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TheJaval family originated inAlsace. They benefited fromNapoleon I's policy ofopenness toward Jews, and in the 19th century experienced a remarkable ascent, with family members becoming prominent bankers, industrialists, physicians, public officials and artists. Dr Dov Weisbrot says "In the twentieth century, the name Javal was equal in prestige with those ofPereire,Fould, andRothschild."
The Javal were a family of important captains of industry, businessmen and bankers, well rooted for many generation [in 1889] in Paris and Europe (...) The Javal [...] managed for well over a century that jump in the industrial revolution. Amongst the minority of businessmen and industrials that evolved at the top of French society and integrated with its elite, were the Javal. This family produced all across the 19th century bankers, captains of industry, professors of medicine, high civil servants, members of parliament and artists.[1]
The Javal, writesPierre Birnbaum have known an exceptional financial success. Since the late 18th century, they participated to numerous economic adventures, from railways to textiles and weaved very close links with the business world [...] At the heart of an international industrial network, they start in the early 19th century financial operations on a vast scale, gathering a considerable fortune that places them in the first rank of the social elite.[2]
The family fortune began in the early part of the 18th century but really took off with the industrial revolution. Starting with the two Javal brothers (both named Jacques, and called respectively Jacques Javal the Elder and Jacque Javal the Younger) that operated a spinning mill inMulhouse.
In 1826, Jacques Javal the Younger entered the Board of Manufacturers and in 1828 he was made aKnight of the Legion of Honor, under its industrial activity on the proposal of Count Chabrol de Volvic, prefect of the Seine. He built a mansion at the bottom ofrue Taitbout while his son and partner, Joseph, settled rue Chauchat. When Jacques the Younger retired in 1835, he was one of France's richest men.
Jacques the Younger sponsoredLeopold, then 31 years old, to invest in new businesses. Leopold invested in mines in Provence, in pipeline companies, a department store, a public bathhouse on the Seine at the foot of theSamaritaine, a housing neighbourhood for workers in Montrouge. In ten years, he multiplied by three the capital of the family companies and created his own personal fortune. He took control of the banking side of the family empire and renamed it "Leopold Javal and C i.e. "and took the lead. Through this bank, it invests in the development of railway lines, in combination with the house Koechlin.
He also took up a political career as general counsel of theGironde from 1851, with the support of the imperial regime, and as a representative of the department of theYonne to the Legislature from 1857, where he appeared first as a Republican against the Bonapartist candidate, and was consistently re-elected in 1863, 1869 and 1871. In 1862, he was made anOfficier de la Legion d'honneur. He lived at the end of his life, an hotel particulier of rue d'Anjou, and started the very important Javal art collection with paintings ofFrançois Boucher,Claude Joseph Vernet,Canaletto,Andrea del Sarto,Bruegel andRubens.
In 1838, Javal married Augusta von Laemel, daughter of the financierLéopold von Laemel and the Baroness Sophia von Eichthal, sister of theBaronSimon von Eichthal, a member of one of theDeux cents familles [fr], the two hundred families that were the biggest shareholders in theBank of France, a family which gave several governors to the Bank of France.
Being heavily influenced bySaint-Simonism, Javal began by planting pine forests and drilling wells and was also passionate about agriculture: he was innovative and took great care in the management of his landed properties. The Javal family owned some 300 hectares around thecistercian abbey ofVauluisant, while inAndernos Javal enlarged an estate at Audenge to Ares and to Lacanau, thus forming a big property of over 3,000 hectares.
The Javal owned the perfume house Houbigant, the second oldest perfume house in Europe. Operating since 1775, the House of Houbigant is the only fragrance house that has existed through four centuries of history. Through these centuries, the perfumers of the House of Houbigant have made groundbreaking discoveries in the formulation of perfumes that have revolutionized forever the way perfumes are constructed.
Over the centuries, the House of Houbigant became perfumer to the royal courts of Europe. When in 1793Marie-Antoinette was guillotined, she carried three vials of Houbigant perfume in her corsage to give her strength.Josephine, the future Empress of France, belonged to a group of stylish young men and women called "TheMuscadins" because of their craze for musk which was Josephine's favourite essence. Houbigant fragrances travelled inNapoleon's campaign chest during the years when he was conquering Europe. In the spring of 1815 Napoleon was only in Paris for three months, a period known as the "Hundred Days". In those brief months he raised an army and yet found time to shop at Houbigant.
In 1829, Houbigant was appointed perfumer to Her Royal Highness, the PrincessAdelaide d'Orleans, mother of KingLouis-Philippe. In 1838, the French house was awarded the license of "Perfumer to Her Majesty,Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom". CzarAlexander III named Houbigant perfumer to theImperial Court of Russia in 1890. Houbigant created a perfume, "The Czarina's Bouquet", in honor of the Empress, Maria Fyodorovna. When her son ascended the throne as CzarNicolas II in 1894, Houbigant continued as royal perfumer. Hand-written ledgers record the purchases of the Dowager Empress from 1900 until the eve of the Russian Revolution in 1917. Her sister,Queen Alexandra, wife ofKing Edward VII, began her purchases in 1902. The account books reveal that the two queens did their Christmas shopping together at Houbigant. Other royalty luminaries include LaComtesse de Saxe, first cousin ofLouis XVI theKing and Queen of Holland; theQueen of Italy;Princess Mathilde, sister of Napoleon,Prince of Battenberg[clarification needed]; LeDuc de Mouchy;Tolstoy; the Russian Ambassador;Guy de Maupassant; theRothschilds and more.
In 1882, the famous Fougère Royale came out, a fragrance that would define a new category of perfumes – the "fougère" (or fern-like) fragrance family, which is still today the most popular family in men fragrances. In 1912, Houbigant perfumer Bienaimé picked up the ball from Paul Parquet and introduced Quelque Fleurs, one of Houbigant's all-time great fragrances and the first multi-floral bouquet ever created. During the same period, Houbigant stretched out its commercial arms around the world. Under the direction of the Paris office, offices were established in the United States, England, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, Poland, Romania. Connections were made in Havana, Buenos-Aires, Rio-de-Janeiro, Australia, Japan, and China.
With the Weiller branch (Paul-Louis Weiller, son of industrialist and politicianLazare Weiller (1858–1928) andAlice Javal, the first woman to ever pilot an airplane), they conducted an intense social life between the royal families of Europe, the great men of and political affairs (Aristotle Onassis,Henry Ford,Jean Paul Getty,Richard Nixon,Georges Pompidou ... with whomPaul-Louis Weiller sometimes worked or whom sometimes worked for him), the personalities of the arts and letters show that it brings in the last of the Parisian salons in the tradition of those described byMarcel Proust.Paul-Louis Weiller also funded many charities.
Captain of industry at the age of twenty-nine years, from 1922 to 1940,Paul-Louis Weiller developed the largest construction company of aircraft in Europe, theGnome et Rhône conglomerate, which became theSnecma after nationalization in 1945 . From 1925, he gradually buys the capital of the airlineCIDNA. He participated in the creation of other airlines to Africa. They will all be nationalized in 1933 to becomeAir France, of which he will be one of the first directors (he was offered in 1933 byPierre Cot, theMinistre de l'Air, to be President ofAir France, but he refused).
Paul-Louis Weiller was married 29 August 1922 in Paris, with Princess AlexandraGhica (of the ruling princes ofWallachia andMoldavia) with whom he had a daughter, Mary Elizabeth and whom he divorced in 1931.
He married second wifeAliki Diplarakou, Miss Europe in 1930. Aliki was the daughter of a diplomat Georgios Diplarakos. She had three sisters, Nada Diplarakos who married French Ambassador AndréRodocanachi, Cristina Diplarakos, who married Henri Claudel, a son of the French poetPaul Claudel. Aliki second marriage was in 1945 with Sir John (Jack) WriothesleyRussell (23 August 1914 – 3 August 1984), an English aristocrat who was descended fromJohn Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford and cousin of the philosopherBertrand Russell.
They had a sonPaul-Annik Weiller (1933–1998)[3] who married in Rome, in Santa Maria in Trastevere in 1965, Emmanuela Donna Olimpia aTorlonia di Civitella-Cesi. She was the daughter of
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The daughter ofPaul-Annik, Sibilla Weiller married in 1994Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg, Prince ofNassau andParma, youngest son ofGrand Duke Jean of Luxembourg (descendants and heirs of theHouse of Nassau-Weilburg,agnatically, now acadet branch of theHouse of Bourbon-Parma, itself a cadet branch of theHouse of Capet)
Louise Weiss (1893,Arras,Pas-de-Calais - 26 May 1983,Paris) was the daughter of Jeanne Javal (a daughter ofLouis Émile Javal) and Paul Weiss. She became an author, journalist,feminist andEuropean politician. She was awarded a degree fromOxford University. From 1914 to 1918, she worked as a war nurse and founded a hospital in theCôtes-du-Nord. From 1918 to 1934, she was the publisher of the magazine,L'Europe nouvelle [fr]. From 1935 to the beginning ofWorld War II, she committed herself towomen's suffrage. In 1936, she stood forFrench parliamentary elections, running in theFifth arrondissement of Paris. During the War, she was active in theFrench Resistance. She was a member of thePatriam Recuperare network, and she waschief editor of the secret magazine, "Nouvelle République" from 1942 until 1944. In 1945, she founded the Institute forPolemology (research on war and conflict) together withGaston Bouthoul [fr][4] inLondon.[citation needed] She travelled around theMiddle East,Japan,China,Vietnam,Africa,Kenya,Madagascar,Alaska,India, etc., made documentary films and wrote accounts of her travels. In 1975, she unsuccessfully tried twice to be admitted to theAcadémie Française. In 1979, she became aMember of the European Parliament for the Gaullist Party (nowUnion for a Popular Movement).
The European Woman: DuringWorld War I, she published her first press reports under apseudonym. In Paris, she came in contact with her first great loves, representatives of countries striving for independence, such asEduard Beneš,Tomáš Masaryk andMilan Štefánik. Between 1919 and 1939, she often travelled toCzechoslovakia. In 1918, she founded the weekly newspaper,Europe nouvelle [fr] (New Europe), which she published until 1934.Thomas Mann,Gustav Stresemann,Rudolf Breitscheid andAristide Briand were among her co-authors on the paper. Louise Weiss described those who paved the way for the closening of theGerman-French relationship between the World Wars as "peace pilgrims", and they called their important co-worker "my good Louise". Europe dreamed of unification and in 1930, she founded the "Ecole de la Paix" (School of Peace), a private institute for international relations. With the takeover by theNational Socialists inGermany, the possibility of a unification was over.In 1979, Louise Weiss stood as a candidate of theGaullist Party in thefirst European election in 1979. On 17 July 1979 she was elected as a FrenchMember of the European Parliament (MEP), sitting with theEuropean People's Party. At the time of the first election, aged 86, she was the oldest member in Parliament and thus the EP's first'oldest member'. She remained MEP and oldest member until her death on 26 May 1983, aged 90.The main parliament building in Strasbourg bears her name.
The Women's Rights Activist: In 1934, she founded the association,La femme nouvelle (The New Woman) withCécile Brunsvicg, and she strove for a stronger role of women in public life. She participated in campaigns for theright of women to vote in France, organised suffragette commands, demonstrated and had herself chained to a street light in Paris with other women. In 1935, she unsuccessfully sued against the "inability of women to vote" before the FrenchConseil d'État.
André Maurois was a famous French writer who in 1938 was elected to the prestigiousAcadémie française. He was encouraged and assisted in seeking this post by MarshalPhilippe Pétain, and he made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, "Call no man happy" – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State ofVichy France.
A student of the philosopherAlain, during World War I he joined theFrench army and served as an interpreter and later a liaison officer with theBritish army. His first novel,Les silences du colonel Bramble, was a witty and socially realistic account of that experience. It was an immediate success in France. It was translated and became popular in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking countries asThe Silence of Colonel Bramble. Many of his other works have also been translated into English,[5] as they often dealt with British people or topics, such as his biographies ofDisraeli,Byron, andShelley.
When World War II began, he was appointed the French Official Observer attached to the British General Headquarters. In this capacity he accompanied the British Army to Belgium. He knew personally the main politicians in the French Government, and on 10 June 1940 he was sent on a mission to London. The Armistice ended that mission. Maurois was demobilised and travelled from England to Canada. He wrote of these experiences in his book,Tragedy in France.[6]
Maurois's first wife was Jeanne-Marie Wanda de Szymkiewicz, a young Polish-Russian aristocrat who had studied atOxford University. She had a nervous breakdown in 1918 and in 1924 she died ofsepsis. After the death of his father, Maurois gave up the family business of textile manufacturing.Maurois's second wife was Simone de Caillavet, the granddaughter ofAnatole France's mistressLéontine Arman de Caillavet. After Germany occupied France the couple moved to the United States to help with propaganda work against theNazis.[7]
Later in World War II he served in the French army and theFree French Forces. He died in 1967 inNeuilly-sur-Seine after a long career as an author of novels, biographies, histories, children's books andscience fiction stories. He is buried inNeuilly-sur-Seine community cemetery near Paris.
The Javal family established a marriage alliance with theRicqlès family, another notable family. The Ricqlès family is primarily known for founding the famous Ricqlès company, which produced liqueurs and pharmaceutical products, most notably the well-known peppermint alcohol, a refreshing and tonic remedy created in the 19th century. This beverage, which became iconic, played an important role in the expansion of the Ricqlès company, which quickly grew internationally. Heyman de Ricqlès, a key figure in the family, saw his daughter marry Armand Schiller, an influential journalist of the Third Republic. Their own daughter later married a member of the Javal family, further strengthening the ties between these two influential dynasties. Notable members of the Ricqlès family also include François de Ricqlès, a renowned auctioneer, and Armand de Ricqlès, a professor of paleontology at the Collège de France.
Cerf Herschel Jacob (became Javal in 1808) (1751–1819), merchant atSeppois-le-Basx (1) : Hindel Juda Blum│├──>Jacques Javal the Elder│ x Claire Schöngrun (died in 1822)│ ││ └──>Joseph Javal ( -1844)│ x Julie Javal│├──>Jacques Javal the Younger ( -1858)│ x Lucie Blumenthal│ ││ ├──> Julie Javal│ │ xJoseph Javal ( -1844)│ │ │ └──>Léopold Javal (1804–1872), banker, agronomist, republican deputy ofYonne│ x (22 July 1838) Augusta de Laemel (1817–1893) (daughter of Leopold von Laemel and Sophia d'Eichtal)│ ││ ├──>Louis Émile Javal (1839–1907), ophthalmologist, deputy ofYonne│ │ x (30 July 1867) : Maria-Anna Ellissen (1847–1933)│ │ ││ │ ├──>Alice Javal (1869–1943)│ │ │ x (23 May 1882)Lazare Weiller (1858–1928), industrialist, senator ofBas-Rhin│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> Jean-Pierre Weiller (1890– ?)│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> Marie-Thérèse Weiller (1890– ?)│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> Georges-André Weiller (1892– ?)│ │ │ ││ │ │ └──>Paul-Louis Weiller (1893–1993), industrialist and financier│ │ │ x Princess AlexandraGhica│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> Marie-Elisabeth Isarri│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──>Countess Pilar de La Béraudière│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──>Jacques-Louis de La Béraudière│ │ │ xAliki Diplarakou│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──>Paul Annick Weiller│ │ │ x Donna OlimpiaTorlonia di Civitella-Cesi (daughter of Don AlessandroTorlonia, 5th Prince di Civitella-Cesi and the infantBeatriz of Spain)│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──>Sybilla Weiller│ │ │ x S. A. Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg (son of Jean, Grand Duc de Luxembourg and the Princess Joséphine of Belgium)│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──>Cosima Weiller│ │ ││ │ ├──> Jeanne Félicie Javal (1871– ?)│ │ │ xPaul Louis Weiss (1867–1945), engineer│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──>Louise Weiss (1893–1983), journalist and politician│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> Emile Jean Jacques Weiss (1894–1987), inspector of finances│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> André Eugène Paul Weiss (1899–1950), prefect│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> Francis Weiss│ │ │ ││ │ │ └──>Marie Jenny Emilie Weiss (1903–1987), pediatrician and psychoanalyst│ │ │ x Alexandre Roudinesco│ │ │ │ │ │ │ └──>Élisabeth Roudinesco (1944–), historian and psychoanalyst│ │ ││ │ ├──>Jean Javal (1871–1915), engineer, deputy ofYonne│ │ │ xLily Lévy (1882–1958), writer│ │ ││ │ ├──>LouisAdolphe Javal (1873–1944), professor of medicine│ │ │ ││ │ │ ├──> │ │ │ │ } 2 daughters died in a concentration camp│ │ │ ├──> │ │ │ ││ │ │ └──>Léopold Javal│ │ ││ │ └──> Mathilde Julie Javal (1876–1944)│ │ │ │ │ ├──> Pauline Javal (1842– ?)│ │ x Jean Théodore de Salemfelds, officer in the army of Austria-Hungary│ │ │ ├──>Ernest Javal (1843–1897), prefect ofLa Creuse│ │ x Marie Seligmann│ │ │ ├──>Eugène Javal (1846–1847)│ ││ ├──>Alfred Javal (1848–1921), engineer and industrialist│ │ x Claire Mathilde Dreyfous│ │ ││ │ └──> Fernand Javal (1884-1977), engineer and industrialist│ │ x Lia Aline Schiller (daughter of A. Schiller and E. de Ricqlès)│ │ ││ │ └──> Antoine Javal (1921-2008), entrepreneur and collector│ │ x Imogen Bayerthal│ │ ││ │ └──>Laurence Nebout-Javal (1956)│ │ x Emmanuel Nebout│ │ │ │ x Léone Leroy (1932-2009)│ │ ││ │ └──> Catherine Javal Van de Kerckhove (1964)│ │ x Jan Van de Kerckhove (1962-2003) (family of immemorial nobility from the country of Limbourg, counts since Charlemagne, descendants of Maingut, nephew of Conrad, 5th duke of Franconia[8])│ │ │ ││ │ │ │ │ └──> Sophie Javal (1853–1947)│ x (1878) : Paul Wallerstein (died in 1903), engineer│ │├──> 2 other sons│││x (2) : Keyle Felix