ꦣꦶꦪꦱ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦫꦗꦮ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| c. 6–8 million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Malaysia | c. 5,000,000(including Malaysian citizen; assimilate into the localMalaysian Malays) (NOTE[1])[2][3][4] |
 Singapore | c. 400,000(including Singaporean citizens, more than 60% ofSingaporean Malays are of Javanese descent)[5] |
 Taiwan | 190,000–240,000 (2018)[6][7] |
 Hong Kong | 151,021 (2016)[8] |
 Saudi Arabia | 150,000 (2014)[9][10] |
 United Arab Emirates | 114,000 (2014)[11] |
 Suriname | 102,000 (2019)[12] |
 Jordan | 48,000 (2014)[11] |
 Sri Lanka | 40,148 (2014) |
 Oman | 33,000 (2014)[11] |
 Qatar | 28,000 (2014)[11] |
 Netherlands | 21,700(Javanese Surinamese)[13][14] |
 Macau | 7,000–16,000 (2016)[15] |
 New Caledonia | 4,100[16] |
 Thailand | 3,000[17] |
| Languages | |
| Javanese(includingBanyumas Javanese),Indonesian,English,Dutch,Malay, and other languages | |
| Religion | |
| MostlyIslam (especiallySunni), someChristianity,Hinduism,Buddhism, andKejawen | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Native Indonesians andOverseas Indonesians | |
TheJavanese diaspora (Javanese:ꦣꦶꦪꦱ꧀ꦥꦺꦴꦫꦗꦮ;Indonesian:Diaspora Jawa) is the demographic group of descendants ofethnic Javanese who emigrated from theIndonesian island ofJava to other parts of the world. The Javanese diaspora includes a significant population inSuriname, with over 13% of thecountry's population being ofJavanese ancestry.[12] Other major enclaves are found inFrench Guiana,Malaysia, theNetherlands,New Caledonia,Singapore,South Africa, andSri Lanka.
Javanese were likely part of the Austronesian migration toMadagascar starting in the first century CE. While the migration was dominated by theMa'anyan people of Borneo, Javanese involvement is evidenced by an abundance of loanwords in theMalagasy language.[18]
During the late 16th century, numerous Javanese fleeing conflict between theDemak, thePajang, and theMataram, migrated toPalembang in southernSumatra. There they established a sultanate and formed a mix ofMalay and Javanese culture.[19]Palembang language is a dialect ofMalay language with heavy Javanese influence.
The Javanese were present inPeninsular Malaya since early times.[20] The link between Java and Malacca was important duringspread of Islam in Indonesia, whenreligious missionaries were sent from Malacca to seaports on the northern coast of Java.[21] Large migrations to the Malay Peninsula occurred during the colonial period, mostly from Central Java toBritish Malaya. Migration also took place from 1880 to 1930 from other parts of Java with a secondary migration Javanese from Sumatra. Those migrations were to seek a new life away from theDutch colonists who ruled Indonesia at that time. Today these people live throughout Peninsular Malaysia and are mainly concentrated in parts ofJohor,Perak andSelangor and cities such asKuala Lumpur.
New migration patterns emerged during colonial periods. During the rise ofVOC power starting in the 17th century, many Javanese were exiled, enslaved or hired as mercenaries for theDutch colonies ofCeylon inSouth Asia and theCape colony inSouth Africa. These included princes and nobility who lost their dispute with the company and were exiled along with their retinues. These, along with exiles from other ethnicities likeBugis andMalay became theSri Lankan Malay[22] andCape Malay[23] ethnic groups respectively.
Major migrations started during the Dutch colonial period undertransmigration programs. The Dutch needed many labourers for their plantations and moved many Javanese under the program as contract workers, mostly to other parts of the colony in Sumatra. They also sent Javanese workers toSuriname in South America.[24] As of 2019, approximately 13.7% of the Suriname population is of Javanese ancestry.[12] Outside of the Dutch colonies, Javanese workers were also sent to plantations administrated by the Dutch colonial government inNew Caledonia, a French territory.[24]
TheJavanese presence inAustralia has been reported by native Southeast Asian and European people over several centuries. The most renowned record is from the itinerary of Chiaymasiouro, king ofDemak, andDeclaraçam de Malaca e India Meridional com o Cathay byManuel Godinho de Eredia. Chiaymasiouro describes a land calledLucaAntara in Southeast direction of Java, which Eredia coined the termIndia Meridional (Meridional India - Southern/South India).[25] According to Chiaymasiouro's accounts (1601 AD), a subgroup of Javanese people already settled in those lands, but when Eredia's servant went toLucaAntara in 1610, the land had seemingly been abandoned.[26]
The migration ofMalays inCocos (Keeling) Islands are believed to have arrived and settled in the islands in 1826 "whenAlexander Hare, anEnglish merchant, brought his Malayharem andslaves there."[27] Nowadays, this ethnic group made significant population, known as Cocos Malays.Cocos Malays are an ethnic group composed of ethnic groups originating from different places of the Malay Archipelago, including Javanese and Malays.
French Guiana shares a land border with Suriname and both countries share many aspects of their culture. This situation makes probability that Javanese Surinamese immigrate to French Guiana from Suriname. Javanese French Guianans lives in French Guiana with approximately 3,000 population.
The majority of Javanese Malaysians originated fromCentral Java, First wave came fromShailendra era in 6-9 century, then inSinghasari andMajapahit era in 12-14 century, there were also migrants from theDutch East Indies looking for new opportunities inBritish Malaya. Despite many of them arrived through the colonial era, there are also who arrived through theWorld War II to both Japanese-occupied British Malaya andBorneo asforced labour.[28][29] In the present day, they live predominantly in theWest Malaysian states ofJohor,Perak andSelangor with significant minorities found inEast Malaysia especially in the states ofSabah andSarawak.[citation needed]
Most Malaysians of Javanese descent haveassimilated into the local Malay culture, and speakMalaysian as a native tongue and first language rather than theJavanese language of their ancestors.
Indonesia was a colony of theNetherlands from 1605 until 1945. In the early 20th century, many Indonesian students studied in the Netherlands. Most of them lived in Leiden and were active in thePerhimpoenan Indonesia (Indonesian Association). During and after theIndonesian National Revolution, manyIndo people, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian ancestry migrated to the Netherlands. Furthermore, Javanese Surinamese also migrating to Netherlands and made population in the amount of 21,700.
Javanese workers were sent to plantations administrated by the Dutch colonial government inNew Caledonia, a French territory.[24] Nowadays, Javanese New Caledonians make up 1.4% population of total population ofNew Caledonians.[30]
The second largest Malay group were theJavanese. They came fromJava in theDutch East Indies (modern Indonesia). In the 1931 Population Census, the number of Javanese in Singapore was 16,063. The 1981 Population Census, however, showed that they made up 6% of the Malay population. However, many Javanese had actually registered themselves as 'Malay'. It is likely that the actual percentage of the Javanese within the Malay population was much higher. An ethnographic study in 1990 estimated that approximately 50–60% of Singaporean Malays have at least some degree of Javanese ancestry.[5][31] The Javanese came to Singapore in stages. In the mid-19th century, they came and worked as ironsmiths, leather makers as well as spice merchants and religious books dealers. There were also a group of Javanese printers and publishers in the Arab Street area. There were also community of pilgrim brokers that played an important role in encouraging the migration of the Javanese to Singapore.
After the Second World War, the total number of Javanese coming to Singapore continued to increase. The first wave consisted of conscript labour that were brought by the Japanese and their numbers were estimated to be about 10,000 (Turnbull, 1976:216). The second wave were those who moved to Singapore through Malaya. The 1970 Population Census showed that a total of 21,324 Malays who were born in Malaya (later Malaysia) had moved to Singapore in the years 1946–1955; and as many as 29,679 moved to Singapore from 1956 to 1970 (Census 1970:262-3). Interviews conducted showed that a majority of them were young men of Javanese descent from Johore who wanted to find a better life in Singapore. Most of them were not educated and not highly skilled and worked as manual labourers in the post war years.
In the 2010 census, Malays of Javanese descent numbered 89,000.
Cape Malays are anethnic group or community inSouth Africa. The name is derived from theCape of Good Hope and theMalay race people originally from theMalay Archipelago, mostly from theDutch East Indies colony (present-dayIndonesia),[32] aDutch colony for several centuries, andDutch Malacca,[33] which the Dutch held from 1641 to 1824.[34] The community's earliest members wereenslavedJavanese transported by theDutch East India Company (VOC).[35] Key figures in the arrival of Islam were Muslim leaders who resisted the company's rule in Southeast Asia. Some, likeSheikh Yusuf, were exiled to South Africa by the company, which founded and usedCape Town as a resupply station for ships travelling betweenEurope andAsia.
Sri Lankan Malays first settled in the country when both Sri Lanka andIndonesia were Dutch colonies, while a second wave (1796–1948) came from theMalay Peninsula, when bothMalaya and Sri Lanka were in theBritish Empire. However, Sri Lanka has had a longer history of Malay presence dating back to as early as the 13th century.[36] Most of Sri Lankan Malays are ofJavanese descent.
After the abolition of slavery, the plantations inSuriname needed a new source of labor. In 1890, the influentialNetherlands Trading Society, owner of the plantationMariënburg in Suriname, undertook a test to attractJavaneseindentured workers from theDutch East Indies. Until then, primarilyIndian indentured workers fromBritish India worked at the Surinamese plantations as field and factory workers. On 9 August, the firstJavanese arrived inParamaribo. The test was considered successful and by 1894 the colonial government took over the task of recruiting Javanese hands. They came in small groups from the Dutch East Indies to the Netherlands, and from there to Paramaribo. The transport of Javanese immigrants continued until 1914 (except 1894) in two stages through Amsterdam.
The workers came from villages inCentral andEast Java. Departure points wereBatavia,Semarang andTandjong Priok. The recruited workers and their families awaited their departure in a depot, where they were inspected and registered and where they signed their contract.
A total of 32,965 Javanese immigrants went to Suriname. In 1954, 8,684 Javanese returned toIndonesia, with the rest remaining in Suriname. The census of 1972 counted 57,688 Javanese in Suriname, and in 2004 there were 71,879. In addition, in 2004 more than 60,000 people of mixed descent were recorded, with an unknown number of part Javanese descent.
Singapore Malay community leaders estimated that some 50 to 60 percent of the community traced their origins to Java and an additional 15 to 20 percent to Bawean Island, in the Java Sea north of the city ofSurabaya.
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