their former co-religionists.[35]
The director ofcounter-missionary group Torah Atlanta, Rabbi Efraim Davidson, stated: "Jews for Jesus use aggressive proselytizing to target disenfranchised or unaffiliated Jews, Russian immigrants and college students," and that "their techniques are manipulative, deceptive and anti-Semitic."[36]
Some Western Christians object to evangelizingJews because they see Jewish religious practice as valid in and of itself.[37] SomeLiberal Protestant denominations have issued statements criticizing evangelism of Jews including theUnited Church of Christ and thePresbyterian Church USA,[38] which said in 1988 thatJews have their own covenant with God.[39] The Board of Governors of theLong Island Council of Churches opposes proselytizing, and voiced their sentiments in a statement that "noted with alarm" the "subterfuge and dishonesty" inherent in the "mixing [of] religious symbols in ways which distort their essential meaning," and named Jews for Jesus as one of the three groups about whom such behavior was alleged.[40]
Leighton Ford, former vice president of theBilly Graham Evangelical Association and current president of Leighton Ford Ministries, supports the work of Jews for Jesus:
The first followers of Jesus were all Jews – women and men so touched and changed by him that they had to tell their friends and neighbors ... Like their first century counterparts, the people I know in Jews for Jesus have good news they share lovingly and boldly![41]
In 2003, the sponsorship of Jews for Jesus byAll Souls Church, Langham Place, a conservative evangelical church in London, including a launch event onRosh Hashanah to start a UK mission targeting the Jewish community, led to the Interfaith Alliance UK, a coalition of Jewish, Christian and Islamic religious leaders, issuing a letter of protest to theArchbishop of Canterbury.[42][failed verification]
TheInterFaith Conference of Metropolitan Washington includesMuslims,Jews, andChristian groups.[43] The Conference states that they "support the right of all religions to share their message in the spirit of good will";[44] however, Rev. Clark Lobenstine has condemned the "proselytizing efforts" of "Jews for Jesus and other messianic Jewish groups."[45] His wording matched the Conference's 1987 "Statement on Proselytism",[44] which makes claims against "groups that have adopted the label of Hebrew Christianity, Messianic Judaism, or Jews for Jesus",[46] so it is unclear which claims are directed at Jews for Jesus in particular.
America's Religions. An Educator's Guide to Beliefs and Practices contains "[a] note about Jews for Jesus,Messianic Jews,Hebrew Christians, and similar groups: Jews in these groups who have converted to Christianity but continue to observe various Jewish practices are no longer considered part of the Jewishcommunity in the usual sense".[47]
Several other organizations oppose the identification of Jews for Jesus as a Jewish group.[48][49]
InBoard of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc. theSupreme Court unanimously ruled in favor of Jews for Jesus in afree speech case against theLos Angeles International Airport.[50][51][52]
Jews for Jesus has been involved in litigation regarding Internet use of its name. In 1998 they sued Steven Brodsky forcybersquatting—registering the domain name jewsforjesus.org for a site criticizing the organization.[53] The domain now belongs to Jews for Jesus and is used for their main site.
In 2005 Jews for Jesus sued[54]Google for allowing aBlogspot user to put up a site at the third-level subdomainjewsforjesus.blogspot.com. In September 2006Christianity Today reported: "Jews for Jesus settled out of court with a critical blogger identified as 'Whistle Blower' on jewsforjesus.blogspot.com. The evangelistic ministry assumed control of the site."[55]
In 2006 comedian and actorJackie Mason filed a lawsuit against Jews for Jesus, alleging that the organization unlawfully distributed a pamphlet that used his name and likeness in a way that suggested he was a member of the group. Jackie Mason was Jewish and not associated with Jews for Jesus.[56] Jews for Jesus issued a detailed response to the allegation on their website.[57]
A judge of theUnited States District Court for the Southern District of New York denied a preliminary injunction against Jews for Jesus over the pamphlet, finding the distribution of the pamphlet to be protected by theFirst Amendment, and also stated that the pamphlet did not suggest that Mason was a Christian.[58]
In December 2006, Mason dropped the lawsuit against Jews for Jesus after they issued a letter of apology to him. The group's executive director,David Brickner, stated in the letter to Mason that he wanted "to convey my sincere apologies for any distress that you felt over our tract." Brickner continued that he believed its publication was protected by theConstitution, but the group was willing in the interest of peace and love for Israel to retire the pamphlet. Mason replied in front of the federal court in Manhattan where he accepted the apology, "There's no such thing as a Jew for Jesus. It's like saying a black man is for theKKK. You can't be a table and a chair. You're either a Jew or aGentile."[59]
In 2014, Jews for Jesus published a three-minuteYouTube video calledThat Jew Died for You, to coincide withPassover,Holy Week andHolocaust Remembrance Day on 28 April.[60] A long-haired Jesus dragging a large wooden cross appears in the film until anAuschwitz concentration camp guard sends him to the gas chambers and says "just another Jew" in German.[61] Jews for Jesus said that the objective of the film was for Jesus to be identified with the victims rather than the perpetrators of the Holocaust and that "theHolocaust has been used – perhaps more than any other event or topic – to prevent Jewish people from considering the good news of Jesus."[60]Jay Michaelson, writing inThe Jewish Daily Forward, described it as "the most tasteless YouTube video ever" and wrote: "Not to state the obvious, but it desecrates the memory of six million Jews to use their suffering as a way to convert Jews to Christianity."[62]Fox News Channel andHistory refused to play an advertisement for the film.[61]
When given a range of options and allowed to select all that apply, nearly half of Jewish Millennials (44%) chose Judaism solely as their subscribed religion. More than half do not affiliate with traditional Jewish denominations (52%), however, and a similar percentage believes Jews can hold faiths other than Judaism (56%). Thus, others choose Christianity (14%), a hybrid of Judaism and Christianity (10%), atheism / agnosticism (9%) or no particular faith (13%)—a range that reinforces the notion of Jewish identity as heritage and people group as much as a specific spiritual belief set. In this context, it should be assumed some of those who select an option that includes "Christianity" may be recognizing any personal association with the faith, such as identifying with the religion of a Christian parent, rather than a specific or devout expression, such as Messianic Judaism.
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