Saint Januarius | |
|---|---|
 Copy taken from a portrait of Saint Januarius byCaravaggio | |
| Bishop and Martyr | |
| Born | 3rd century (c. 21 April 232[citation needed]) Benevento orNaples,Campania,Roman Empire |
| Died | c. 19 September 305 Pozzuoli,Campania |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church,Eastern Orthodox Church, andArmenian Apostolic Church |
| Majorshrine | Naples Cathedral,Italy and theChurch of the Most Precious Blood,Little Italy, Manhattan,New York City. |
| Feast | 19 September,Feast of San Gennaro (Catholic Church) 21 April (Eastern Christianity) Monday after second Sunday of Advent (Armenian Apostolic Church) |
| Attributes | vials ofblood,palms,Mount Vesuvius |
| Patronage | blood banks;Naples;volcanic eruptions[1] |
Januarius (/ˌdʒæn.juˈɛəriəs/JAN-yoo-AIR-ee-əs;[2]Latin:Ianuarius;Neapolitan andItalian:Gennaro), also known asJanuarius I of Benevento, wasBishop of Benevento and is amartyr andsaint of theCatholic Church,Eastern Orthodox Church, andArmenian Apostolic Church. While no contemporary sources on his life are preserved, later sources andlegends claim that he died during theGreat Persecution,[3] which ended withDiocletian's retirement in 305.
Januarius is the patron saint ofNaples, where the faithful gather three times a year inNaples Cathedral to witness theliquefaction of what is claimed to be a sample of his blood kept in a sealed glassampoule.
Little is known of the life of Januarius,[3] and what follows is mostly derived from later Christian sources, such as theActa Bononensia (BHL 4132, not earlier than 6th century) and theActa Vaticana (BHL 4115, 9th century), and from later folk traditions.
According to varioushagiographies, Januarius was born inBenevento to a rich patrician family that traced its descent to theCaudini tribe of theSamnites. At a young age of 15, he became local priest of his parish in Benevento, which at the time had only a small Christian community. When Januarius was 20, he becameBishop of Naples and befriendedJuliana of Nicomedia andSossius whom he met during his studies for the priesthood. During the1+1⁄2-year-long persecution of Christians by EmperorDiocletian, he hid some of his fellow Christians and prevented them from being caught. But while visiting Sossius in jail, he too was arrested. He and his colleagues were condemned to be thrown to wild bears in theFlavian Amphitheater atPozzuoli, but the sentence was changed due to fear of public disturbance, and they were instead beheaded at theSolfatara crater near Pozzuoli.[n 1] Other legends state either that the wild beasts refused to eat him, or that he was thrown into a furnace but came out unscathed.
The earliest historical reference to Januarius is contained in a letter by Uranius,bishop of Nola, dated to c.e 432 on the death of his mentorPaulinus of Nola,[4][5] where it is stated that the ghosts of Januarius andMartin of Tours had appeared to Paulinus three days before his death in 431. About Januarius, the account says only that he was "bishop as well as martyr, an illustrious member of the Neapolitan church".[n 2] The Acta Bononensia says that "At Pozzuoli in Campania [is honored the memory] of the holy martyrs Januarius, Bishop of Beneventum, Festus hisdeacon, and Desideriuslector, together withSossius deacon of the church ofMisenum,Proculus, deacon ofPozzuoli, Eutyches, and Acutius, who after chains and imprisonment were beheaded under the emperorDiocletian".[3]
TheFeast of San Gennaro is celebrated on 19 September in theGeneral Roman Calendar of the Catholic Church.[6][n 3] In the Eastern Church, it is celebrated on 21 April.[8] The city ofNaples has more than fifty officialpatron saints, although its principal patron is Saint Januarius.[9]
In theUnited States, the Feast of San Gennaro is also a highlight of the year forNew York'sLittle Italy, with the saint'spolychrome statue carried through the middle of astreet fair stretching for blocks.
According to an earlyhagiography,[n 4] Januarius'srelics were transferred by order ofSeverus,Bishop of Naples, to theNeapolitan catacombs "outside the walls" (extra moenia).[11][n 5] In the early ninth century the body was moved toBeneventum bySico,prince ofBenevento, with the head remaining in Naples. Subsequently, during the turmoil at the time ofFrederick Barbarossa, his body was moved again, this time to theTerritorial Abbey of Montevergine where it was rediscovered in 1480.
At the instigation of CardinalOliviero Carafa, his body was finally transferred in 1497 toNaples, where he is the city'spatron saint. Carafa commissioned a richly decoratedcrypt, theSuccorpo, beneath thecathedral to house the reunited body and head properly. TheSuccorpo was finished in 1506 and is considered one of the prominent monuments of theHigh Renaissance in the city.[13]
Saint Januarius is famous for the annual liquefaction of hisblood, which, according tolegend, was saved by a woman called Eusebia just after the saint's death. A chronicle of Naples written in 1382 describes the cult of Saint Januarius in detail, but mentions neither the relic nor the miracle.[14][15] The first certain date is 1389, when it was found to have melted.[16][17] Then, over the following two and a half centuries official reports began to appear declaring that the blood spontaneously melted, at first once a year, then twice, and finally three times a year. While the report of the very first incidence of liquefaction did not make any explicit reference to the skull of the saint, soon afterwards assertions began to appear that this relic was activating the melting process, as if the blood, recognizing a part of the body to which it belonged, "were impatient while waiting for its resurrection".[18] This explanation was definitively abandoned only in the eighteenth century.[19]
Thousands of people assemble to witness this event in Naples Cathedral three times a year: on 19 September (Saint Januarius's Day, commemorating his martyrdom), on 16 December (celebrating his patronage of Naples and its archdiocese), and on the Saturday before the first Sunday of May (commemorating the reunification of his relics).[20]
The blood is also said to spontaneously liquefy at certain other times, such aspapal visits. It supposedly liquefied in the presence ofPope Pius IX in 1848, but not that ofJohn Paul II in 1979 orBenedict XVI in 2007.[21] On March 21, 2015,Pope Francisvenerated the dried blood during a visit toNaples Cathedral, saying theLord's Prayer over it and kissing it.Archbishop Sepe then declared that "The blood has half liquefied, which shows that Saint Januarius loves our pope and Naples."[22]
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The blood is stored in two hermetically sealed smallampoules, held since the 17th century in asilverreliquary between two round glass plates about 12 cm wide. The smaller, cylindrical ampoule contains only a few reddish spots on its walls, the bulk having allegedly been removed and taken toSpain byCharles III. The larger, almond-shaped ampoule, with a capacity of about 60ml, is about 60% filled with a dark reddish substance.[23][14] Separate reliquaries hold bone fragments believed to belong to Saint Januarius.
For most of the time, the ampoules are kept in a bank vault, whose keys are held by a commission of local notables, including themayor of Naples; the bones are kept in acrypt under the main altar of Naples Cathedral. On feast days, all these relics are taken in procession from the cathedral to theMonastery of Santa Chiara, where thearchbishop holds up the reliquary and tilts it to show that the contents are solid, then places it on the high altar next to the saint's other relics. After intense prayers by the faithful, including the so-called "relatives of Saint Januarius" (parenti di San Gennaro), the content of the larger vial typically appears to liquify. The archbishop then holds up the vial and tilts it again to demonstrate that liquefaction has taken place. The announcement of the liquifaction is greeted with at the 13th-centuryCastel Nuovo. The ampoules remain exposed on the altar for eight days, while the priests move or turn them periodically to show that the contents remain liquid.[23] SirFrancis Ronalds gives a detailed description of the May 1819 ritual in his travel journal.[24]
The liquifaction sometimes takes place almost immediately, but can take hours or even days. Records kept at the Duomo tell that on rare occasions the contents fail to liquify, are found already liquified when the ampoules are taken from the safe,[25] or liquify outside the usual dates.[23]
While the Catholic Church has always supported the celebrations, it has never formulated an official statement on the phenomenon and maintains a neutral stance about scientific investigations.[23] It does not permit the vials to be opened, for fear that doing so may cause irreparable damage. This makes close analysis impossible. Nevertheless, a spectroscopic analysis performed in 1902 by Gennaro Sperindeo claimed that the spectrum was consistent withhemoglobin.[26] A later analysis, with similar conclusions, was carried out by a team in 1989.[27][unreliable source?] However, the reliability of these observations has been questioned.[14] While clotted blood can be liquefied by mechanical stirring, the resulting suspension cannot solidify again.[14]
Measurements made in 1900 and 1904 claimed that the ampoules' weight increased by up to 28 grams during liquefaction. However, later measurements with a precision balance, performed over five years, failed to detect any variation.[14]
Various suggestions for the content's composition have been advanced, such as a material that isphotosensitive,hygroscopic, or has a low melting point.[28][29][30] However, these explanations run into technical difficulties, such as the variability of the phenomenon and its lack of correlation to ambient temperature.[14]
A recent hypothesis by Garlaschelli & al. is that the vial contains athixotropicgel,[14][31] In such a substance viscosity increases if left unstirred and decreases if stirred or moved. Researchers have proposed specifically a suspension ofhydrated iron oxide, FeO(OH), which reproduces the color and behavior of the 'blood' in the ampoule.[32] The suspension can be prepared from simple chemicals that would have been easily available locally since antiquity.[33][unreliable source?][34]
In 2010, Giuseppe Geraci, a professor in the Department of Molecular Biology at Naples'sFrederick II University, conducted an experiment on a vial containing old blood—a relic dating back to the 18th century from theEremo di Camaldoli nearArezzo inTuscany—having the same characteristics of the blood of St. Januarius.[35] Prof. Geraci showed that the Camaldoli relic also contains blood that can change its solid-liquid phase by shaking.[36] He further reproduced the phenomenon with his own blood stored in the same conditions as the Camaldoli relic. He stated that, "There is no univocal scientific fact that explains why these changes take place. It is not enough to attribute to the movement the ability to dissolve the blood, the liquid contained in the Treasure case changes state for reasons still to be identified."[37] He ultimately argued that "there's blood, no miracle".[36]
A book by the historian of science Francesco Paolo de Ceglia recently traced the research of various scientists over the centuries to explain the phenomenon, which, according to him, has a thermal origin, since the (alleged) blood, in September, when the temperature is highest, is already extracted in liquid form from the tabernacle that stores it. In May it takes longer. And in December it takes much longer. This last annual ‘miracle’ did not take place for many years, but lately, with climate change and the rising temperature in Naples, it is happening more and more frequently.[38]
Although Naples became known as "City of Blood" (urbs sanguinum),[citation needed] legends of blood liquefaction are not a unique phenomenon. Other examples include vials of the blood ofSaint Patricia and SaintJohn the Baptist in the monastery ofSan Gregorio Armeno, and ofSaint Pantaleon inRavello. In all, the church has recognized claims of miraculous liquefying blood for seven[39] or about twenty[40] saints fromCampania and virtually nowhere else.[41] The blood cults of the other saints have been discontinued since the 16th century, which noted skepticJames Randi takes as evidence that local artisans oralchemists had a secret recipe for manufacturing this type of relic.[39] A team of three Italian chemists[who?] managed to create a liquid that reproduces all the characteristics and behavior of the liquid in the vial, using only local materials and techniques that were known to medieval workers.[39][42][43] Jordan Lancaster leaves open the possibility that the practice was a Christian survival of apagan ritual intended to protect the locals from unexpected eruptions fromMount Vesuvius.[41]
The Treasure of St. Januarius is a collection of magnificent works and donations collected in seven centuries from popes, kings, emperors, famous and ordinary people. According to studies done by a pool of experts who have analyzed all the pieces in the collection, the Treasure of St. Januarius is of higher value than the crown ofQueen Elizabeth II of theUnited Kingdom and theTsar ofRussia. The Treasure is a unique collection of art masterpieces, kept untouched thanks to the Deputation of the Chapel of St Januarius, an ancient secular institution founded in 1527 by a vote of the city of Naples, still existing.
Today, the Treasure is exhibited in theMuseum of the Treasure of St. Januarius, whose entrance is located on the right side of the Dome of Naples, under the arcades. By visiting the museum, the Chapel of San Gennaro is accessible even when the cathedral is closed.[44]
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