InJudaism,angels (Hebrew:מַלְאָךְ,romanized: mal’āḵ,lit. 'messenger', plural:מַלְאָכִיםmal’āḵīm) aresupernatural beings[1] that appear throughout TheTanakh (Hebrew Bible),rabbinic literature,apocrypha andpseudepigrapha,Jewish philosophy andmysticism, and traditionalJewish liturgy as agents of theGod of Israel. They are categorized in differenthierarchies. Their essence is often associated with fire. TheTalmud describes their very essence as fire.[2]
Hebrewmal’ākh is the standard word for "messenger", both human and divine, in theHebrew Bible; it is also related to the words for "angel" inArabic (malākملاك),Aramaic andEthiopic. It is rarely used for human messengers inModern Hebrew as the latter is usually denoted by the termshaliyakh (שליח).[3] The noun derives from the verbalconsonantal rootl-’-k (ל-א-ך), meaning specifically "to send with a message" and with time was substituted with more applicablesh-l-h.[4]
In Biblical Hebrew this root is attested only in this noun and in the nounמְלָאכָהməlʾāḵā́, meaning "work", "occupation" or "craftsmanship".
The morphological structure of the wordmal’ākh suggests that it is themaqtal form of the root denoting the tool or the means of performing it.[5] The termmal’ākh therefore simply means the one who is sent, often translated as "messenger" when applied to humans; for instance,mal’ākh is the root of the name of the prophetMalachi, whose name means "my messenger". In Modern Hebrew,mal’akh is the general word for "angel". In the same manner, apparently, the prophetHaggai is described as "the messenger of the Lord with the message of the Lord" (malʾakh ʾElohim be-malʾakhut ʾElohim;Book of Haggai 1:13).
The Hebrew Bible reports that angels appeared to each of thePatriarchs, toMoses,Joshua, and numerous other figures. They appear toHagar inGenesis 16:9, to Lot in Genesis 19:1, and to Abraham in Genesis 22:11, they ascend and descendJacob's Ladder in Genesis 28:12 and appear toJacob again in Genesis 31:11–13.God promises to send one to Moses inExodus 33:2, and sends one to stand in the way ofBalaam inNumbers 22:31.
Isaiah speaks ofמַלְאַךְ פָּנָיו "theAngel of the Presence" ("In all their affliction He was afflicted, andthe angel of His presence saved them: in His love and in His pity He redeemed them; and He bore them, and carried them all the days of old") (Isaiah 63:9).
TheBook of Psalms says "For He Will give His Angels Charge over you, to keep you in all your ways" (Psalms 91:11).
Different parts of the Bible deal with angels to different degrees. On numerous locations the Bible introduces the idea of aHeavenly host or "host of heaven", and the related divine epithet "Lord of Hosts". While sometimes depicted in military fashion, the assembly also serves to praise God, in descriptions reminiscent of a kingly court. Genesis hasElohim,Bene Elohim (Sons of God), as does theBook of Job;Psalms has the related bənê ēlîm and bənê elîon, as well asShinnan andQedoshim.[6][7]
Theprophetic books, that usually do not write of angels, nonetheless mentionSeraphim,Cherubim, andOphanim,Chayot Ha Kodesh,Erelim, andHashmallim. In theBook of Zechariah, several episodes explicitly contain Angels. InDaniel, angels gain some of the characteristics they would come to possess in the post-biblicalApocalyptic literature, such as each serving as personal patrons of peoples (Persia, Greece), and some having personal names (Gabriel, Michael).[6][7]
As a subcategory of heavenly beings,mal’akim occupy the sixth rank of ten inMaimonides' Jewish angelic hierarchy.
Numbers Rabbah names four angels who would later be known asarchangels, surrounding God's throne:
As the Holy One blessed be He created four winds (directions) and four banners (for Israel's army), so also did He make four angels to surround His Throne—Michael,Gabriel,Uriel andRaphael. Michael is on its right, corresponding to the tribe of Reuben; Uriel on its left, corresponding to the tribe of Dan, which was located in the north; Gabriel in front, corresponding to the tribe of Judah as well as Moses and Aaron who were in the east; and Raphael in the rear, corresponding to the tribe of Ephraim which was in the west.[8]
TheBabylonian Talmud contains a reworked ancient tradition of the myth of thefallen angels – here, this narrative is invested with new significance and accordingly, these are the distinguished rabbis who are portrayed as the heavenly messengers' offspring. The most explicit presentation of this notion is found inTractate Shabbat. The text recounts the sages' halakhic discussion in which Rabbi Hizkiya praises Rabbi Yohanan's competencies by exclaiming "this is not a human!". Right after his remark a following passage appears.
Rabbi Zeira said that Rava bar Zimuna said: If the early generations are characterized as sons of angels, we are the sons of men. And if the early generations are characterized as the sons of men, we are akin to donkeys. And I do not mean that we are akin to either the donkey of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa or the donkey of Rabbi Pinḥas ben Yair, who were both extraordinarily intelligent donkeys; rather, we are akin to other typical donkeys.[9]
Although on the façade this appears to be a humorous allegory, this passage represents a broader tradition of associating angels and rabbis that manifests in other passages dispersed in the Babylonian Talmud. This tendency has two components, and, on the one hand, the text compares the sages to angels in various respects such as knowledge (e.g., the sages should be good teachers playing the function of the angel of the Lord inHagigah,[10] some of their halakhic decisions are labeled as angelic in origins inPesachim[11]), or appearance (e.g., according to Shabbat[12] Rabbi Yehudah bar Ilai's Sabbath attire resembles the garments of theangel of the Lord, inKiddushin[13] the Babylonian scholars are compared to the ministering angels). On the other hand, the Babylonian Talmud portrays the angels as highly reminiscent of the rabbis themselves: they are proficient halakhists (e.g., inMenachot[14] an angel disputes the laws offringes with Rabbi Kattina, inAvodah Zarah[15] the angel of death betrays his deep familiarity with the rules of ritual slaughter), linguists (e.g., inBava Batra[16] Gabriel and Michael scrutinize the semantics of the termkadkod known from Isa. 54:12), and teachers (e.g., inMegillah[17] andSanhedrin[18] an angelic prince admonishes Joshua for neglecting his Torah studies). On the whole, the quantitative data show that the sages are frequently juxtaposed with angels, and the main dimension of comparison is their intellectual proficiency. When it comes to the mapping of specific rabbinic competencies onto the angels, the most popular is the ability to engage in halakhic scrutiny and teaching. In sum, this presentation of the sages as angels can be taken as an expression of the sense of elitism entertained by the Babylonian sages.[19]
Maimonides, in hisMishneh Torah, counted ten ranks ofangels in the Jewish angelic hierarchy.[20][21][22][23] TheZohar, inExodus 43a, also lists ten ranks of angels.[24] Jacob Nazir, in hisMaseket Atzilut, also listed ten ranks of angels.[24]Abraham ben Isaac of Granada, in hisBerit Menuchah, also listed ten ranks of angels.
All of them are ranked with 1 being the highest, and all subsequent numbers being lower ranks.
| Rank | Angelic Class | Notes | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zohar | Mishneh Torah | Maseket Atzilut | Berit Menuchah | Reshit Chochmah | |||
| 1 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 9 | Malakhim/Malakim | Messengers, angels | |
| 2 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 5 | Erelim | SeeIsaiah 33:7 | |
| 3 | 5 | 1 | 10 | 3 | Seraphim | SeeIsaiah 6 | |
| 4 | 1 | N/A | N/A | 1 | Chayot Ha Kodesh[25]/Chayot | SeeEzekiel 1 andEzekiel 10 | |
| 5 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 2 | Ophanim | SeeEzekiel 1 andEzekiel 10 | |
| 6 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 7 | Hashmallim | SeeEzekiel 1:4 | |
| 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8 | Elim | Gods who are not the Supreme God | |
| 8 | 7 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Elohim | "Godly beings", Powerful, supernatural beings distinct from other angels | |
| 9 | 8 | 9 | 3 | N/A | Bene Elohim | "Sons of God" | |
| 10 | 10 | 6 | 2 | 10 | Ishim | "manlike beings" | SeeGenesis 18:2Daniel 10:5 |
| N/A | 9 | 3 | 8 | 4 | Cherubim | SeeHagigah 13b | |
| N/A | N/A | 4 | 7 | N/A | Shinanim | "guardians of the 70 nations/70 angelic princes" | SeeDeuteronomy 32:8, Zohar 2:254a |
| N/A | N/A | 5 | 6 | 6 | Tarshishim | See Zohar 1:231a | |
TheKabbalah describes the angels at length. Angels are described in Kabbalah literature as forces that send information, and sensations, between mankind and the Tetragrammaton. They are analogized to atoms, wavelengths or channels that help God in his creation, and it is therefore, reasoned that they should not be worshipped, prayed to, nor invoked. They are not physical in nature but spiritual beings, like spiritual atoms. Therefore, the Kabbalah reasons, when they appear in the Hebrew Bible their description is from the viewpoint of the person that received the vision or prophesy or occurrence, which will be anthropomorphic. However, they are not material beings but are likened to a single emotion, feeling, or material, controlled by God for his purpose of creation.
Shalom Aleichem is a Jewish hymn, first documented in the 17th century, that is commonly sung on the eve ofShabbat, either upon returning home from services, or at the dinner-table.
שלום עליכם מלאכי השרת
Peace be unto you,Malakhei HaSharet (Angels of Service)
מלאכי עליון
Angels of the Most High
ממלך מלכי המלכים
From the King of the kings of kings
הקדוש ברוך הוא
The Holy One Blessed Be He
Before going to sleep, many Jews recite a traditional prayer naming fourarchangels, "To my right Michael and to my left Gabriel, in front of me Uriel and behind me Raphael, and over my head God'sShekhinah ['the presence of God']."[26]
On theJewish holiday ofSimchat Torah, it is customary to call all the boys (in some synagogues, all the children) to theTorah reading and for the whole congregation to recite a verse fromJacob's blessing toEphraim andManasheh (Manassas).[27]
May the angel who redeems me from all evil, bless the children, and let my name be named in them, and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac, and let them flourish like fish for multitude in the midst of the land.
— Genesis 48:16
In the ancient Near East, Jews understood the sun, moon, and stars to be angels, just as others in the same region viewed them as divine beings.Philo of Alexandria identified angels in Judaism to be the same being asdaemons in Hellenistic thought. In Late Antiquity, the two most popularly invoked angels among Jews were Michael and Gabriel.[28]
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