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Jeolla Province | |
|---|---|
| Korean transcription(s) | |
| • Hangul | 전라도 |
| • Hanja | 全羅道 |
| • Revised Romanization | Jeolla-do |
| • McCune–Reischauer | Chŏlla-do |
 | |
| Country | Joseon |
| Capital | Jeonju |
| Government | |
| • Type | Province |
| Dialect | Jeolla |
Jeolla Province (Korean: 전라도;Hanja: 全羅道,[tɕʌ̹ɭɭa̠.do̞]) was one of the historicalEight Provinces of Korea during the Kingdom ofJoseon in southwestern Korea. It consisted of the modernSouth Korean provinces ofNorth Jeolla,South Jeolla andGwangju Metropolitan City as well asJeju Province. The provincial capital wasJeonju, the current capital of North Jeolla. The entire inlandregion was calledHonam (lit. 'south of the lake'), which is still commonly used today.
Jeolla-do, including North and South Jeolla,was the first province/state out of theEight Provinces system to have its 1000th year anniversary in 2018, as the name 'Jeolla-do' was established in 1018, duringHyeonjong of Goryeo's 9th year in power.[1]
The population of Jeolla-do is 4,973,834 as of January 2024.
During theSamhan era of Korean history, the area of Jeolla was controlled by theMahan confederacy and theTamna kingdom on Jeju. Fifteen of the 45 Korean tribes had their bases in this region. WhenBaekje overtook Mahan by the 5th century, theThree Kingdoms era began and the region became part of southern Baekje. Jungbang was the center of the province during this period.
WhenSilla conquered Baekje with the help ofTang China in 660, it became a territory ofLater Silla during the 16th year of the reign ofMunmu of Silla. Silla reorganized this territory into nineju (주) and fivegyeong (경), three of theju belonging to the former Baekje. The northern territory of former Baekje, Ung (Ungju; 熊州), corresponds to modern-daySouth Chungcheong Province.
The middle area consisted ofWansan (完山州) andNamwon, which correspond to modern-day North Jeolla. Wansan was later renamed Jeonju. The southern area consisted of Mujin (Mujin-ju), which was renamed Mu (武州) in 757, the 16th year of the reign ofGyeongdeok of Silla. Mu consisted of onegun and 43hyeon, and corresponds to modern-day South Jeolla.
In 983, during the second year of the reign ofSeongjong of Goryeo, the country was reorganized into 12mok. Jeonju became Jeonju-mok (全州牧), while Muju was split into the twomok ofNaju and Seungju. In 995, King Seongjong again reorganized the country, this time into 10do (Korean: 도; Hanja: 道;lit. province). Jeonju-mok was renamed Gangnam-do (lit. 'province south of the river') while Naju and Seungju were reunited and renamed Haeyang-do (lit. 'ocean province').
In 1018, during the 9th year of the reign ofHyeonjong of Goryeo, the country was again reorganized into 5do, and the provinces of Gangnam and Haeyang were merged to form the province of Jeollaju (全羅州道). The name derived from the names of the principal cities ofJeonju (全州) andNaju (羅州). (The difference betweenna- and-la is due to the (initial sound rule of modern Korean). This was the first time the area currently known as Jeolla was united under one administrative division, and it would remain this way for nearly eight centuries.
In 1413, during 13th year of the reign ofTaejong of Joseon, the territories were once again reorganized into 8do. This is the era of the historic Eight Provinces. Jeollaju-do was variously known as Gwangnam, Jeongwang, and Jeonnam, but the original name persisted, and was eventually shortened to simply Jeolla-do (全羅道).
TheDonghak Peasant Revolution of 1894–1895 began in Jeolla-do, which was a peasant revolt fueled by the fervor of the believed coming of a local messiah and protests over Seoul's high taxes on rice and the increasing number of Japanese traders in Joseon. There wasanti-Japanese sentiment due to theJapanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598).
On May 26, 1895,Gojong of Korea replaced the 8do system with a 23bu district system and Jeolla was replaced by the districts ofJeonju (Korean: 전주부;Hanja: 全州府;RR: Jeonjubu) in the northwest, Naju (나주부;羅州府;Najubu) in the southwest, Namwon (남원부;南原府;Namwonbu) in the east, and Jeju (제주부;濟州府;Jejubu) onJeju-do.
On August 4, 1896, Emperor Gojong issued Royal Order 36, repealing the district system and restoring the province system. Jeolla was divided north-south intoNorth Jeolla Province andSouth Jeolla Province.[2] Also divided wereChungcheong Province,Gyeongsang Province,Hamgyong Province andPyongan Province, bringing the total to 13 provinces.
North Jeolla Province consisted of the Jeonju and northern Namwon districts, while South Jeolla Province consisted of the southern Namwon districts, Naju district, and Jeju island. Jeonju was retained as the capital of North Jeolla, withGwangju being made the capital of South Jeolla. The capital of South Jeolla was later moved toNamak in 2005, and Gwangju was designated aSpecial City.
Jeolla Province was bounded on the north by Chungcheong Province, on the east by Gyeongsang Province, on the south by theEast China Sea, and on the west by theYellow Sea. The region is bordered on the east by theSobaek Mountains and is drained by theYeongsan,Seomjin and Mangyeong rivers. The largest city in the region is Gwangju. Apart from Jeonju and Naju, other cities of note includeIksan (formerly Iri),Gunsan,Mokpo, Namwon,Suncheon, andYeosu.
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