Jericho is among theoldest cities in the world.[5][6][7]Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11,000 years (to 9000 BCE),[8][9] almost to the very beginning of theHolocene epoch of the Earth's history.[10][11] Copious springs in and around the city have attracted human habitation for thousands of years.[12] Jericho is described in theBible as the "city of palm trees".[13]
The city had a population of 20,907 in 2017. In 2023, the archaeological site in the center of the city, known asTell es-Sultan / Old Jericho, was inscribed inUNESCO's list as aWorld Heritage Site in the State of Palestine, and described as the "oldest fortified city in the world".[14][15]
Etymology
Jericho's name inBiblical Hebrew,Yəriḥo (יְרִיחוֹ) is generally thought to derive from theCanaanite wordrēḥ'fragrant', but other theories hold that it originates in the Canaanite wordYaraḥ'moon' or the name of the lunar deityYarikh, for whom the city was an early centre of worship.[16]
Jericho's Arabic name,Arīḥā, means'fragrant' and also has its roots in Canaaniterēḥ.[17][18][19]
Subsequently,Lorenzo Nigro andNicolò Marchetti excavated in 1997–2000. Since 2009, the Italian-Palestinian archaeological project of excavation and restoration was resumed by Rome ("La Sapienza" University and Palestinian MOTA-DACH) under the direction of Nigro,Hamdan Taha, and Jehad Yasine since 2015.[20] The Italian-Palestinian Expedition carried out 13 seasons in 20 years (1997–2017), with some major discoveries, like Tower A1 in the Middle Bronze Age southern Lower Town and Palace G on the eastern flanks of the Spring Hill overlooking the Spring of 'Ain es-Sultan dating from Early Bronze III.[citation needed]
Stone Age: Tell es-Sultan and spring
The earliest excavated settlement was located at the present-dayTell es-Sultan (or Sultan's Hill), a couple of kilometers from the current city. In bothArabic and Hebrew,tell means "mound"; consecutive layers of habitation built up a mound over time, as is common for ancient settlements in the Middle East andAnatolia. Jericho is thetype site for thePre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) andPre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) periods.[21]
Calibrated carbon 14 dates for Jericho as of 2013[22]Reconstruction of the Natufian-Jericho skull[23]
Epipaleolithic construction at the site appears to predate the invention ofagriculture, with the construction ofNatufian culture structures beginning earlier than 9000 BCE, the beginning of theHolocene epoch in geologic history.[7]
Jericho has evidence of settlement dating back toc. 10,000 BCE. During theYounger Dryas period of cold and drought, permanent habitation of any one location was impossible. However, theEin es-Sultan spring at what would become Jericho was a popular camping ground forNatufian hunter-gatherer groups, who left a scattering of crescent-shaped microlith tools behind them.[24] Around 9600 BCE, the droughts and cold of the Younger Dryasstadial had come to an end, making it possible for Natufian groups to extend the duration of their stay, eventually leading to year-round habitation and permanent settlement.[citation needed]
The first permanent settlement on the site of Jericho developed near the Ein es-Sultan spring between 9,500 and 9000 BCE.[25][26] As the world warmed up, a new culture based on agriculture and sedentary dwelling emerged, which archaeologists have termed PPNA. Its cultures lacked pottery,[21] but featured the following:[citation needed]
At Jericho, circular dwellings were built ofclay and straw bricks left to dry in the sun, which were plastered together with a mud mortar. Each house measured about 5 metres (16 ft) across and was roofed with mud-smeared brush. Hearths were located within and outside the homes.[28]
The Pre-Sultan (c. 8350 – 7370 BCE)[dubious –discuss] is sometimes calledSultanian. The site is a 40,000 m2 (430,000 sq ft) settlement surrounded by a massive stone wall over 3.6 m (12 ft) high and 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) wide at the base, inside of which stood a stone tower, over 8.5 metres (28 ft) high, containing an internal staircase with 22 stone steps[17][29] and placed in the centre of the west side of the tell.[30] This tower and the even older ones excavated atTell Qaramel in Syria[31][32] are the oldest towers ever to be discovered.[citation needed]
The wall and tower were built during the PPNA period around 8000 BCE.[33][34] Carbon dates published in 1981 and 1983 indicate that the tower was built around 8300 BCE and stayed in use untilc. 7800 BCE.[30] The wall may have served as a defence againstflood water (possibly to prevent theerosion of agricultural soil),[21] with the tower used for ceremonial purposes.[35] The wall and tower would have taken a hundred men more than a hundred days to construct, suggesting some kind of social organization.[citation needed] The town contained round mud-brick houses, but no street planning.[36] The identity and number of Jericho's inhabitants during the PPNA period is still under debate, with estimates as high as 2,000–3,000 and as low as 200–300.[9][35] It is known that this population had domesticatedemmer wheat,barley andpulses, and hunted wild animals.[citation needed]
The PPNB was a period of about 1.4 millennia, from 7220 to 5850 BCE[clarification needed] (thoughcarbon-14-dates are few and early). The following are PPNB cultural features:[citation needed]
After a few centuries, the first settlement was abandoned. After the PPNA settlement phase, there was a settlement hiatus of around five centuries,[21] then the PPNB settlement was founded on the eroded surface of thetell. This second settlement, established in 6800 BCE, perhaps represents the work of an invading people who absorbed the original inhabitants into their dominant culture. Artifacts dating from this period include tenplastered human skulls, painted so as to reconstitute the individuals' features.[17] These represent eitherteraphim or the first example ofportraiture inart history,[dubious –discuss] and it is thought that they were kept in people's homes while the bodies were buried.[7][37]
The architecture consisted of rectilinear buildings made of mudbricks on stone foundations. The mudbricks were loaf-shaped with deep thumb prints to facilitate bonding. No building has been excavated in its entirety. Normally, several rooms cluster around a central courtyard. There is one big room (6.5 m × 4 m (21.3 ft × 13.1 ft)[dubious –discuss] and 7 m × 3 m (23.0 ft × 9.8 ft))[dubious –discuss] with internal divisions; the rest are small, presumably used for storage. The rooms have red or pinkishterrazzo-floors made of lime. Some impressions of mats made of reeds or rushes have been preserved. The courtyards have clay floors.[citation needed]
Kathleen Kenyon interpreted one building as ashrine. It contained a niche in the wall. A chipped pillar of volcanic stone that was found nearby might have fitted into this niche.[citation needed]
The dead were buried under the floors or in the rubble fill of abandoned buildings. There are several collective burials. Not all the skeletons are completely articulated, which may point to a time of exposure before burial. Askull cache contained seven skulls. The jaws were removed and the faces covered with plaster;cowries were used as eyes. A total of ten skulls were found. Modelled skulls were found inTell Ramad andBeisamoun as well.[citation needed]
Other finds included flints, such as arrowheads (tanged or side-notched), finely denticulated sickle-blades,burins, scrapers, a fewtranchet axes,obsidian, and green obsidian from an unknown source. There were alsoquerns, hammerstones, and a few ground-stone axes made of greenstone. Other items discovered included dishes and bowls carved from soft limestone, spindle whorls made of stone and possible loom weights, spatulae and drills, stylised anthropomorphic plaster figures, almost life-size,anthropomorphic andtheriomorphic clay figurines, as well as shell and malachite beads.[38]
In the late 4th millennium BCE, Jericho was occupied during Neolithic 2[dubious –discuss] and the general character of the remains on the site link it culturally with Neolithic 2 (or PPNB) sites in the West Syrian and Middle Euphrates groups. This link is established by the presence of rectilinear mud-brick buildings and plaster floors that are characteristic of the age.[citation needed]
Chalcolithic
A succession of settlements followed from 4500 BCE onward.[citation needed]
Early Bronze Age
Red terracotta jar, Ancient Bronze period 3500–2000 BCE, Tell es-Sultan, ancient Jericho, Tomb A IV.Louvre Museum AO 15611.
In Early Bronze I, the stratigraphic layers are Sultan IIIA1 village (EB IA, c. 3500 – 3200 BCE) and Sultan IIIA2 rural town (proto-urban, EB IB, c. 3200 – 3000 BCE).[39]
In Early Bronze II, the strategraphic layers are Sultan IIIB1 foritifed town (EB IIA, c. 3000-2850 BCE) and Sultan IIIB2 with added towers and bastions to the fortification (EB IIB, c.2850 – 2700 BCE).[39]
In the Early Bronze IIIA (c. 2700 – 2500/2450 BCE; Sultan IIIC1), the settlement reached its largest extent around 2600 BCE.[17]
Jericho was continually occupied into the MiddleBronze Age; it was destroyed in the Late Bronze Age, after which it no longer served as an urban centre. The city was surrounded by extensive defensive walls strengthened with rectangular towers, and possessed an extensive cemetery with vertical shaft-tombs and underground burial chambers; the elaborate funeral offerings in some of these may reflect the emergence of local kings.[40]
During the Middle Bronze Age, Jericho was a small prominent city of theCanaan region, reaching its greatest Bronze Age extent in the period from 1700 to 1550 BCE. It seems to have reflected the greater urbanization in the area at that time, and has been linked to the rise of theMaryannu, a class of chariot-using aristocrats linked to the rise of theMitannite state to the north. Kathleen Kenyon reported "the Middle Bronze Age is perhaps the most prosperous in the whole history of Kna'an. ... The defenses ... belong to a fairly advanced date in that period" and there was "a massive stonerevetment ... part of a complex system" of defenses.[41] Bronze Age Jericho fell in the 16th century at the end of the Middle Bronze Age, the calibrated carbon remains from its City-IVdestruction layer dating to 1617–1530 BCE. Carbon datingc. 1573 BCE confirmed the accuracy of the stratigraphical datingc. 1550.[citation needed]
Decades after the destruction of the Middle Bronze Age city, it recovered again on a smaller scale during the Late Bronze Age (1450–1200 BC), with the previous Middle Bronze city wall being refurbished by adding amudbrickwall on top of its emerging crest.[42][43] Excavations have found a structure known as the "Middle Building" which apparently served as the residence of the city's local rulers, then vassals of theEgyptian empire.[43]: 605 Ultimately, the Middle Building was destroyed, although it was later reused in the earlyIron Age.[44] According to Nigro (2023), the Late Bronze IIB layers of the tell were heavily cut by levelling operations during the Iron Age, which explains the scarcity of 13th century BCE materials.[43]: 602
Hebrew Bible narrative
The Hebrew Bible tells the story of theBattle of Jericho led byJoshua, leading to the fall of theCanaanite city, the first one captured by theIsraelites in thePromised Land. The historicity of biblical account is not generally accepted by scholars.[45][46] Lorenzo Nigro suggests that the story might have developed from local memories of the destructions suffered by the Canaanite city in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE, which were later used by the biblical writers to create their narrative.[47]
Iron Age
Occupation in Tell es-Sultan appears to have resumed in the 11th century BCE, with the town becoming fortified again in the 10th century.[48] Of this new city not much more remains than afour-room house on the eastern slope.[49] By the 7th century, Jericho had become an extensive town, but this settlement was destroyed in theBabylonian conquest ofJudah in thelate 6th century.[50]
Persian and Early Hellenistic periods
After the destruction of the Judahite city by the Babylonians in the late 6th century,[50] whatever was rebuilt in the Persian period as part of theRestoration after theBabylonian captivity, left only very few remains.[49] The tell was abandoned as a place of settlement not long after this period.[49] During the Persian through Hellenistic periods, there is little in terms of occupation attested throughout the region.[50]
Jericho went from being an administrative centre ofYehud Medinata ("the Province of Judah") underPersian rule to serving as the private estate ofAlexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE after his conquest of the region.[citation needed] In the middle of the 2nd century BCE Jericho was underHellenistic rule of theSeleucid Empire, when theSyrian GeneralBacchides built a number of forts to strengthen the defences of the area around Jericho against the revolt by theMacabees.[51] One of these forts, built at the entrance toWadi Qelt, was later refortified byHerod the Great, who named itKypros after his mother.[52]
Hasmonean and Herodian periods
In the second half of the 2nd century BCE, Jericho became part of thekingdom of Judea, which was established by the Maccabees as a sovereign Jewish kingdom after gaining independence from the Seleucids. The kingdom was ruled by theHasmoneans, a dynasty descending from a priestly family (kohanim) of thetribe of Levi.[53] Around 135/134 BCE, the strategos of Jericho,Ptolemy son of Abubus, assassinated Hasmonean leaderSimon Thassi, his father-in-law, at the nearby fortress of Duq.[54]
The Hasmoneans constructedroyal winter palaces at the site known asTulul Abu el-'Alayiq. The new site of Jericho was established as a garden city around the palaces, consisting of a group of low mounds on both banks ofWadi Qelt.[50] It is now believed that during the Second Temple period, houses spread across much of the valley.[55] Several pools dating to the reign of Hasmonean kingAlexander Jannaeus (r. c. 103–76 BCE) have been excavated at the palaces.[55] The Hasmoneans also builtaqueducts, which supplied water to the palaces and to a farming and workshop complex, showing evidence of the cultivation of balsam and persimmon, as well as the production of date wine.[55] After the construction of the palaces, the city served not only as an agricultural center and a crossroads, but also as a winter resort forJerusalem's aristocracy.[56]
In 63 BCE, during the Roman intervention in theHasmonean succession war, Roman generalPompey passed through Jericho before advancing tobesiege Jerusalem.[57] After the city fell, the Jewish monarchy was abolished, and Judaea came under Roman oversight as a client territory. In 37 BCE,Herod beganruling Judea as aclient kingdom of Rome. He initially leased the royal estate at Jericho fromCleopatra, to whomMark Antony had granted it.[52] Following their joint suicide in 30 BCE, Octavian assumed control of theRoman Empire and granted Herod full control over Jericho as part of his domain.[58] Herod greatly expanded the royal domain in Jericho, constructing additional palaces.[55] Excavations have uncovered the palaces themselves, a network of aqueducts, and the remains of an associated farm, as well as traces of residences for wealthy inhabitants.[55] Herod also built ahippodrome-theatre (Tell es-Samrat) and builtaqueducts to irrigate the lands below the cliffs, supplying water to his winter palaces atTulul Abu el-Alaiq (also writtenʾAlayiq).[52] Herod is known to have ordered the drowning ofAristobulus III, the adolescent brother of his wifeMariamne I, in a pool within the Jericho palace, after the young high priest became too popular.[55]
Following Herod's death, the palace at Jericho was plundered and set on fire during the ensuing unrest, but it was later rebuilt by his son and successor, Herod Archelaus, who also constructed an aqueduct from Naʿaran to Jericho.[55]Herod Archelaus also built a village in his name not far to the north,Archelaïs (modern Khirbet al-Beiyudat), to house workers for his date plantation.[citation needed] The rock-cut tombs of a Herodian- and Hasmonean-era cemetery lie in the lowest part of the cliffs between Nuseib al-Aweishireh andMount of Temptation. They date between 100 BCE and 68 CE.[52]
Smith'sBible Names Dictionary suggests that "Jericho was once more 'a city of palms' when our Lord visited it. Here he restored sight to the blind (Matthew 20:30;Mark 10:46;Luke 18:35). Here the descendant ofRahab did not disdain the hospitality of Zacchaeus thepublican. Finally, between Jerusalem and Jericho was laid the scene of his story of the good Samaritan."[61]
Roman province
Josephus, a first-century CE Jewish historian from Jerusalem and a local of Judea, provides one of the most detailed ancient descriptions of Jericho, calling its district "the most fruitful country of Judea."[57] He describes the area as rich in many types of date palms sustained by the Jericho spring, home to plentiful bees, and known for valuable plants such as balsam, cypress, and themyrobalanon, concluding that "it would not be a misnomer to describe as 'divine' this spot in which the rarest and choicest plants are produced in abundance."[57] He also notes that Jericho was famed as the region "where they cultivate the palm tree and opobalsamum, that most excellent ointment, which, when the shrubs are cut with a sharp stone, oozes out like sap."[57] Other classical writers also commented on the Jericho oasis. Greek historianDiodorus Siculus (1st century BCE) describes its palm trees and its production of balsam.[57] Roman authorPliny the Elder writes that the most renowned palm trees in the area were found especially at Jericho.[57] Greek geographerStrabo provides a detailed geographical description in hisGeographica,[57] writing that:
Jericho is a plain surrounded by a kind of mountainous country, which in a way, slopes toward it like a theatre. Here is thePhoenicon, which is mixed also with all kinds of cultivated and fruitful trees, though it consists mostly of palm trees. It is 100stadia in length and is everywhere watered with streams. Here also are the Palace and the Balsam Park.[52]
Fresco of a vine from the Goliath family tomb, Jewish cemetery of Roman-era Jericho
A large Jewish cemetery dated to the first century CE was found in excvations carried out west of classical-era Jericho. The most elaborate component is the multi-chambered "Goliath family tomb", a rock-cut complex that consists of two plastered chambers on different levels, connected by a staircase, with painted decoration in the upper chamber depicting a vine with grapes and birds.[62] Across both chambers, excavators found 22 ossuaries, many decorated with rosettes typical of late Second Temple Jewish funerary art. Fourteen bear inscriptions in Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic (the last two using thesquare Jewish script). Some of the deceased are nicknamed "Goliath", a sobriquet likely referring to exceptional height. Recurring names such as Yoezer, El'azar, Salome/Shelamzion, and Maria point to family naming practices.[62] One ossuary belonged to a certain Theodotus, identified as the freedman of Queen Agrippina, almost certainlyAgrippina the Younger, thus dating his burial to 50–59 CE, before Nero'sdamnatio memoriae erased her name.[63] Several ossuaries also preserve geographic identifiers, such as two children's ossuaries naming "Yoezer the Ezobite," possibly referring to a locality in Transjordan known from Josephus; they seem to be distinguished by the nickname "the cinnamon" attached to one of them.[64]
Jericho appears to have played a strategically important role in theFirst Jewish Revolt (66–73 CE). At the outset of the uprising, theprovisional government formed in Jerusalem appointed Joseph ben Shimon to command the defense of Jericho.[65] In 68 CE,Vespasian's forces advanced through the Jericho region. Jewish survivors from the fighting inPerea had crossed the Jordan and sought refuge in Jericho, but by the time the Romans arrived it had been abandoned, its inhabitants having fled into the hills overlooking Jerusalem.[66] Early in 70 CE, afterTitus succeeded Vespasian in command, one division of his army passed through Jericho on its way tobesiege Jerusalem.[67] Following the city's fall later that year, Jericho declined quickly; by around 100 CE it had been reduced to a small Roman garrison settlement.[68] A fort was erected there in 130 and is thought to have played a role in suppressing theBar Kokhba revolt in 133.[citation needed]
Accounts of Jericho by a Christianpilgrim are given in 333. Shortly thereafter the built-up area of the town was abandoned and aByzantine Jericho,Ericha, was built 1600 metres (1 mi) to the east, on which the modern town is centered.[68]Christianity took hold in the city during the Byzantine era and the area was heavily populated. A number of monasteries and churches were built, including theMonastery of Saint George of Choziba in 340 CE and a domed church dedicated toSaint Eliseus.[56] At least twosynagogues were also built in the 6th century CE.[52] The monasteries were abandoned after theSasanian invasion of 614.[17]
Copy of the mosaic from theJericho synagogue, showing the Hebrew inscription "Peace upon Israel", 6th–7th century CE)
In late antiquity, Jericho also hosted a Jewish community whose presence is attested by theJericho synagogue, also known as the "Shalom 'al Yisrael" synagogue, discovered just north of the Byzantine-era settlement, and 500 meters northeast of Tell el-Sultan.[69] The synagogue's basilical hall featured geometric pavements and a central medallion bearing the Hebrew inscription "Peace upon Israel", alongside characteristic Jewish motifs including themenorah,lulav andshofar, as well as a donor inscription inAramaic.[70] The building appears to have been constructed in two phases during the late Byzantine or early Islamic periods, remaining in use for some time before being hastily abandoned in the 8th century.[71]
The artistic program of the Jericho synagogue shares close parallels with the nearbyNa'aran synagogue, located approximately 3.2 kilometers northwest of the Jericho synagogue, near the springs of Nu'eima and Duk.[72] Its complex included a multi-room basilical synagogue, while its interior featured a large mosaic with geometric panels, azodiac cycle, a Torah-shrine flanked by menorahs, animal motifs, and numerous Aramaic dedicatory inscriptions naming donors.[73] It suffered iconoclastic damage to most figural elements. Finds from adjacent structures indicate that this synagogue and its settlement flourished in the 6th century and remained active into the early Islamic period before their abrupt destruction, probably by fire, in the 8th century.[74] Rabbinic texts from late antiquity mention hostilities between the Jews of Na'aran and Christians from Jericho.[73]
Jericho, by then named "Ariha" in Arabic variation, became part ofJund Filastin ("Military District of Palestine"), part of the larger province ofBilad al-Sham. The Arab Muslim historian Musa b. 'Uqba (died 758) recorded thatcaliphUmar ibn al-Khattab exiled the Jews and Christians ofKhaybar to Jericho (and Tayma).[75]
By 659, that district had come under the control ofMu'awiya, founder of theUmayyad dynasty. That year, an earthquake destroyed Jericho.[76] A decade later, the pilgrimArculf visited Jericho and found it in ruins, all its "miserable Canaanite" inhabitants now dispersed in shanty towns around the Dead Sea shore.[77]
A palatial complex long attributed to the tenth Umayyad caliph,Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743) and thus known asHisham's Palace, is located at Khirbet al-Mafjar, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) north of Tell es-Sultan. This"desert castle" orqasr was more likely built by CaliphWalid ibn Yazid (r. 743–744), who was assassinated before he could complete the construction.[78] The remains of two mosques, a courtyard, mosaics, and other items can still be seenin situ today. The unfinished structure was largely destroyed in an earthquake in 747.[citation needed]
Umayyad rule ended in 750 and was followed by theArab caliphates of theAbbasid andFatimid dynasties. Irrigated agriculture was developed under Islamic rule, reaffirming Jericho's reputation as a fertile "City of the Palms".[79]Al-Maqdisi, the Arab geographer, wrote in 985 that "the water of Jericho is held to be the highest and best in allIslam.Bananas are plentiful, alsodates and flowers of fragrant odor".[80] Jericho is also referred to by him as one of the principal cities of Jund Filastin.[81]
Crusader period
In 1179, the Crusaders rebuilt the Monastery of St. George of Koziba, at its original site 10 km (6 mi) from the center of town. They also built another two churches and a monastery dedicated toJohn the Baptist, and were credited by 19th-century authors with introducingsugarcane production to the city,[82] although now scholars date it to the pre-Crusader, Early Arab period. The Crusaders, however, have raised sugar production to the level of a large-scale industry. The site of Tawahin es-Sukkar (lit. "sugar mills") holds remains of a Crusader sugar production facility. In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by theAyyubid forces ofSaladin after their victory in theBattle of Hattin and the town slowly went into decline.[17]
In 1226, Arab geographerYaqut al-Hamawi said of Jericho, "it has many palm trees, also sugarcane in quantities, and bananas. The best of all the sugar in theGhaur land is made here." In the 14th century,Abu al-Fida writes that there aresulfur mines in Jericho, "the only ones in Palestine".[83]
Ottoman period
Postcard image depicting Jericho in the late 19th or early 20th century
16th century
Jericho was incorporated into theOttoman Empire in 1517 with all ofPalestine, and in 1545 a revenue of 19,000Akçe was recorded, destined for the newWaqf for theHaseki Sultan Imaret of Jerusalem.[84] The villagers processedindigo as one source of revenue, using a cauldron specifically for this purpose that was loaned to them by the Ottoman authorities in Jerusalem.[85] Later that century, the Jericho revenues no longer went to the Haseki Sultan Imaret.[86]
In 1596 Jericho appeared in thetax registers under the name ofRiha, being in thenahiya of Al-Quds in theliwa ofAl-Quds. It had a population of 51 households, allMuslims. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives, water buffaloes, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 40,000Akçe. All of the revenue still went to a Waqf.[87]
17th century
The French travellerLaurent d'Arvieux described the city in 1659 as "now desolate, and consists only of about fifty poor houses, in bad condition ... The plain around is extremely fertile; the soil is middling fat; but it is watered by several rivulets, which flow into the Jordan. Notwithstanding these advantages only the gardens adjacent to the town are cultivated."[88]
19th century
Roman aqueducts
In the 19th century, European scholars, archaeologists and missionaries visited often.[17] At the time it was an oasis in a poor state, similar to other regions in the plains and deserts.[89]Edward Robinson (1838) reported 50 families, which were about 200 people,[90]Titus Tobler (1854) reported some 30 poor huts, whose residents paid a total of 3611kuruş in tax.[91] Abraham Samuel Herschberg (1858–1943) also reported after his 1899–1900 travels in the region[92] of some 30 poor huts and 300 residents.[93] At that time, Jericho was the residence of the region's Turkish governor. The main water sources for the village were a spring calledEin al-Sultan, lit. "Sultan's Spring", in Arabic andEin Elisha, lit. "Elisha Spring", in Hebrew, and springs inWadi Qelt.[89]
J. S. Buckingham (1786–1855) describes in his 1822 book how the male villagers of er-Riha, although nominally sedentary, engaged inBedouin-styleraiding, orghazzu: the little land cultivation he observed was done by women and children, while men spent most of their time riding through the plains and engaging in "robbery and plunder", their main and most profitable activity.[94]
AnOttoman village list from around 1870 showed thatRiha, Jericho, had 36 houses and a population of 105, though the population count included men only.[95][96]
The firstexcavation at Tell es-Sultan was carried out in 1867.[17]
20th century
Jericho, the Jordan Hotel, 1912Jericho from the air in 1931
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire at the end ofWorld War I, Jericho came under British rule, as part ofMandatory Palestine.
According to the1922 census of Palestine, Jericho had 1,029 inhabitants (931 Muslims, 92 Christians, and six Jews).[99] The Christian population consisted of 45 Orthodox, 12 Roman Catholics, 13 Greek Catholics (Melkite Catholics), 6 Syrian Catholic, 11 Armenians, four Copts and one Church of England.[100]
In 1927, anearthquake struck and affected Jericho and other cities. Around 300 people died,[101] but by the1931 census the population had increased to 1,693 inhabitants (1,512 Muslims, 170 Christians, seven Druze, and four Jews), in 347 houses.[102]
In the 1938 statistics, Jericho lists a population of 1,996 people (including five Jews).[103]
In the1945 statistics, Jericho's population was 3,010 (2,570 Muslims, 260 Christians, 170 Jews, and 10 "other"[104]) and it had jurisdiction over 37,481dunams of land.[105] Of this, 948 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 5,873 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 9,141 for cereals,[106] while a total of 38 dunams were urban, built-up areas.[107]
DuringWorld War II The British built fortresses in Jericho with the help of the Jewish companySolel Boneh, and bridges were rigged with explosives in preparation for a possible invasion by German allied forces.[108]
Jericho came underJordanian control after the1948 Arab–Israeli War. TheJericho Conference, organized by King Abdullah and attended by over 2,000 Palestinian delegates in 1948 proclaimed "His Majesty Abdullah as King of all Palestine" and called for "the unification of Palestine and Transjordan as a step toward fullArab unity". In mid-1950, Jordan formally annexed the West Bank and Jericho residents, like other residents of West Bank localities became Jordanian citizens.[109]
In 1961, the population of Jericho was 10,166,[110] of whom 935 were Christian, and the rest were Muslim.[111]
Jericho has beenoccupied by Israel since theSix-Day War of 1967 along with the rest of the West Bank. It was the first city handed over toPalestinian Authority control in accordance with theOslo Accords.[112] The limited Palestinian self-rule of Jericho was agreed on in theGaza–Jericho Agreement of 4 May 1994.[113][114] Part of the agreement was a "Protocol on Economic Relations", signed on 29 April 1994.[115] The city is in an enclave of the Jordan Valley that is inArea A of the West Bank, while the surrounding area is designated as being in Area C under full Israeli military control. Four roadblocks encircle the enclave, restricting Jericho's Palestinian population's movement through the West Bank.[116]
The Jericho synagogue was controlled by Israel after the Six-Day War, but after the handover to Palestinian Authority control per the Oslo Accords, it has been a source of conflict. On the night of 12 October 2000, the synagogue was vandalized by Palestinians who burned holy books and relics and damaged the mosaic.[117][118]
In response to the 2001Second Intifada andsuicide bombings, Jericho was re-occupied by Israeli troops.[112] A 2 m (6 ft 7 in) deep trench was built around a large part of the city to control Palestinian traffic to and from Jericho.[119]
After Hamas assaulted a neighborhood in Gaza mostly populated by the Fatah-alignedHilles clan, in response to their attack that killed six Hamas members, the Hilles clan was relocated to Jericho on 4 August 2008.[121]
Jericho is located 258 m (846 ft) belowsea level in anoasis inWadi Qelt in theJordan Valley, which makes it thelowest city in the world.[6][17][124] The nearby spring ofEin es-Sultan produces 3.8 m3 (1,000 gallons) of water per minute, irrigating some 10 square kilometres (2,500 acres) through multiple channels and feeding into theJordan River, 10 kilometres (6 mi) away.[17][124]
Annual rainfall is 204 mm (8.0 in), mostly concentrated in the winter months and into early spring.[126] The average temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in January and 31 °C (88 °F) in July. According to theKöppen climate classification, Jericho has ahot desert climate (BWh). Rich alluvial soil and abundant spring water have made Jericho an attractive place for settlement.[124]
In the first census carried out by thePalestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), in 1997, Jericho's population was 14,674.Palestinian refugees constituted 43.6% of the residents or 6,393 people.[128] The gender make-up of the city was 51% male and 49% female. Jericho has a young population, with nearly half (49.2%) of the inhabitants being under the age of 20. People between the ages of 20 and 44 made up 36.2% of the population, 10.7% between the ages of 45 and 64, and 3.6% were over the age of 64.[129] In the 2007 census by the PCBS, Jericho had a population of 18,346.[130]
In a 1945 land and population survey bySami Hadawi, 3,010 inhabitants is the figure given for Jericho, of which 94% (2840) were Arab and 6% (170) were Jews.[131] Today, the overwhelming majority of the population isMuslim.[132] TheChristian community makes up around 1% of the population.[133] A large community ofblack Palestinians lives in Jericho.[132]
Economy
Jericho marketplace, 1967
In 1994, Israel and Palestine signed an economic accord that enabled Palestinians in Jericho to open banks, collect taxes and engage in export and import in preparation for self-rule.[134] Agriculture is another source of income, with banana groves ringing the city.[113]
The Jericho Agro-Industrial Park is a public-private enterprise being developed in the Jericho area. Agricultural processing companies are being offered financial concessions to lease plots of land in the park in a bid to boost Jericho's economy.[135]
Tourism
Jericho cable car
In 1998, a $150 million casino-hotel was built in Jericho with the backing of Yasser Arafat.[136] The casino is now closed, though the hotel on the premises is open for guests.
In 2010, Jericho, with its proximity to the Dead Sea, was declared the most popular destination among Palestinian tourists.[137]
Biblical and Christian landmarks
Christian tourism is one of Jericho's primary sources of income. There are several major Christian pilgrimage sites in and around Jericho.
Ein es-Sultan, known as the Spring of Elisha to Jews and Christians;
The Greek OrthodoxMonastery of the Temptation halfway up the mountain, beside a cave said to be the location where Jesus fasted for 40 days. It is connected to Jericho by a cable car;[113]
2 sycamore trees, both identified as the one mentioned in relation toZacchaeus;
Umayyad palace at Khirbet al-Mafjar known asHisham's Palace;
Crusader sugar production facility atTawahin es-Sukkar (lit. "sugar mills");
Nabi Musa, theMamluk andOttoman shrine claimed to be the resting place ofMoses ("Prophet Musa" to the Muslims)
Schools and religious institutions
In 1925, Christian friars opened a school for 100 pupils that became the Terra Santa School. The city has 22 state schools and a number of private schools.[133]
Health care
In April 2010, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) held a groundbreaking ceremony for the renovation of theJericho Governmental Hospital. USAID is providing $2.5 million in funding for this project.[138]
^Gates, Charles (2003)."Near Eastern, Egyptian, and Aegean Cities", Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Routledge. p. 18.ISBN0-415-01895-1.Jericho, in the Jordan River Valley in the West Bank, inhabited from ca. 9000 BC to the present day, offers important evidence for the earliest permanent settlements in the Near East.
^Mithen, Steven (2006).After the ice: a global human history, 20,000–5000 BCE (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 57.ISBN0-674-01999-7.
^Mithen, Steven (2006).After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BCE (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 54.ISBN0-674-01999-7.
^Mithen, Steven (2006).After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20,000–5000 BCE (1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 59.ISBN0-674-01999-7.
^abAkkermans, Peter M. M.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2004).The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000–300 BCE). Cambridge University Press. p. 57.ISBN978-0521796668.
^abcNigro, Lorenzo (2023). "Tell es-Sultan/Jericho in the Late Bronze Age: An Overall Reconstruction in the Light of most Recent Research". In Soennecken, Katja; Leiverkus, Patrick; Zimni, Jennifer; Schmidt, Katharina (eds.).Durch die Zeiten - Through the Ages: Festschrift für Dieter Vieweger / Essays in Honour of Dieter Vieweger. Gütersloher Verlagshaus. pp. 599–614.ISBN978-3-579-06236-5.
^Dever, William G. (1990) [1989]."2. The Israelite Settlement in Canaan. New Archeological Models".Recent Archeological Discoveries and Biblical Research. US: University of Washington Press. p. 47.ISBN0-295-97261-0. Retrieved7 January 2013.(Of course, for some, that only made the Biblical story more miraculous than ever—Joshua destroyed a city that wasn't even there!)
^Rozenberg, Silvia; Netzer, Ehud (2008).Hasmonean and Herodian palaces at Jericho: final reports of the 1973–1987 excavations. 4, "The decoration of Herod's third palace at Jericho". Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.ISBN9789652210715.WorldCat website
^Several hadith collections: e.g. Bukhari,Sahih as translated Muḥammad Muḥsin Khân,The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari (India: Kitab Bhavan, 1987) 3.39.531 and 4.53.380, and MuslimSahih trans. Abdul Hamid Siddiqui (Lahore: Kazi Publications, 1976) 10.3763.
^The Maronite Chronicle, written during Mu'awiya's caliphate. For propaganda reasons it dates the earthquake to the wrong year: Andrew Palmer,The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993), 30, 31, 32.
^"The Pilgrimage of Arculf in the Holy Land", De Locis Sanctis as translated by Rev. James Rose MacPherson (W. London: BD. 24, Hanover Square, 1895), ch. I.11.
^Jerome Murphy-O'Connor,The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, Oxford University Press 2008, pp. 342–344.
^Hershberg, A. S. (1899).In the Land of the East. Vilna. p. 469.
^van der Steen, Eveline (2014)."Raiding and robbing".Near Eastern Tribal Societies During the Nineteenth Century: Economy, Society and Politics Between Tent and Town. Routledge.ISBN9781317543473.
^Papastathis, Konstantinos and Ruth Kark. "The Politics of Church Land Administration: The Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem in Late Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine, 1875–1948."Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 40, no. 2 (2016): 264–282.
^Sasson, Avi (Avraham); Marom, Roy; Kharanbeh, Saleh (2025). "Bayyarat al-Khuri: An Ecclesiastical Agricultural Estate in Caesarea, Israel".Palestine Exploration Quarterly:1–23.doi:10.1080/00310328.2025.2515756.
^Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jericho, p.19
Friling, T.; Cummings, Ora (2005).Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts During the Holocaust. University of Wisconsin Press.ISBN978-0-299-17550-4.
Kuijt, Ian (2012)."Jericho". In Silberman, Neil Asher (ed.).The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-973578-5.
Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Berney, K. A.; Schellinger, Paul E. (1994).International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-1-884964-03-9.
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
%2c_the_first_school_classes_in_Jericho_were_held_in_the_open_air.jpg)
.svg)
