Foreign relations betweenJapan and theUnited Kingdom (日英関係,Nichieikankei) were established on 26 August 1858 and involve diplomatic, economic, and historical ties between the two countries.[1]
The history of the relationship between Japan and England began in 1600 with the arrival ofWilliam Adams (Adams the Pilot orMiura Anjin), who became the first of very few non-Japanesesamurai after arriving on the shores ofKyushu atUsuki (present-dayŌita Prefecture).[citation needed] There were no formal relations between the two countries during theSakoku period (1641–1853), with theDutch acting as intermediaries.[citation needed]
Formal diplomatic ties began with the treaty of 1854, which eventually led to theAnglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902.[citation needed] This marked the end of the "splendid isolation" philosophy Britain had followed since 1815, while Japan received much-needed British support ahead of the loomingRusso-Japanese War. Japan's victory over Russia solidified the alliance, which lasted for two decades, but pressure from the United States and the subsequentFour-Power Treaty of 1921 brought it to an end.[citation needed] Relations deteriorated rapidly during the 1930s due to theJapanese invasion of Manchuria, and the cutoff of oil supplies in 1941 further escalated tensions.[citation needed] Japan declared war in December 1941 and used overwhelming force to seize mostBritish possessions east of theBritish Raj (present-dayIndia) such asBorneo (with its vital oil reserves),Burma,Hong Kong,Malaya, andSingapore. However, the British began pushing Japanese forces back after they reached the outskirts of India.[citation needed]
Beginning in the 1950s, relations between Japan and the United Kingdom improved notably as memories of the past conflict faded. In the 1970s,Emperor Hirohito andQueen Elizabeth II paid state visits to each other's countries.[citation needed] The United Kingdom and Japan currently have strong economic ties, with both being members of theG7 andCPTPP. The two are also collaborating in the field of defence, most notably through theGCAP Programme alongsideItaly.[citation needed]
1580.Richard Hakluyt advises the first English merchants to find a new trade route via theNorthwest passage to tradewool forsilver with Japan (sending twoBarque ships, the George piloted byArthur Pet and William by Charles Jackman) which returned unsuccessfully by Christmas the same year.[3]
1587. Two young Japanese men namedChristopher and Cosmas sailed on a Spanishgalleon to California, where their shipwas captured byThomas Cavendish. Cavendish brought the two Japanese men with him to England where they spent approximately three years before going again with him on his last expedition to the South Atlantic where they were heading to Japan to begin trade relations. They are the first known Japanese men to have set foot in the British Isles.[4]
1593.Richard Hawkins leaves England on board theDainty in a bid to discover the 'Iſlands of Japan' via theMagellan Strait in 1594, the very routeWilliam Adams would take himself in 1599.[5] Hawkins however was captured by the Spanish atPeru, only returning in 1603 after a ransom of £12,000 was paid by his mother for his release.
1600.William Adams, a seaman fromGillingham, Kent, was the first English adventurer to arrive in Japan. Acting as an advisor to theTokugawashōgun, he was renamedMiura Anjin, granted a house and land, and spent the rest of his life in his adopted country. He also became one of the first Englishsamurai.[citation needed]
1605.John Davis, the famous English explorer, was killed byJapanese pirates off the coast ofThailand, thus becoming the first known Englishman to be killed by a Japanese.[6]
1613. Following an invitation from William Adams in Japan, the English captainJohn Saris arrived atHirado Island in the shipClove with the intent of establishing a trading factory. Adams and Saris travelled toSuruga Province where they met withTokugawa Ieyasu at his principal residence in September before moving on toEdo where they met Ieyasu's sonHidetada. During that meeting, Hidetada gave Saris two varnished suits of armour forKing James I, today housed in theTower of London.[7] On their way back, they visited Tokugawa once more, who conferred trading privileges on the English through aRed Seal permit giving them "free licence to abide, buy, sell and barter" in Japan.[8] The English party headed back toHirado Island on 9 October 1613. However, during the ten-year activity of the company between 1613 and 1623, apart from the first ship (Clove in 1613), only three other English ships brought cargoes directly from London to Japan.[citation needed]
1623. TheAmboyna massacre was perpetrated by the Dutch East India Company. After the incident England closed its commercial base atHirado Island, now inNagasaki Prefecture, without notifying Japan. After this, the relationship ended for more than two centuries.[citation needed]
1625. A number of documents including theIaponian Charter, are the first published translated Japanese documents into English bySamuel Purchas.[citation needed]
1639.Tokugawa Iemitsu announced hisSakoku policy. Only the Dutch Republic was permitted to retain limited trade rights.
1668. 25 February.Henry Oldenburg addresses theRoyal Society on the letters ofRichard Cocks, particularly noting English trading privileges from the time of Cocks, striking new interest in trade with Japan inEngland. Based on this new interest, surviving member of the original factory William Eaton (fl.1613-1668), was contacted in order to reopen trade between England and Japan.[9]
1670.John Ogilby publishes the first translation ofAtlas Japanensis in London, reprinted in 1671 & 1673.[10]
1670. The EIC factories are set up at modern dayTaiwan (1670–1685) afterKoxinqa invites the British to set up a factory.[11]
1672.Tongking EIC factory begins operations (along with 'Tywan') with the intention by the British to be used as bases for further trade with Japan.
1673. An English ship namedReturner visitedNagasaki harbour with factors from the first Hirado factory, and asked for a renewal of trading relations. But the Edo shogunate refused after Dutch prompting. The government cited the withdrawal 50 years earlier, and found it unacceptable that theEnglish king had married the PortugueseCatherine of Braganza, claiming the English to favour theRoman Catholic Church. (cf.ja:リターン号)
1703. James Cunninghame FRS attempts to initiate trade with Japan fromCochinchina and the chaplain James Pound in his service notes ofVOC activity in Japan until they are attacked by locals in 1705.
1713.Daniel Defoe writes of William Adams and his 'famous voyage to Japan' in his satireMemoirs of Count Tariff.
1731.Arthur Dobbs advocates the finding of the North West Passage to 'be able to send a Squadron of ships, Even to force Japan into a Beneficial Treaty of Commerce with Britain.'
1741. The Middleton Expedition is launched to find the Northwest Passage with orders to not engage 'Japanese ships' until the following year should they come across one, with plans halting to trade or settle Japan owing to the circumstances surrounding theSeven Years' War.
1745.Thomas Astley reprints by popular demand the Logbook of William Adams in hisA New General Collection of Voyages and Travels; in Europe, Asia, Africa and America underNippon.[12]
1753. 50 Japanese objects from the Sloane collection acquired by Kaempfer during his residence in Japan are bequeathed to the British Museum.
1791.James Colnett sails HMSArgonaut fromCanton to Japan becoming the second unsuccessful attempt at trade with Sakoku Japan.
1813.Thomas Raffles attempts trade with Japan under a British flag to oust Dutch trade monopoly, only for theooperhoofd to fly the ships under Dutch colours, being rescinded byGovernor-General of India on the basis of excessive expense in 1814, also finally being halted in May 1815 by Raffles after the handover of the British colony of Java to the Dutch.
1819. The third British ship 'The Brothers' piloted by Captain Peter Gordon, visited Uraga on 17 June seeking to trade with Japan, unsuccessful at Edo to get any treaty.
1819. 3 August. The first British WhalerHMS Syren begins to exploit the Japan whaling grounds.
1824. 12 English whalers stray ashore looking for food and are apprehended byAizawa Seishisai leading to newrepulsion acts against foreign vessels.
1832.Otokichi, Kyukichi and Iwakichi, castaways fromAichi Prefecture, crossed the Pacific and were shipwrecked on the west coast of North America. The three Japanese men became famous in the Pacific Northwest and probably inspiredRanald MacDonald to go to Japan. They joined a trading ship to the UK, and laterMacau. One of them, Otokichi, took British citizenship and adopted the name John Matthew Ottoson. He later made two visits to Japan as an interpreter for theRoyal Navy.
1840.Indian Oak becomes shipwrecked off the coast ofOkinawa and a junk is built by Okinawan peoples for the survivors.
1842. On the basis of the British naval victory at theFirst Opium War, the Repel Edicts are renounced by theBakufu.
1852.Charles MacFarlane publishesJapan: An Account, Geographical and Historical, from the Earliest Period at which the Islands Composing this Empire Were Known to Europeans, Down to the Present Time, and the Expedition fitted out in the United States, which surmises all known European accounts of Japan and travels to Japan before theAnsei Treaties.[13]
1855. In an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during theCrimean War, a French-British naval force reached the port ofHakodate, which was open to British ships as a result of the Friendship Treaty of 1854, and sailed further north, seizing theRussian-American Company's possessions on the island ofUrup in theKuril archipelago. TheTreaty of Paris (1856) restitutes the island to Russia.[14]
1866HSBC established a Japanese branch in Yokohama.
1867. TheIcarus affair, an incident involving the murder of two British sailors inNagasaki, leading to increased diplomatic tensions between Britain and the Tokugawa shogunate.
1880. Japan government establishedYokohama Specie Bank for only foreign transaction bank in Japan, with the support ofHSBC.
1881.Azusa Ono suggests using the British model for the new Japanese constitution.
1886.Normanton incident British merchant vessel sinks off the coast of Wakayama Prefecture. Crew escape while 25 Japanese passengers perish. Widespread Japanese public outrage as subsequent Board of Enquiry under extraterritorial court finds the crew not guilty. The case is later reopened, and the crew are given three month sentences.[citation needed]
Mikasa, the flagship of theJapanese Navy during theRusso-Japanese War, was built in Scotland and is the only remaining example of a British-built battleship in the world.
1902. TheJapanese–British alliance was signed in London on 30 January. It was a diplomatic milestone that saw an end to Britain'ssplendid isolation, and removed the need for Britain to build up its navy in the Pacific.[16][17]
1905. The Japanese–British alliance was renewed and expanded. Official diplomatic relations were upgraded, with ambassadors being exchanged for the first time.
1908. TheJapan-British Society was founded in order to foster cultural and social understanding.
1909. Fushimi Sadanaru returns to Britain to convey the thanks of the Japanese government for British advice and assistance during the Russo-Japanese War.
1910. Sadanaru represents Japan at the state funeral of Edward VII, and meets the new kingGeorge V at Buckingham Palace.
1910. TheJapan–British Exhibition is held at Shepherd's Bush in London. Japan made a successful effort to display its new status as a great power by emphasizing its new role as a colonial power in Asia.[18]
1911. TheJapanese – British alliance was renewed with approval of the quasi-independentdominions (i.e. at the time, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa).
1913. TheIJN Kongō, the last of the British-built warships for Japan's navy, enters service.
1914–1915. Japan joinedWorld War I as Britain's ally under the terms of the alliance andcaptured German-occupied Tsingtao (Qingdao) in China Mainland. They also help Australia and New Zealand capture archipelagos like theMarshall Islands and theMariana Islands.
1915. TheTwenty-One Demands would have given Japan varying degrees of control over all of China, and would have prohibited European powers from extending their influence in China any further. It is eventually scrapped.[19]
1917–1935. Close relations between the two countries steadily worsen.[20]
1919. Japan proposes aracial equality clause in negotiations to form theLeague of Nations, calling for "making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality."[21] Britain, which supports the racially discriminatory laws in the dominions, such as theWhite Australia policy, cannot assent, and the proposal is rejected.
1921. Britain indicates it will not renew theAnglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902 primarily because of opposition from the United States and also Canada.[22]
Crown Prince Hirohito andLloyd George, England, 19211921. Crown PrinceHirohito visited Britain and other Western European countries. It was the first time that a Japanese crown prince had traveled overseas.
1921. Arrival in September of theSempill Mission in Japan, a British technical mission for the development of Japanese Aero-naval forces. It provided the Japanese with flying lessons and advice on building aircraft carriers; the British aviation experts kept close watch on Japan after that.[23]
1922.Washington Naval Conference concluding in theFour-Power Treaty,Five-Power Treaty, andNine-Power Treaty; major naval disarmament for 10 years with sharp reduction of Royal Navy & Imperial Navy. The Treaties specify that the relative naval strengths of the major powers are to be UK = 5, US = 5, Japan = 3, France = 1.75, Italy = 1.75. The powers will abide by the treaty for ten years, then begin a naval arms race.[24]
1923. The Japanese-British alliance was officially discontinued on 17 August in response to U.S. and Canadian pressure.
1930. The London disarmament conference angers Japanese Army and Navy. Japan's navy demanded parity with the United States and Britain, but was rejected; it maintained the existing ratios and Japan was required to scrap a capital ship. Extremists assassinate Japan's prime minister, and the military takes more power.[25]
1931. September. Japanese Army seizes control of Manchuria, which China has not controlled in decades. It sets up a puppet government. Britain and France effectively control the League of Nations, which issues theLytton Report in 1932, saying that Japan had genuine grievances, but it acted illegally in seizing the entire province. Japan quits the League, Britain takes no action.[26][27]
1934. The Royal Navy sends ships to Tokyo to take part in a naval parade in honour of the late AdmiralTōgō Heihachirō, one of Japan's greatest naval heroes, the "Nelson of the East".
Thesurrender of Singapore is a major defeat for the British; over hundred thousand British and Commonwealth soldiers become prisoners of war.[29] Many British and Commonwealth POWs die in very harsh conditions of captivity.
Allied forces surrender at gunpoint, Singapore 1944
1945. August. The last significant land battle of the Second World War involved British and Japanese forces. It took place in Burma – a failedJapanese breakout attempt in thePegu Yomas.
1952.Treaty of San Francisco – the peace treaty in which Anglo-Japanese relations were normalized. The Japanese government accepts the judgements of theTokyo War Crimes Tribunal. According to Peter Lowe, the British were still angry over the humiliation of the surrender of Singapore in 1942; resentment at American domination of the occupation of Japan; apprehension concerning renewed Japanese competition in textiles and shipbuilding; and bitterness regarding Japanese atrocities against British prisoners of war.[31]
1953. Nineteen-year-old Crown Prince Akihito (Emperor from 1989 to 2019), represents Japan at thecoronation of Queen Elizabeth II.
1966.The Beatles played atNippon Budokan in Tokyo to overwhelming adulation. This performance emphasized growing good will between Britain and Japan in their foreign relations policies.
1985. Japan wins the bid for work on Turkey'sBosphorous Bridge over the UK's competing bid.[37] UK Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher states that it is a "bitter blow" that the UK market is open to the Japan, resulting in good profits for Japan and its ability to provide larger credit for international projects than the UK can.[37]
2001. The year-long "Japan 2001" cultural-exchange project saw a major series of Japanese cultural, educational and sporting events held around the UK.
Second Japan-UK Foreign and Defence Ministerial Meeting on 8 January 2016 in Tokyo
2007. The consulates inFukuoka andNagoya complete their closing with all representation to Western Japan consolidated at the British Consulate-General in Osaka.[41]
2011. UK sends over rescue men with rescue dogs and supplies to help the Japanese, after the 11 March2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
2012. A UK trade delegation to Japan, led by Prime MinisterDavid Cameron, announces an agreement to jointly develop weapons systems.
December 2018. A new trade deal between Japan and theEuropean Union which is hoped could also act as blue-print for post-Brexit trade between Japan and the UK was approved by the European Parliament.[44]
May 2022. UK Prime MinisterBoris Johnson and Japanese Prime MinisterFumio Kishida meet in-person inDowning Street and sign aReciprocal Access Agreement. The agreement, which was made in response to theRussian invasion of Ukraine and China's rise inIndo-Pacific region, seeks to expand joint military exercises and increase working together for disaster relief.[46][47][48] It also hopes to make nations who are allies of the UK and Japan less dependent on oil and gas exported from Russia.[47]
June 2022. TheJS Kashima made a port call in London as part of an exchange event between Japan and Britain and to commemorate the 120th anniversary of theAnglo-Japanese Alliance.[49]
December 2022. Japan, the UK,Italy, sign an agreement to create theGlobal Combat Air Programme, with its first jets to be produced by 2035. The programme is about "merging the three nations' costly existing research into new aerial war technology, from stealth capacity to high-tech sensors".[51]
This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.
Rutherford Alcock - British diplomat to Japan from 1858 to 1864 and the first 'outsider' to climbMount Fuji in 1860
Anna d'Almeida - first female British travel writer to have visited Japan in 1862[citation needed], not the first known female writer on Japan however, that being the translatorMary Margaret Busk in 1841
The family name is given in italics. Usually the family name comes first in regards to Japanese historical figures, but in modern times not so for the likes of Kazuo Ishiguro and Katsuhiko Oku, both well known in the United Kingdom.
This is adynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help byediting the page to add missing items, with references toreliable sources.
KatsuhikoOku - Oxford University rugby player, diplomat in Japanese embassy in London who died in Iraq, 2003. Posthumously promoted to ambassador. See also theOku-Inoue fund for the children of Iraq.
Suematsu Kenchō - Cambridge University graduate and statesman
GinnosukeTanaka - Cambridge University graduate, introduced rugby to Japan
Tōgō Heihachirō - Spent time in the UK, one of Japan's greatest naval heroes, the "Nelson of the East"
GnyukiTorimaru - Fashion designer (b.1937) going under his Yuki label in the 1970s-1980s, known for his jersey-drape dresses as worn by Diana to Japan in 1986
British sports had an impact on Japan during the Meiji modernisation.[69]Cricket was present in Japan's foreign settlements, played by both British and American expatriates, until baseball grew in popularity by the early 20th century.[70]
List of Japanese diplomatic envoys in the United Kingdom (partial list)
^English Dreams and Japanese Realities: Anglo-Japanese Encounters Around the Globe, 1587-1673,Thomas Lockley, 2019, Revista de Cultura, p 126
^The observations of Sir Richard Hawkins, Knt in his voyage into the South sea in the year 1593 :reprinted from the edition of 1622, Charles Ramsay Drinkwater Bethune, Richard Hawkins, 1847[1622], p.7
^Stephen Turnbull,Fighting ships of the Far East (2), p 12, Osprey Publishing
^The Red Seal permit was re-discovered in 1985 by Professor Hayashi Nozomu, in theBodleian Library. Massarella, Derek; Tytler Izumi K. (1990) "The Japonian Charters"Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp 189–205.
^See The English factory in Taiwan, 1670-1685, 1995, Anthony Farrington, Ts'ao Yung-ho, Chang Hsiu-jung, Huang Fu-san, Wu Mi-tsa, pp.1-20, National Taiwan University, Taipei
^Thierry Mormanne : "La prise de possession de l'île d'Urup par la flotte anglo-française en 1855", Revue Cipango, "Cahiers d'études japonaises", No 11 hiver 2004 pp. 209–236.
^William Langer,The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902 (2nd ed. 1950), pp. pp 745–86.
^John L. Hennessey, "Moving up in the world: Japan's manipulation of colonial imagery at the 1910 Japan–British Exhibition."Museum History Journal 11.1 (2018): 24-41.
^David Wen-wei Chang, "The Western Powers and Japan's Aggression in China: The League of Nations and" The Lytton Report"."American Journal of Chinese Studies (2003): 43–63.online
^Thomas S. Wilkins, "Anatomy of a Military Disaster: The Fall of" Fortress Singapore" 1942."Journal of Military History 73.1 (2009): 221–230.
^Bond, Brian; Tachikawa, Kyoichi (2004).British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945 Volume 17 of Military History and Policy Series. Routledge. p. 122.ISBN9780714685557.
^Peter Lowe, "After fifty years: the San Francisco Peace Treaty in the context of Anglo-Japanese relations, 1902–52."Japan Forum 15#3 (2003) pp 389–98.
^abChen, Muyang (2024).The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance. Ithaca and London:Cornell University Press. p. 102.ISBN9781501775857.
^Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006.ISBN0-14-102715-0.
^Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits, Vol. VI, BRILL, 2003, Noboru Koyama pp. 393–401.
^Hiromi T. Rogers, 2016, Anjin: The Life and Times of Samurai William Adams as Seen Through Japanese Eyes, Renaissance Books.
^Gary P. Leupp, 2003, Interracial Intimacy in Japan: Western Men and Japanese Women, 1543 - 1900, pp. 56–57.
^Umeko Tsuda: a Pioneer in Higher Education for Women in Japan, Mari Kunieda, July–December 2020, Vol.7, No.2, p.37, Tiempo y Educación, Espacio,e-ISSN: 1698-7802, Tsuda University
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