The name for Japan inJapanese is written using thekanji日本 and is pronouncedNihon orNippon.[12] Before日本 was adopted in the early 8th century, the country was known in China asWa (倭, changed in Japan around 757 to和) and in Japan by theendonymYamato.[13]Nippon, the originalSino-Japanese reading of the characters, is favored for official uses, including onJapanese banknotes and postage stamps.[12]Nihon is typically used in everyday speech and reflects shifts inJapanese phonology during theEdo period.[13] The characters日本 mean "sun origin",[12] which is the source of the popular Westernepithet "Land of the Rising Sun".[14]
The name "Japan" is based onMin orWu Chinese pronunciations of日本 and was introduced to European languages through early trade.[15] In the 13th century,Marco Polo recorded theEarly Mandarin Chinese pronunciation of the characters日本國 asCipangu.[16] The oldMalay name for Japan,Japang orJapun, was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect and encountered byPortuguese traders inSoutheast Asia, who brought the word to Europe in the early 16th century.[17] The first version of the name in English appears in a book published in 1577, which spelled the name asGiapan in a translation of a 1565 Portuguese letter.[18][15]
Japan first appears in written history in the ChineseBook of Han, completed in 111 AD, where it is described as having a hundred small kingdoms. A century later, theBook of Wei records that the kingdom ofYamatai (which may refer toYamato) unified most of these kingdoms.[29][28]Buddhism was introduced to Japan fromBaekje (a Korean kingdom) in 552, but the development ofJapanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[30] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class, including figures likePrince Shōtoku, and gained widespread acceptance beginning in theAsuka period (592–710).[31]
In 645, the government led byPrince Naka no Ōe andFujiwara no Kamatari devised and implemented the far-reachingTaika Reforms. The Reform began with land reform, based on Confucian ideas andphilosophies fromChina.[32] It nationalized all land in Japan, to bedistributed equally among cultivators, and ordered the compilation of a household registry as the basis for a new system of taxation.[33] The true aim of the reforms was to bring about greater centralization and to enhance the power of the imperial court, which was also based on the governmental structure of China. Envoys and students were dispatched to China to learn about Chinese writing, politics, art, and religion.[32]
TheJinshin War of 672, a bloody conflict betweenPrince Ōama and his nephewPrince Ōtomo, became a major catalyst for further administrative reforms.[34] These reforms culminated with the promulgation of theTaihō Code, which consolidated existing statutes and established the structure of the central and subordinate local governments.[33] These legal reforms created theritsuryō state, a system of Chinese-style centralized government that remained in place for half a millennium.[34]
Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi's sonToyotomi Hideyori within theCouncil of Five Elders and used his position to gain political and military support.[47] When open war broke out, Ieyasu defeated rival clans in theBattle of Sekigahara in 1600. He was appointedshōgun byEmperor Go-Yōzei in 1603 and established theTokugawa shogunate atEdo (modern Tokyo).[48] The shogunate enacted measures includingbuke shohatto, as a code of conduct to control the autonomousdaimyō,[49] and in 1639 the isolationistsakoku ("closed country") policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as theEdo period (1603–1868).[48][50] Modern Japan's economic growth began in this period, resulting in roads (Kaidō) and water transportation routes, as well as financial instruments such asfutures contracts, banking and insurance of theOsaka rice brokers.[51] The study of Western sciences (rangaku) continued through contact with the Dutch enclave inNagasaki.[48] The Edo period gave rise tokokugaku ("national studies"), the study of Japan by the Japanese.[52]
During theMeiji period (1868–1912), theEmpire of Japan emerged as the most developed state inAsia and as an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence.[55][56][57] After victories in theFirst Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) and theRusso-Japanese War (1904–1905), Japan gained control of Taiwan, Korea and the southern half ofSakhalin,[58][54] and annexed Korea in 1910.[59] The Japanese population doubled from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million by 1935, with a significant shift to urbanization.[60][61]
The Japanese archipelago is 67%forests and 14%agricultural.[87] The primarily rugged and mountainous terrain is restricted for habitation.[88] Thus the habitable zones, mainly in the coastal areas, have very high population densities: Japan is the40th most densely populated country even without considering that local concentration.[89][90] Honshu has the highest population density at 450 persons/km2 (1200/sq mi) as of 2010[update], while Hokkaido has the lowest density of 64.5 persons/km2 as of 2016[update].[91] As of 2014[update], approximately 0.5% of Japan's total area isreclaimed land (umetatechi).[92]Lake Biwa is anancient lake and the country's largest freshwater lake.[93]
The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate but varies greatly from north to south. The northernmost region, Hokkaido, has ahumid continental climate with long, cold winters and very warm to cool summers.Precipitation is not heavy, but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter.[99]
In theSea of Japan region on Honshu's west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall during winter. In the summer, the region sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of theFoehn.[100] TheCentral Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The mountains of theChūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter theSeto Inland Sea from seasonal winds, bringing mild weather year-round.[99]
The Pacific coast features ahumid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot, humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind. The Ryukyu and Nanpō Islands have asubtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation is very heavy, especially during the rainy season.[99] The mainrainy season begins in early May in Okinawa, and the rain front gradually moves north. In late summer and early autumn,typhoons often bring heavy rain.[101] According to the Environment Ministry, heavy rainfall and increasing temperatures have caused problems in the agricultural industry and elsewhere.[102] The highest temperature ever measured in Japan, 41.8 °C (107.2 °F), was recorded on August 5, 2025.[103]
In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II, environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations; as a result,environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s. Responding to rising concerns, the government introduced environmental protection laws in 1970.[109] Theoil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan's lack of natural resources.[110]
Historically influenced byChinese law, the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such asKujikata Osadamegaki.[120] Since the late 19th century,the judicial system has been largely based on thecivil law of Europe, notably Germany. In 1896, Japan established acivil code based on the GermanBürgerliches Gesetzbuch, which remains in effect with post–World War II modifications.[121] TheConstitution of Japan, adopted in 1947, is the oldest unamended constitution in the world.[122] Statutory law originates in the legislature, and the constitution requires that the emperor promulgate legislation passed by the Diet without giving him the power to oppose legislation. The main body of Japanese statutory law is called theSix Codes.[120] Japan's court system is divided into four basic tiers: theSupreme Court and three levels of lower courts.[123]
Japan is divided into 47 prefectures, each overseen by an electedgovernor and legislature.[115] In the following table, the prefectures are grouped byregion:[124]
Japan has close economic and militaryrelations with the United States, with which it maintainsa security alliance.[131] The United States is a major market for Japanese exports and a major source of Japanese imports, and is committed to defending the country, with military bases in Japan.[131] In 2016, Japan announced the Free and Open Indo-Pacific vision, which frames its regional policies.[132][133] Japan is also a member of theQuadrilateral Security Dialogue ("the Quad"), a multilateral security dialogue reformed in 2017 aiming to limit Chinese influence in theIndo-Pacific region, along with the United States, Australia, and India.[134][135]
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its neighbors. It contests Russia's control of theSouthern Kuril Islands, which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945.[136] South Korea's control of theLiancourt Rocks is acknowledged but not accepted as they are claimed by Japan.[137] Japan has strained relations with China and Taiwan over theSenkaku Islands and the status ofOkinotorishima.[138]
TheGovernment of Japan has been making changes to its security policy which include the establishment of theNational Security Council, the adoption of the National Security Strategy, and the development of the National Defense Program Guidelines.[143] In May 2014, Prime MinisterShinzo Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security.[144] In December 2022, Prime MinisterFumio Kishida further confirmed this trend, instructing the government to increase spending by 65% until 2027.[145] Recent tensions, particularly with North Korea and China, have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society.[146][147]
Japanese society traditionally places a strong emphasis oncollective harmony andconformity, which has led to the suppression ofindividual rights.[158]Japan's constitution prohibits racial and religious discrimination,[159][160] and the country is a signatory to numerous international human rights treaties.[161] However, it lacks any laws against discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or gender identity and does not have a national human rights institution.[162]
In 2024, Japan was the world'seight-largest exporter[177] andsixth-largest importer.[178] Its exports amounted to 21.9% of its total GDP in 2023.[179] In 2024,Japan's main export markets were China (22.2%, including Hong Kong) and the United States (20.6%).[180]Its main exports are motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors, and auto parts.[85] Japan's main import markets in 2024 were China (22.3%), the United States (10.5%), and Australia (7.1%).[180] Japan's main imports are machinery and equipment, fossil fuels, foodstuffs, chemicals, and raw materials.[180]
The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.2% of the country's total GDP as of 2018[update].[117] Only 11.2% of Japan's land is suitable for cultivation.[187] Because of this lack of arable land, a system ofterraces is used to farm in small areas.[188] This results in one of the world's highest levels of crop yields per unit area, with an agricultural self-sufficiency rate of about 50% as of 2018[update].[189] Japan's small agricultural sector is highly subsidized andprotected.[190] There has been a growing concern about farming as farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors.[191]
Japan ranked seventh in the world intonnage of fish caught and captured 3,167,610 metric tons of fish in 2016, down from an annual average of 4,000,000 tons over the previous decade.[192] Japan maintains one of the world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global catch,[85] prompting critiques that Japan's fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such astuna.[193] Japan has sparked controversy by supporting commercialwhaling.[194]
Japan has a large industrial capacity and is home to some of the "largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles,machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships,chemical substances, textiles, andprocessed foods".[85] Japan's industrial sector makes up approximately 27.5% of its GDP.[85] The country's manufacturing output is thefourth highest in the world as of 2023[update].[196]
Japan is in the top three globally for both automobile production[195] and export,[197][198] and is home toToyota, the world'slargest automobile company by production. The Japanese shipbuilding industry faces increasing competition from its East Asian neighbors, South Korea and China; a 2020 government initiative identified this sector as a target for increasing exports.[199]
Once considered the strongest in the world, theJapanese consumer electronics industry is in a state of decline as regional competition arises in neighboring East Asian countries such as South Korea and China.[200] However,Japan's video game sector remains a major industry; in 2014, Japan's consumer video game market grossed $9.6 billion, with $5.8 billion coming from mobile gaming.[201] By 2015, Japan had become the world'sfourth-largestPC game market by revenue, behindChina, theUnited States, andSouth Korea.[202]
Relative to gross domestic product, Japan'sresearch and development budget is thesixth or seventh highest in the world,[206] with 907,400 researchers sharing a 22-trillion-yen research and development budget as of 2023[update].[207] Japan has the second highest number of researchers in science and technology per capita in the world with 14 per 1000 employees.[208] The country has produced twenty-twoNobel laureates in either physics, chemistry or medicine,[209] and threeFields medalists.[210]
Japan leads the world inrobotics production and use, supplying 38% of the world's 2024 total;[211] down from 55% in 2017.[212]
Japan has invested heavily in transportation infrastructure since the 1990s.[220] The country has approximately 1,200,000 kilometers (750,000 miles) of roads made up of 1,000,000 kilometers (620,000 miles) of city, town and village roads, 130,000 kilometers (81,000 miles) of prefectural roads, 54,736 kilometers (34,011 miles) of general national highways and 7641 kilometers (4748 miles) ofnational expressways as of 2017[update].[221]
As of 2019[update], 37.1% of energy in Japan is produced from petroleum, 25.1% from coal, 22.4% fromnatural gas, 3.5% fromhydropower and 2.8% fromnuclear power, among other sources. Nuclear power was down from 11.2% in 2010.[226] By May 2012 all ofthe country's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following theFukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011, though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some to service.[227] TheSendai Nuclear Power Plant restarted in 2015,[228] and since then several other nuclear power plants have been restarted.[229] Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and has a heavy dependence onimported energy.[230] The country has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency.[231]
Japan has atotal fertility rate of 1.2, which is below thereplacement rate of 2.1, and is among the world'slowest:[236] it has amedian age of 48.4, thehighest in the world.[237] As of 2025[update], over 29.3% of the population is over 65, or more than one in four out of the Japanese population.[232] As a growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remaining childless,[238][239] Japan's population is expected to drop to around 88 million by 2065.[234]
The changes in demographic structure have created several social issues, particularly a decline in the workforce population and an increase in the cost of social security benefits.[238] The Government of Japan projects that there will be almost one elderly person for each person of working age by 2060.[237]Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation's aging population.[240][241] On April 1, 2019, Japan's revised immigration law was enacted, protecting the rights of foreign workers to help reduce labor shortages in certain sectors.[242]
Japan's constitution guarantees full religious freedom.[262] Upper estimates suggest that 84–96% of the Japanese population subscribe toShinto as its indigenous religion.[263] However, these estimates are based on peopleaffiliated with a temple, rather than the number of true believers. Many Japanese people practice both Shinto andBuddhism; they can identify with both religions or describe themselves as non-religious or spiritual.[264] The level of participation in religious ceremonies as a cultural tradition remains high, especially duringfestivals and occasions such as thefirst shrine visit of theNew Year.[265]Taoism andConfucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs.[32]
About 90% of those practicingIslam in Japan are foreign-born migrants as of 2016[update].[269] In 2018, there were an estimated 105mosques and 200,000 Muslims in Japan, 43,000 of which were Japanese nationals.[270] Other minority religions includeHinduism,Judaism, andBaháʼí Faith, as well as theanimist beliefs of the Ainu.[271]
Since the 1947Fundamental Law of Education, compulsory education in Japan compriseselementary andjunior high school, which together last for nine years.[272] Almost all children continue their education at a three-yearsenior high school.[273] The top-ranking university in Japan is theUniversity of Tokyo.[274] Starting in April 2016, various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine-year compulsory schooling program.MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide.[275]
TheProgramme for International Student Assessment (PISA) coordinated by the OECD ranks the knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as the third best in the world.[276] Japan is one of the top-performingOECD countries in reading literacy, math, and sciences with the average student scoring 520 and has one of the world's highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries.[277][276][278] It spent 7.4% of its total GDP on education in 2021.[279]
In 2023, Japan ranked third for the percentage of 25- to 64-year-olds that have attained tertiary education, at 56%.[280] Approximately 65.5% of Japanese aged 25 to 34 have some form of tertiary education qualification, with bachelor's degrees being held by 34.8% of Japanese aged 25 to 64, the second most in the OECD afterSouth Korea.[280] Japanese women are more highly educated than the men: 59% of women possess a university degree, compared to 52% of men.[281]
Health care in Japan is provided by national and local governments. Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access, with fees set by a government committee. People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments.[282] Since 1973, all elderly persons have been covered by government-sponsored insurance.[283]
Japan spent 11.42% of its total GDP on healthcare in 2022.[284] In 2020, the overall life expectancy in Japan at birth was 85 years (82 years for men and 88 years for women),[285][286] thehighest in the world;[287] while it had a very lowinfant mortality rate (2 per 1,000live births).[288] Since 1981, the principal cause of death in Japan iscancer, which accounted for 27% of the total deaths in 2018—followed bycardiovascular diseases, which led to 15% of the deaths.[289] Japan has one of the world'shighest suicide rates, which is considered a major social issue.[290] Another significant public health issue issmoking among Japanese men.[291] Japan has the lowest rate of heart disease in the OECD, and the lowest level ofdementia among developed countries.[292]
Ritsurin Garden, one of the most famous strolling gardens in Japan
The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese esthetics and imported ideas.[300] The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant: for exampleukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known asJaponism, had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West, most notably onpost-Impressionism.[300]
Japanese architecture is a combination of local and other influences. It has traditionally been typified by wooden or mud plaster structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs.[301]Traditional housing and manytemple buildings see the use oftatami mats andsliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space.[302] Since the 19th century, Japan has incorporated much of Westernmodern architecture into construction and design.[303] It was not until after World War II that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene, firstly with the work of architects likeKenzō Tange and then with movements likeMetabolism.[304]
Japanese philosophy has historically been afusion of both foreign, particularlyChinese andWestern, and uniquely Japanese elements. In its literary forms, Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago. Confucian ideals remain evident in theJapanese concept of society and the self, and in the organization of the government and the structure of society.[313] Buddhism has profoundly impacted Japanese psychology, metaphysics, and esthetics.[314]
Japanese music is eclectic and diverse. Manyinstruments, such as thekoto, were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries. The popularfolk music, with the guitar-likeshamisen, dates from the 16th century.[315] Western classical music, introduced in the late 19th century, forms an integral part of Japanese culture.[316]Kumi-daiko (ensemble drumming) was developed in post-war Japan and became very popular in North America.[317] Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution ofJ-pop.[318]Karaoke is a significant cultural activity.[319]
The four traditional theaters from Japan arenoh,kyōgen,kabuki, andbunraku.[320] Noh is one of the oldest continuous theater traditions in the world.[321]
Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries globally.[325]Ishirō Honda'sGodzilla became an international icon of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre ofkaiju films, as well as the longest-running film franchise in history.[326][327] Japanese comics, known asmanga, developed in the mid-20th century and have become popularworldwide.[328][329] A large number ofmanga series have become some of thebest-selling comics series of all time, rivalling theAmerican comics industry.[330] Japanese animated films and television series, known asanime, were largely influenced by Japanese manga and have become highly popular globally.[331][332]
Popular Japanese beverages includesake, a brewed rice beverage that typically contains 14–17% alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice.[342] Beer has been brewed in Japan since the late 17th century.[343]Green tea is produced in Japan and prepared in forms such asmatcha, used in theJapanese tea ceremony.[344]
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