Javindo, also known by thepejorative nameKrontjong, is aDutch-based creole language spoken onJava,Indonesia, such asSemarang. The name Javindo is aportmanteau ofJava andIndo, the Dutch word for a person of mixedIndonesian andDutch descent. This contact language developed from communication betweenJavanese-speaking mothers andDutch-speaking fathers inIndo families. Its main speakers were Indo-Eurasian people. Its grammar was based on Javanese, and its vocabulary was based on the Dutch lexicon but pronounced in a Javanese manner.[3] It shows simplification of morphological verb system from Javanese grammar such as merging verb class, disappearance of verbal subcategories.[4]
It should not be confused withPetjo, a different Dutch- and Malay-based creole also spoken by Indo-Eurasians. With the loss of the generation that lived in theDutch East Indies era, that language has almost died out, but it become identity forIndo descent.[5] In contrast, the colonial society saw the creole languages as a corrupted Dutch which should be corrected as quickly as possible.[6]
Even though most of the lexicon is derived from Dutch, the grammar of the language is mostly of Javanese origin, including elements such as morphology; lack of verbs; no past tense; nofinite verb.[7][4] The inherited feature of Javindo fromJavanese is the non-actor-oriented verb morphology.[4]
The actor-oriented in Javindo shows similarity to the Dutch construct as there is no nasal prefix morpheme such as in Javanese.[4]
Javindo
dan
wij
kijken
geldnja
Dutch
dan
wij
kijken
het geld
English
then
we
look for
the money
The suffix-i indicates transitive verb similar to Javanese, but only happens on construct with morphemetaq orkoq.[4]
The suffix-(s)ke shows indirect-relational value with possibility of causative value. For example,jijtaq doenske means "I do (it) for you" from Dutchdoen "to do".[4]
Actor precededtaq (sometimes written as tak- or ta`) andkoq constructs, but it is not expressed with prefixdi- (such asjij digoendoeli 'you are cut bald') and prefixke- (such asketjeklik mijn enkel 'my angkle has been strained'). Sometimes, prefixke- is combined with non-obligatory suffix-an. The difference between construct with prefixdi- and prefixke- is the difference on non-accidental nature vs accidental nature.[4]
Reduplication shows iterative, intensive, or conative value.[4]
Dutch influence in non-actor-oriented sentence manifests as usage of passive auxiliary verb (such asworden orzijn) and past participle or usage of past participle only.[4]
^Vries, J. W. de (1992). "lndisch-Nederlands: verleden, hedenen toekomst" [Indo: past, present and future]. In Willems, W. (ed.).Sporen van een lndisch verleden 1600-1942 [Traces of an Indo past 1600-1942] (in Dutch).Leiden: Centrum voor Onderzoek van Maatschappelijke Tegenstellingen, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden. pp. 125–139.
^Bakker, M. A.; Morrison, B. H., eds. (1994). "The language of the Indo-Dutch".Studies in Netherlandic Culture and Literature.7. Lanham-New York-London: University Press of America:213–226.
^Willems, WimSporen van een Indisch verleden (1600–1942)., Part III by de Gruiter, V.E. (COMT, Leiden, 1994)ISBN90-71042-44-8 P.150
De Gruiter, Miel (1994). "Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang". In Peter Bakker & Maarten Mous (ed.).Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT. pp. 151–159.
De Gruiter, Victor Emile (1994) [1990].Het Javindo : de verboden taal. Den Haag: Moesson.
