North Borneo 北ボルネオ (Japanese)
1941–1945
Flag of the Empire of Japan Imperial Seal
Motto: Eight Crown Cords, One Roof (八紘一宇,Hakkō Ichiu)
Anthem: "Kimigayo"
Japanese possessions in Borneo in 1943
Status	Military occupation by theEmpire of Japan
Capital	Kuching[1][2]
Common languages	Japanese(official) Malay Chinese Bornean languages
Emperor
• 1941–1945	Shōwa (Hirohito)
Governor-General
• 1941–1942	Kiyotake Kawaguchi
• 1942	Toshinari Maeda
• 1942–1944	Masataka Yamawaki [pl]
• 1944–1945	Masao Baba
Historical era	World War II
• Pacific War begins	7 December 1941
• Japanese troops land onMiri	16 December 1941
• British troops surrender	1 April 1942
• Allied liberation of northernBorneo	10 June 1945
• Surrender of Japan	15 August 1945
• British Military Administration set up	12 September 1945
• Return to pre-war administrative position	1 April 1946
Population
• 1945	950,000[note 1][3]
Currency	Japanese-issued dollar("Banana money")
Preceded by Succeeded by Raj of Sarawak Brunei North Borneo Crown Colony of Labuan British Military Administration (Borneo)
Today part of	Brunei Malaysia

Before the outbreak ofWorld War II in the Pacific, the island ofBorneo was divided into five territories. Four of the territories were in the north and under British control –Sarawak,Brunei,Labuan, an island, andBritish North Borneo; while the remainder, and bulk, of the island, was under the jurisdiction of theDutch East Indies.

On 16 December 1941, Japanese forces landed atMiri, Sarawak having sailed fromCam Ranh Bay inFrench Indochina. On 1 January 1942, theJapanese navy landed unopposed in Labuan.^[4] Another small Japanese forces took possession of the undefended Labuan on 3 January, where they advance further and landed at Mempakul on North Borneo territory.^[5] After negotiations as to the surrender of Jesselton with the Officers-in-charge of Jesselton and waiting for troop reinforcements, Jesselton was occupied by the Japanese on 6 January through Japanese forces who entered by rail from Beaufort.^[5] However, it took the Japanese until the end of the month to conquer the entire territory of British Borneo. The Japanese subsequently renamed the northern part as North Borneo (北ボルネオ,Kita Boruneo), Labuan as Maida Island (前田島,Maeda-shima) and the neighbouring Dutch territories as South Borneo (南ボルネオ,Minami Boruneo).^[6][7][8] For the first time in modern history all of Borneo was under a single rule.^[9]

British Borneo was occupied by the Japanese for over three years. They actively promoted theJapanisation of the local population by requiring them to learn theJapanese language and customs. The Japanese divided North Borneo into five provincial administrations (shus) and constructed airfields. Severalprisoner of war camps were operated by the Japanese. Allied soldiers and most colonial officials were detained in them, together with members of underground movements who opposed the Japanese occupation. Meanwhile, local Malay leaders were maintained in position with Japanese surveillance and many foreign workers were brought to the territory.

Towards the end of 1945,Australian commandos were deployed to the island byUS submarines with the AlliedZ Special Unit conducting intelligence operations and training thousands ofindigenous people to fight the Japanese inguerrilla warfare in theBorneo Campaign in preparation for the arrival of the main Allied liberation missions. Following landings inNorth Borneo andLabuan on 10 June 1945 by a combination of Australian and American forces, the island of Borneo was liberated. TheBritish Military Administration formally took over from the Japanese on 12 September 1945.

The Japanese intention to gain control of Borneo was associated with the concept of a unified Greater East Asia. This was developed by GeneralHachirō Arita, an army ideologist who served asMinister for Foreign Affairs from 1936 to 1940.^[10] Japanese leaders envisioned an Asia guided byTokyo with no western interference and likened theJapanese Empire to an Asian equivalent of theMonroe Doctrine.^[11] The island was seen by Japan as strategically important, being located on the main sea routes betweenJava,Sumatra,Malaya and theCelebes. Control of these routes was vital to securing the territory.^[12][13]

With theAnglo-Japanese Alliance, Japanese immigrants had been welcomed since the 1900s. Companies such asMitsubishi andNissan were involved in trade with the territory.^[8][12][14] Japanese immigrants had also been in theRaj of Sarawak since 1915, with some of them working as hawkers and some Japanese women working in thered-light district.^[15] This presented opportunities for espionage, which were taken up by the Japanese military, especially from 1930.^[12][16] Secrettelegrams revealed that the Japanese ships docking regularly atJesselton were engaged in espionage.^[17] In 1940 the Americans and British had placed anembargo on exports of raw materials to Japan because of its continuingaggression in China and theJapanese invasion of French Indochina.^{[18][19][20][21]} Chronically short of natural resources, Japan needed an assured supply, particularly ofoil, in order to achieve its long-term goal of becoming the major power in the Pacific region.^[15][22]Southeast Asia, which mostly consisted ofEuropean colonies, subsequently became a prime target for Japan. It hoped to obtain resources as well to ending theWestern colonialism period.^{[23][24][25][26]}

The Japanese invasion plan called for the British territories to be taken and held by theImperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Dutch territories to the south by theImperial Japanese Navy (IJN).^[27] The IJA allocated the35th Infantry Brigade to northern Borneo. The Brigade was led by Major GeneralKiyotake Kawaguchi and consisted of units previously stationed atCanton in southernChina.^[28] On 13 December 1941, the Japanese invasion convoy leftCam Ranh Bay inFrench Indochina, with an escort of the cruiserYura, the destroyers of the 12th Destroyer Division,Murakumo,Shinonome,Shirakumo andUsugumo, submarine-chaserCH-7, and the aircraft depot shipKamikawa Maru. Ten transport ships carried the advance party of the invasion force. The Support Force—commanded by Rear AdmiralTakeo Kurita—consisted of the cruisersKumano andSuzuya and the destroyersFubuki andSagiri.^[29] The Japanese forces intended to captureMiri andSeria, then move onKuching and the nearby airfields. The convoy proceeded without being detected and, at dawn on 16 December, two landing units secured Miri and Seria with little resistance from British forces.^[29]

Kuala Belait andLutong were captured on the same day with around 10,000 Japanese soldiers ashore.^[26][29] On 22 December,Brunei Town was captured and the main Japanese force moved westwards towards Kuching after securing the oilfields in northern Sarawak. The Japanese air force bombedSingkawang airfield to deter any Dutch attack. After escorts drove off a lone Dutch submarine, the Japanese task force entered the mouth of the Santubong River on 23 December.^[29] The convoy, including twenty transports carrying Japanese troops commanded by ColonelAkinosuke Oka, arrived off Cape Sipang and had completed disembarkation by the next morning. The 2nd Battalion of the15th Punjab Regiment, which was stationed in Kuching, was the soleAllied infantry unit on the island. Although they resisted the Japanese attack on the airfield, they were soon outnumbered and retreated up the Santubong River. On 25 December, Japanese troops successfully captured Kuching airfield. The Punjab Regiment retreated through the jungle to the Singkawang area.^[29]

Imperial Japanese Navy

Imperial Japanese Army

Additional Japanese forces landing on the coast ofLabuan on 14 January 1942

After the Japanese secured Singkawang on 29 December, the rest of the British and Dutch troops retreated further into the jungle, moving south toSampit and Pangkalanbun, where a Dutch airfield was located at Kotawaringin. On 31 December a force under Lieutenant Colonel Genzo Watanabe moved northward to occupy the remainder ofBrunei,Beaufort and Jesselton.^[29] Jesselton was defended by the North Borneo Armed Constabulary with 650 men. They provided little resistance and the town was fully overtaken on 9 January.^[30] On 3 January 1942 the IJA invaded Labuan Island. On 18 January, using small fishing boats, the Japanese landed atSandakan, the seat of government of British North Borneo. On the morning of 19 January GovernorCharles Robert Smith surrendered British North Borneo and was interned with his staff. The occupation of British Borneo was thus completed. The Dutch southern and central Borneo were also taken by the IJN, following its attacks from east and west. After ten weeks in the jungle-covered mountains, Allied troops surrendered on 1 April.^[29]

The Tokyo-basedAsahi Shimbun newspaper and the Osaka-basedMainichi Shimbun began publication inMalay in both Borneo and theCelebes Island, carrying news on behalf of theJapanese government.^[13] Following their occupation, the Japanese began a process of assimilation of the local people.Propaganda was displayed throughout the Bornean territories and slogans such as "Asia for Asians" and "Japan, the light of Asia" were widely displayed.^[31]Ethnocentrism was central to this plan withJapanese values,world view, culture, spirit, emperor worship and racial superiority being promulgated.^[32]

As part of the process ofJapanisation (Nipponisation), schoolchildren and adults were instructed to go tonihon-go classes to learn theJapanese language.^[31] Students had to wear uniforms and a peaked cap with a bluesakura (cherry blossom) emblem, which was replaced by a red one as the students attained higher grades.^[33] Each morning students were required to sing theJapanese national anthem with gusto followed by bowing to theJapanese flag before marching to their classrooms.^[33] This was done to make the population "think, feel and act like Japanese East Asians". Their treatment of the local indigenous people andChinese immigrants differed.^[34] Attempting to ensure the indigenous local were not their enemies an administrative directive on 14 March 1942 declared that:

Local customs, practices and religions shall not be interfered with for the time being. The impact of the war on native livelihood should be alleviated where possible and within the limits set by the need for rendering occupational forces self-sufficient and securing resources vital to national defence.However, no measures shall be taken for the sole purpose of placating the natives. [Emphasis added.]^[34]

A different principle applied to the local Chinese as they were considered to be the only community which could offer a serious challenge to Japanese authority:

The main objective, where the local Chinese are concerned, shall be to utilise their existing commercial organisations and practices to the advantage of our policies ... and measures shall be taken to sever political ties among the Chinese residents of the various areas as well as between them and mainland China.^[34]

Attempts were also made to inculcateanti-Western feeling with local government officers required to attend Japanese night classes. Unlike his counterparts in North Borneo and Sarawak which were previously ruled by European officials, the Brunei Sultan,Ahmad Tajuddin, was retained by the Japanese with no reduction in salary. Malay government officials were usually retained in their posts.^[35]

Under the Japanese occupation British Borneo were divided into five provinces (shūs):^[7][36][37]

• Kyūchin-shū (久鎮州): Sarawak First and Second Divisions,Pontianak andNatuna Islands.^{[note 2]}
• Shibu-shū (志布州): Sarawak Third Division
• Miri-shū (美里州): Sarawak Fourth and Fifth Divisions,Brunei Town.
• Seigan-shū (西岸州): Western North Borneo ofApi,Beaufort,Kota Belud,Kota Marudu,Keningau,Weston and Labuan.
• Tōgan-shū (東岸州): Eastern North Borneo ofElopura,Beluran,Lahad Datu andTawau.

Each of the fiveshūs had a Japanese provincial governor, or the administration remained in the hands of the local people with Japanese surveillance.^[38] Each of the provinces constitutedprefectures orken (県).^[36] Jesselton and Sandakan were renamed Api and Elopura respectively.^[39]

OnceSarawak was secured, control of the rest of British Borneo fell to theKawaguchi Detachment, while neighbouring Dutch Borneo was administered by the IJN.^[6] In mid-March 1942, the navy detachment was redeployed toCebu. The 4th Independent Mixed Regiment, also known as the Nakahata Unit, under Colonel Nakahata Joichi took over the tasks of mopping up operations, maintaining law and order, and establishing a military government. On 6 April 1942, the unit came under Lieutenant GeneralMarquessToshinari Maeda's Borneo Defence Army who became responsible for the area. His headquarters was initially at Miri, but Maeda considered it unsuitable and moved to Kuching.^[40] In July the Nakahata Regiment was reorganised into two 500-man battalions, the 40th and 41st Independent Garrison Infantry Battalions. Maeda was killed along with Major Hataichi Usui and Pilot-Captain Katsutaro Ano in an air crash while flying toLabuan Island on 5 September 1942.^[13] The Japanese then renamed the island Maeda Island (前田島,Maeda-shima) in remembrance to him.^[36] Maeda was replaced by Lieutenant General Masataka Yamawaki from 5 September 1942 to 22 September 1944.^[13]

By 1943 the battalions combined strength had reduced to 500 men. The military government moved its headquarters again in April 1944 to Jesselton. Yamawaki was formerly Director of the Resources Mobilisation Bureau; his appointment in 1942 was interpreted by the Allies as part of a drive to establish Borneo as a significant location for storage of supplies and the development of supporting industry.^[13] Law enforcement in Borneo fell to the notoriousKenpeitai, the Japanese military police, who were directly responsible to themilitary commander and theJapanese War Ministry. They had virtually unlimited power and frequently used torture and brutality. TheKenpeitai headquarters were in a two-storey bungalow on Java Street (Jalan Jawa), Kuching.^[2][41][42] From April 1944 it was relocated to the Sports Club Building in Api. Japanese justice became synonymous with punishment out of all proportion to the offence. They revived the pre-war civil court system from November 1942, with local magistrates applying the Sarawak Penal Code.^[43] With the Allied advance in the Pacific, the Japanese realised that Borneo was likely to be retaken. The Borneo Defence Army was strengthened with additional units and renamed37th Army. Command passed to Lieutenant GeneralMasao Baba from 26 December 1944.^[44]

Airfields were constructed byprisoners of war and conscripted labour from various locations, including from Brunei, Labuan,Ranau and Elopura.^[45][46] Before the Japanese occupation, there were only three airfields: in Kuching; Miri; and Bintulu in Sarawak, while in North Borneo there were none.^[47] Due to this, the Japanese planned to construct a total of twelve airfields in different parts of northern Borneo to strengthen its defence, of which seven were to be located in Api, Elopura, Keningau,Kudat, Tawau, Labuan and Lahad Datu.^[47] The Japanese also launched a series of road projects in North Borneo, with the roads linking Ranau with Keningau and Kota Belud with Tenghilan to be improved as well a new road linking Kudat and Kota Belud to be constructed. As these roads passed through mountainous areas, a large number of forced labourers were needed to realise the projects.^[47] In preparing for Allied retaliation Lieutenant general Masataka Yamawaki created an indigenous force consisting of around 1,300 men in 1944. Most of them were stationed in Kuching, with others in Miri, Api and Elopura; all were tasked to maintain peace and order, gather intelligence and to recruit.^[48] Brunei harbour was also used by the IJN as a refuelling depot and as a staging post for theBattle of Leyte Gulf.^[49]

The Japanese had majorPOW camps at Kuching, Ranau, and Sandakan, plus smaller ones at Dahan and other locations. Batu Lintang camp held both military and civilian prisoners. The camp was finally liberated on 11 September 1945 by elements of the Australian9th Division under the command of BrigadierTom Eastick. Sandakan camp was closed by the Japanese prior to the Allied invasion; most of its occupants died as a result offorced marches from Sandakan to Ranau. In total the Japanese are believed to have held an estimated 4,660 prisoners and internees at all camps in northern Borneo, with only 1,393 surviving to end of the war.^[50][51][52]

Following the occupation government offices re-opened on 26 December 1941.^[53] Japanese companies were brought in and granted monopolies in essential goods. In early 1942 the first branch ofYokohama Specie Bank opened in Kuching in the former building ofChartered Bank. The Japanese Southern Development Treasury also opened an office to oversee investment throughout northern Borneo. Two Japanese insurance companies, Tokyo Kaijo Kasai and Mitsubishi Kaijo Kasai, began operations.^[53]

All motor vehicles were confiscated by Japan Transport Co. for limited compensation. The Japanese recruited labours to construct airfields for extra food and payment, while detainees were forced to work.^[53] The POWs who worked to build the airstrip also received a small weekly salary, typically enough to purchase an egg.^[54] Together with the rest ofSoutheast Asia, Japan exploited Borneo as a source ofraw materials.^[55] The Japanese authorities enforced a food self-sufficiency policy. Priority for all resources including foodstuffs was given toJapanese troops with only alimited ration available for the local population. Through Mitsui Morin and Mitsui Bussan, foodstuffs such as rice, maize, tapioca, sweet potatoes andcoconut oil were monopolised.Sago supplies were controlled by the Mitsubishi's Tawau Sangyo.^[56] Stealing andsmuggling were punishable by death. The IJA and the IJN attempted to rebuild theoil industry to contribute to Japan's war effort.^[32]

The Japanese particularly exploited the Chinese community, mainly due to their support for theKuomintang and contributions to the China Relief Fund and British war efforts. The elites in major towns bore the heaviest burden and those with lesser resources went bankrupt.^[57] The military government strictly controlled Chinese businesses, those who were unwilling were forcibly encouraged.^[56] Japanese policy in this area was summarised inPrinciples Governing the Implementation of Measures Relative to the Chinese [Kakyō Kōsaku Jisshi Yōryō] issued by the Japanese headquarters in Singapore in April 1942.^[57]

Before the invasion, theJapanese government had printed unnumberedmilitary yen notes for use in all occupied territories in Southeast Asia.^[58][59] Increasing inflation coupled with Allied disruption ofJapan's economy forced the Japanese administration to issue banknotes of larger denominations and increase the amount of money in circulation. From January 1942 the Japanese set the military notes at par with thenational yen.^[60]

Effects of the occupation among the local population varied widely. The Japanese allowedMalay officials to maintain their positions in the civil service,^[35] but generally Malays were abused together with the Chinese and theindigenous peoples. In response to a directive from Singapore in 1942, the poor treatment of indigenous people began to be alleviated as they were not perceived to be the main enemies of Japan.^[34]

With the sparse and widely dispersed local population in northern Borneo, the Japanese military administration had little choice but to rely on forced labour from abroad, mainly from elsewhere in the Dutch East Indies and occupied China, under the management of the North Borneo Labour Business Society (Kita Boruneo Romukyokai).^[61] Chinese skilled workers were brought fromShanghai,Guangzhou andShantou, and Indonesians fromJava. Although all workers were provided with board and lodging, the Chinese received better treatment as they were considered to be the more skilled workers.^[61] Most of the Javanese workers were sent to Brunei,^[62] while the more skilled Chinese workers were employed in boat-building in Kuching and Elopura.^[61] Young Chinese males attempted to avoid being captured for forced labour, while young Chinese females were terrified of being taken ascomfort women.^[63] Many coastal inhabitants fled to avoid these threats. A search for Chinese agitators on theMantanani Islands in February 1944 led to the mass killing of 60Suluk and several Chinese civilians.^[64]

As bothKorea andTaiwan had been under the domination of Japan for decades, many citizens of both territories were forced to work for the Japanese military under harsh conditions.^[65] A number were sent to Borneo to work asprison guards, replacing the existing Japanese guards. They received no training for the treatment of POWs and many were involved in brutalising the prisoners, whose treatment deteriorated after the replacement of Japanese guards in Elopura by the Taiwanese in April 1943.^[65]

On the west coast of North Borneo, a resistance movement developed led byAlbert Kwok, a Chinese from Kuching, who after working with theChina Red Cross moved to Jesselton in 1940.^[66] He collaborated with local indigenous groups in North Borneo.^[67] After establishing contact with American forces in the Philippines Kwok travelled toTawi-Tawi for training. He returned with three pistols, a box of handgrenades and a promise of further weapons.^[68] However, the promised weapons were not delivered and Kwok had to launch a revolt with his locals armed with only knives and spears.^[69]

Though they were poorly equipped, the attack still managed to kill at least 50 Japanese soldiers and temporarily capture Api,Tuaran and Kota Belud in early November.^[2][70][71] As the Japanese began to retaliate, Kwok's force retreated to their hide-out.^[72] The Japanese launched ruthless counter-measures, bombing coastal settlements and machine-gunning local people.^[71][73] Almost all villages in the area were burnt down and 2,000–4,000 civilians were executed.^[74][75] The Japanese threatened further mass civilian killings and so Kwok surrendered with several of his senior aides. They were executed on 21 January 1944 in Petagas,Putatan. After the failed uprising the Japanese conducted regular reprisals. The inhabitants of North Borneo were unable to organise a further uprising due to the level of Japanese surveillance.^[76][77]

As part of the Borneo CampaignAustralian commandos were landed usingUS submarines.^[79] The AlliedZ Special Unit began to trainDayak people from theKapit Division in guerrilla warfare. This army of tribesmen killed or captured some 1,500 Japanese soldiers. They also provided intelligence vital to securing Japanese-held oil fields and to facilitating the landings ofAustralian forces in June 1945. Most of the Allied activities were conducted under two intelligence and guerrilla warfare operations:Operation Agas in North Borneo; andOperation Semut in Sarawak.^[80]Tom Harrisson, a Britishanthropologist, journalist and co-founder ofMass-Observation was among those parachuted in to work with the resistance.^[81]

The Allies organised a liberation mission known as the Operation Oboe Six to reconquer the northern part of Borneo. This followed their success with OperationsOboe One andOboe Two.^[82][83] Under the cover of a naval and aerial bombardment, the9th Australian Division landed on Borneo and Labuan on 10 June with a force of around 14,000 personnel.^[83] With narrow roads and swampy conditions near the island beaches, the unloading operations byRoyal Australian Engineers were hampered. Landings in the Brunei Bay area went more easily. The prediction of strong Japanese resistance proved inaccurate, with only few air raids against the Allied forces.^[84]

The24th Infantry Brigade, part of the 9th Division, landed at the southern end of Labuan, near the entrance of Brunei Bay, and commanding the approach to northern Borneo.^[85] The20th Infantry Brigade landed nearBrooketon, on a small peninsula at the southern end of the bay.^[85] The 20th Infantry Brigade rapidly securedBrunei Town against relatively light opposition, suffering only 40 casualties in the campaign. The 24th Infantry Brigade encountered stronger opposition in taking Labuan,^[83] where the defenders withdrew to an inland stronghold and held out among dense jungle-covered ridges and muddy swamps. To subdue the Japanese resistance an intense naval and artillery bombardment was laid down over the course of a week before an assault was put in by twocompanies of infantry supported by tanks andflamethrowers.^[85]

After securing Labuan, the 24th Infantry Brigade was landed on the northern shore of Brunei Bay on 16 June, while the 20th Infantry Brigade continued to consolidate the southern lodgement by advancing south-west along the coast towards Kuching.^[86] The2/32nd Battalion landed at Padas Bay and seized the town ofWeston before sending out patrols towardsBeaufort, 23 kilometres (14 mi) inland. The town was held by around 800–1,000 Japanese soldiers and on 27 June an attack was carried out by the2/43rd Battalion.^[86] Amid a torrential downpour and in difficult terrain, the2/32nd Battalion secured the south bank of the Padas River. Meanwhile, one company from the 2/43rd was sent to take the town and another marched to the flanks, to take up ambush positions along the route that the Japanese were expected to withdraw along. The2/28th Battalion secured the lines of communication north of the river.^[87]

On the night of 27/28 June, the Japanese launched six counter-attacks. Amid appalling conditions, one Australian company became isolated and the next morning another was sent to attack the Japanese from the rear.^[88] Fighting its way through numerous Japanese positions, the company killed at least 100 Japanese soldiers and one of its members, PrivateTom Starcevich was later awarded theVictoria Cross for his efforts.^[88] Following this, the Japanese withdrew from Beaufort and the Australians began a slow, cautious advance, using indirect fire to limit casualties. By 12 July they occupiedPapar,^[89] and from there sent out patrols to the north and along the river until the cessation of hostilities.^[90] In August the fighting came to an end. The division's total casualties in the operation were 114 killed and 221 wounded, while the Japanese losses were at least 1,234.^[86][91]

• 
  Australian24th Infantry Brigade landing fromUSS LST-560 onMaeda-shima, 10 June 1945
• 
  Australian troops from the2/43rd Battalion advance with aMatilda tank onMaeda-shima in a sweep mission to clear the area of Japanese troops, 12 June 1945
• 
  Members of the Australian2/17th Battalion inspecting the bodies of dead Japanese soldiers in Brunei during an operation on 13 June 1945
• 
  Indigenous peoples carrying Japanese rifles walking along a street in Brunei on their return to their villages on 17 June 1945

After thesurrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 Lieutenant GeneralMasao Baba, commander ofJapanese forces in northern Borneo, surrendered at Layang-layang beach of Labuan on 9 September. He was then brought to the headquarters of Australian 9th Division, where at the official surrender ceremony on 10 September he signed the surrender document and handed over his sword to the divisional commander, Major GeneralGeorge Wootten.^[92][93] The location became known as Surrender Point.^[94]

It was estimated that around 29,500 Japanese remained on the island. 18,600 belonged to the IJA, 10,900 to the IJN.^[95] The greatest concentrations of Japanese troops were in the interior.^[96] There were some Japanese who refused to surrender and moved further inland. After calls from Lieutenant general Baba they also surrendered.^[97] The Japanese repatriation following the surrender took several months, delayed due to lack of shipping. It was supervised by the Australians as Borneo along withNew Guinea,Papua and theSolomon Islands were under their authority.^[98] Australian forces also supervised the destruction of Japanese weapons and ammunition and the evacuation of internees and Allied POWs from Japanese camps.^[99]

TheBritish Military Administration (BMA) took over the task of management from the Australians on 12 September 1945 and summarised the situation towards the end of October:

InNorth Borneo andLabuan the destruction of coastal townships was almost total, and in Brunei the shop quarter and many Government buildings were completely destroyed. The oilfields atSeria in Brunei were also heavily damaged, the last well fire there having been extinguished on the 27th September.... Brunei and Labuan,Miri, Beaufort and Weston which were focal points in the attack suffered heavily from preliminary bombardments.Bintulu was deserted and the airstrip there had been entirely destroyed.Kuching, apart from minor damage in the bazaar area was practically untouched. InSibu the town area was severely damaged.... BothJesselton andSandakan in particular were heavily damaged...^[100]

The observation revealed that despite the destruction caused by the Allied bombardments, there were few Japanese casualties.^[100] Widespreadmalnutrition and disease amongst the population was caused by acute food shortages.^[101] In response the BMA provided food and medical supplies and reconstructed the public infrastructure, including roads, bridges, the rail network, sewerage and water supplies.^[100]

• 
  Baba signs the surrender document inLabuan,British Borneo, being watched byAustralian Major GeneralGeorge Wootten and other Australian units on 10 September 1945
• 
  Disarmed Japanese troops marching towards aprisoner of war compound in Api after surrendering to theAustralians on 8 October 1945
• 
  Japanese civilians and soldiers leaving North Borneo after thesurrender of Japan

The Australians heldwar crime trials on Labuan from 3 December 1945 to 31 January 1946. There were 16 trials involving 145 alleged war criminals, and these resulted in 128 convictions and 17 acquittals.^[102] Lieutenant ColonelTatsuji Suga, who had been responsible for the Batu Lintang camp administration, believing that his entire family had been killed during theUS atomic bombing of Hiroshima committed suicide before his trial's conclusion.^[15] Captain Susumi Hoshijima, who was responsible for the administration of Sandakan camp, was found guilty of war crimes andhanged inRabaul, New Guinea in 1946.^[103]

ManyKorean andTaiwanese who had been prison guards were tried in the minor war crimes trials. In Sandakan 129 Taiwanese guards were found guilty of brutalising POWs and 14 were sentenced to death.^[65] TheInternational Military Tribunal for the Far East concluded that during the resistance movement in North Borneo the military police were involved in torturing and killing hundreds of Chinese in an apparently systematic attempt to exterminate the Suluk coastal population.^[104][105] The last commander of the Japanese army in northern Borneo,Masao Baba, was charged on 8 March 1947 withcommand responsibility for theSandakan death marches that caused the death of over 2,000 Allied POWs and brought to Rabaul for trial.^[106] During the trial he confessed to being aware of the weakened condition of the prisoners but still issuing direct orders for a second march.^[107] The trial concluded on 5 June with adeath sentence;^[108][109] Baba was hanged on 7 August 1947.^[110]

• 
  Presiding members of thewar crimes trials inLabuan on 20 December 1945
• 
  Captain Susumi Hoshijima (centre) during the war crimes trial in Labuan, January 1946. He was found guilty of causing the deaths of POWs atSandakan camp and subsequently hanged in 1946.^[103]

To honour the sacrifices of fallen liberators during operations for the recovery of Borneo, a cemetery named theLabuan War Cemetery was constructed and maintained by theCommonwealth War Graves Commission.^[111] The cemetery holds the graves of 3,908 soldiers, including some POWs from Borneo and the Philippines. Most of the graves are unidentified, the 1,752 identified graves lists 1,523 soldiers, 220 airmen, five sailors and four civilians; 858Australians, 814British, 43Indians, 36 Malayans and 1New Zealander as well as members of the local forces from North Borneo, Brunei and Sarawak.^[111] 34 Indian soldiers, whose remains were cremated, are commemorated on a memorial in theIndian army plot. Each grave was originally marked with a largecross, but later replaced with aheadstone. The headstones of those whose names were unknown are emboldened with the words "Known Unto God".^[111]

ThePetagas War Memorial garden is built on the site where hundreds of people, including women and children, were massacred by the Japanese.^[112][113] The memorial lists 324 members of Kinabalu guerrillas of various races and ethnic groups. The World War II Memorial in Miri was built in remembrance of 28 victims who were brutally executed by the Japanese in a self dug common grave.^[114][115] Other memorials such as theKundasang War Memorial, theLast POW Camp Memorial andQuailey's Hill Memorial are dedicated to Australian and British soldiers who died in the death marches as well to honouring the sacrifices of the native population.Sandakan Memorial Park is built on the site of Sandakan Camp to honour POWs and internees. TheCho Huan Lai Memorial is dedicated to the Chinese Consulate General and several colleagues who were executed by the Japanese. TheSandakan Massacre Memorial is dedicated to 30 Chinese who were executed by the Japanese for being members of underground movements. TheSandakan War Monument is dedicated to the citizens of the town who died in the war. For bravery in fighting the Japanese in close combatTom Starcevich was honoured with theStarcevich Monument. The Japanese also remembered, through the Jesselton Japanese Cemetery,Sandakan Japanese Cemetery andTawau Japanese War Memorial.^[116]

• 
  Australian troops inspecting theLabuan War Cemetery after its opening ceremony on 10 September 1945
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  Labuan War Cemetery
• 
  Petagas War Memorial
• 
  Kundasang War Memorial
• 
  Last POW Camp Memorial
• 
  Quailey's Hill Memorial
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  Miri World War II Memorial Park
• 
  Sandakan Massacre Memorial
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  Cho Huan Lai Memorial
• 
  Sandakan Japanese Cemetery
• 
  Sandakan Memorial Park
• 
  Sandakan War Monument
• 
  Starcevich Monument
• 
  Tawau Japanese War Memorial
• 
  Batu Lintang Memorial

Media related toJapanese occupation of British Borneo at Wikimedia Commons

• Former colonies in Asia
• History of Borneo
• Japanese military occupations
• South-East Asian theatre of World War II
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• Military history of the British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II
• Military history of Japan during World War II
• Japan–Malaysia relations
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• World War II occupied territories
• Axis powers
• States and territories disestablished in 1945

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