Jeremy Taylor | |
|---|---|
| Bishop of Down and Connor | |
 Taylor in a posthumous portrait byEden Upton Eddis atGonville and Caius College, Cambridge | |
| Church | Church of Ireland |
| Diocese | Down and Connor |
| In office | 1661–1667 |
| Predecessor | Henry Leslie |
| Successor | Roger Boyle |
| Orders | |
| Ordination | 1633 |
| Consecration | 27 January 1661 by John Bramhall |
| Personal details | |
| Born | before 15 August 1613 |
| Died | 13 August 1667(1667-08-13) (aged 53–54) |
| Nationality | English |
| Denomination | Anglicanism |
| Education | The Perse School |
| Alma mater | Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge |
| Sainthood | |
| Feast day | 13 August |
| Venerated in | Anglican Communion |
Jeremy Taylor (1613–1667) was acleric in theChurch of England who achieved fame as an author duringthe Protectorate ofOliver Cromwell. He is sometimes known as the "Shakespeare of Divines" for his poetic style of expression, and he is frequently cited as one of the greatest prose writers in the English language.[1][2]
Taylor was under the patronage ofWilliam Laud,Archbishop of Canterbury. He went on to become chaplain in ordinary toKing Charles I as a result of Laud's sponsorship. This made him politically suspect whenLaud was tried by Parliament and executed in January 1644/5 during theEnglish Civil War. After theparliamentary victory over the King, he was briefly imprisoned several times.
Eventually, he was allowed to live quietly in Wales, where he became the private chaplain of the Earl of Carbery. After theRestoration, he was madeBishop of Down and Connor in Ireland. He also becameVice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin.
He is remembered in the liturgical calendarsof the Church of England and other Anglican churches.
Taylor was born inCambridge, the son of a barber, Nathaniel.[3] He was baptised, as a child, on 15 August 1613 atHoly Trinity Church, Cambridge. His father was educated and taught him grammar and mathematics. He was then educated atthe Perse School, Cambridge,[4] before going toGonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1630/1631 and aMaster of Arts degree in 1634.[5]
The best evidence of his diligence as a student is the enormous learning of which he showed so easy a command in later years. In 1633, although still below the canonical age, he took holy orders, and accepted the invitation of Thomas Risden, a former fellow student, to supply his place for a short time as lecturer atSt Paul's Cathedral.[6]
ArchbishopWilliam Laud sent for Taylor to preach in his presence atLambeth, and took the young man under his wing. Taylor did not vacate his fellowship at Cambridge before 1636, but he spent, apparently, much of his time in London, for Laud desired that his considerable talents should receive better opportunities for study and improvement than the obligations of constant preaching would permit. In November 1635 he had been nominated by Laud to a fellowship atAll Souls College, Oxford,[7] where, saysAntony Wood,[8] love and admiration still waited on him. He seems, however, to have spent little time there. He became chaplain to his patron the archbishop, andchaplain in ordinary toCharles I.[6][9]
At Oxford,William Chillingworth was then busy with his magnum opus,The Religion of Protestants, and it is possible that through his discussions with Chillingworth Taylor may have been turned towards the liberal movement of his age. After two years in Oxford, he was presented, in March 1638, byWilliam Juxon, Bishop of London, to the rectory ofUppingham inRutland.[6] There he settled down to the work of a country priest.
In the next year he married Phoebe Langsdale, by whom he had six children: William (d.1642), George (?), Richard (the last two died c.1656/7), Charles, Phoebe and Mary.[3] In the autumn of the same year he was appointed to preach inSt Mary's on the anniversary of theGunpowder Plot, and apparently used the occasion to clear himself of a suspicion, which, however, haunted him through life, of a secret leaning to the Roman Catholic position. This suspicion seems to have arisen chiefly from his intimacy with Christopher Davenport, better known asFrancis a Sancta Clara, a learned Franciscan friar who became chaplain toQueen Henrietta; but it may have been strengthened by his known connection with Laud, as well as by his ascetic habits. More serious consequences followed his attachment to the Royalist cause. As the author ofThe Sacred Order and Offices of Episcopacy or Episcopacy Asserted against the Arians and Acephali New and Old (1642), he could scarcely hope to retain his parish, which was not, however,sequestered until 1644. Taylor probably accompanied the king to Oxford. In 1643 he was presented to the rectory ofOverstone, Northamptonshire, by Charles I. There he would be in close connection with his friend and patronSpencer Compton, 2nd Earl of Northampton.[10]
During the next fifteen years, Taylor's movements are not easily traced. He seems to have been in London during the last weeks of Charles I in 1649, from whom he is said to have received his watch and some jewels which had ornamented the ebony case in which he kept his Bible. He had been taken prisoner with other Royalists in the siege ofCardigan Castle on 4 February 1645. In 1646 he is found in partnership with two other deprived clergymen, keeping a school at Newton Hall, in the parish ofLlanfihangel Aberbythych, Carmarthenshire. Here he became private chaplain to and benefited from the hospitality ofRichard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery, whose mansion,Golden Grove, is immortalised in the title of Taylor's still popular manual of devotion, and whose first wife was a constant friend of Taylor. At Golden Grove Taylor wrote some of his most distinguished works.[7] Alice, the third Lady Carbery, was the original of the Lady inJohn Milton'sComus. Taylor's first wife had died early in 1651. His second wife was Joanna Bridges or Brydges, said to be a natural daughter of Charles I; there is no good evidence for this.[11] She owned a good estate, though probably impoverished by Parliamentarian exactions, at Mandinam, in Carmarthenshire. Several years following their marriage, they moved to Ireland. From time to time Taylor appears in London in the company of his friendJohn Evelyn, in whoseDiary and correspondence his name repeatedly occurs. He was imprisoned three times: in 1645 for an injudicious preface to hisGolden Grove; again inChepstow Castle, from May to October 1655, on what charge does not appear; and a third time in theTower in 1657, because of the indiscretion of his publisher,Richard Royston, who had decorated hisCollection of Offices with a print representing Christ in the attitude of prayer.[12]
The Rule and Exercises of Holy Living provided a manual of Christian practice, which has retained its place with devout readers. The scope of the work is described on the title page. It deals with the means and instruments of obtaining every virtue, and the remedies against every vice, and considerations serving to the resisting all temptations, together with prayers containing the whole Duty of a Christian.Holy Dying was perhaps even more popular. A very charming piece of work of a lighter kind was inspired by a question from his friend,Katherine Philipps ("the matchless Orinda"), askingHow far is a dear and perfect friendship authorised by the principles of Christianity? In answer to this, he dedicated to Mrs Phillipps hisDiscourse of the Nature, Offices and Measures of Friendship (1657). HisDuctor Dubitantium, or the Rule of Conscience … (1660) was intended to be the standard manual ofcasuistry and ethics for the Christian people.[12][13] His works were translated into Welsh byNathanael Jones.
He probably leftWales in 1657, and his immediate connection with Golden Grove seems to have ceased two years earlier. In 1658, through the kind offices of his friendJohn Evelyn, Taylor was offered a lectureship inLisburn, County Antrim, byEdward Conway, 2nd Viscount Conway. At first, he declined a post in which the duty was to be shared with aPresbyterian – or, as he expressed it, "where a Presbyterian and myself [shall be] like Castor and Pollux, the one up the other downe" – and to which a meagre salary was attached. He was, however, induced to take it, and found in his patron's property atPortmore, onLough Neagh, a congenial retreat.[12]
At theStuart Restoration, instead of being recalled to England, as he probably expected and certainly desired, he was appointed to thesee of Down and Connor,[7] to which was shortly added the additional responsibility for overviewing the adjacentdiocese of Dromore.[12] As bishop, he commissioned in 1661 the building of anew cathedral at Dromore for the Dromore diocese. He was also made a member of theprivy council of Ireland and, in 1660,Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin. None of these positions was a sinecure.
Of the university he wrote:
I found all things in a perfect disorder ... a heap of men and boys, but no body of a college, no one member, either fellow or scholar, having any legal title to his place, but thrust in by tyranny or chance.[12]
Accordingly, he set himself vigorously to the task of framing and enforcing regulations for the admission and conduct of members of the university, and also of establishing lectureships. His episcopal labours were still more arduous. There were, at the date of the Restoration, about seventy Presbyterian ministers in the north of Ireland, and most of these were from the west of Scotland, with a dislike forEpiscopacy which distinguished theCovenanting party. No wonder that Taylor, writing toJames Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde shortly after his consecration, should have said, "I perceive myself thrown into a place of torment". His letters perhaps somewhat exaggerate the danger in which he lived, but there is no doubt that his authority was resisted and his overtures rejected.[12]
This was Taylor's golden opportunity to show the wise toleration he had earlier advocated, but the new bishop had nothing to offer the Presbyterian clergy but the alternative of submission to episcopal ordination and jurisdiction or deprivation. Consequently, at his first visitation, he declared thirty-six churches to be vacant; and repossession was secured on his orders. At the same time, many of the gentry were apparently won over by his undoubted sincerity and devotedness as well as by his eloquence. With the Roman Catholic element of the population he was less successful. Not knowing the English language, and firmly attached to their traditional forms of worship, they were nonetheless compelled to attend a service they considered profane, conducted in a language they could not understand.[12]
AsReginald Heber says:
No part of the administration of Ireland by the English crown has been more extraordinary and more unfortunate than the system pursued for the introduction of the Reformed religion. At the instance of the Irish bishops Taylor undertook his last great work, theDissuasive from Popery (in two parts, 1664 and 1667), but, as he himself seemed partly conscious, he might have more effectually gained his end by adopting the methods of Ussher andWilliam Bedell, and inducing his clergy to acquire the Irish language.[12]
During this period, he was married a second time to Joanna Brydges, supposedly a natural daughter of Charles I.[citation needed] From this marriage, two daughters were born: Mary, who went on to marry ArchbishopFrancis Marsh and had issue and Joanna, who marriedEdward Harrison, MP forLisburn, and had issue. From his father-in-law, Marsh inherited a silver watch, said to have been a gift from Charles I; this watch remained in the family of his great-grandson, Francis Marsh, barrister-at-law.[14]
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Taylor died at Lisburn on 13 August 1667. He was buried at Dromore Cathedral where anapsidal chancel was built in 1870 over the crypt where he was laid to rest.
Jeremy Taylor is honoured in theChurch of England, theAnglican Church of Canada,Scottish Episcopal Church,Anglican Church of Australia and in theEpiscopal Church of the United States on13 August.[15][16]
Jeremy Taylor is said to have been a lineal descendant ofRowland Taylor, but the assertion has not been proved.[17] Through his daughter, Mary, who married ArchbishopFrancis Marsh, he had numerous descendants.[18]
Although Taylor is named as the author on the title page ofContemplations of the State of Man in this Life, and in that which is to Come (1684),[21] the work is an abridgement of Vivian Mullineaux's 1672 English translation ofJuan Eusebio Nieremberg's workDe la diferencia entre lo temporal y lo eterno, y Crisol de Desengaños (On the Difference between the Temporal and the Eternal, and the Crucible of Deceptions, 1640), apparently compiled by Taylor.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Taylor, Jeremy".Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 469–471.
Quotations related toJeremy Taylor at Wikiquote
