Jan van Riebeeck | |
|---|---|
 Portrait,c. 1660 | |
| 1st Commander of the Cape | |
| In office 7 April 1652 – 6 May 1662 | |
| Succeeded by | Zacharias Wagenaer |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jan Anthoniszoon van Riebeeck 21 April 1619 |
| Died | 18 January 1677(1677-01-18) (aged 57) |
| Resting place | Groote Kerk, Jakarta |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 7, includingAbraham |
| Occupation | Colonial administrator |
Johan Anthoniszoon van Riebeeck[a] (21 April 1619 – 18 January 1677)[2] was aDutch navigator, ambassador andcolonial administrator of theDutch East India Company.[3][4]
Jan van Riebeeck was born inCulemborg on 21 April 1619, the son of a surgeon. He grew up inSchiedam, where he married a 19-year-oldMaria de la Queillerie on 28 March 1649. She died inMalacca, now part of Malaysia, on 2 November 1664, at the age of 35. The couple had eight or nine children, most of whom did not survive infancy. Their sonAbraham van Riebeeck, born at the Cape, later becameGovernor-General of the Dutch East Indies.[5]
Joining theVereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company) in 1639, he served in a number of posts, including that of an assistant surgeon in theBatavia in theEast Indies.[5]
He was head of the VOC trading post inTonkin, Indochina. After being dismissed from that position in 1645 due to conducting trade for his own personal account, he began to advocate a refreshment station in theCape of Good Hope after staying 18 days there during his return voyage. Two years later, support increased after a marooned VOC ship was able to survive in a temporary fortress. TheHeeren XVII requested a report from Leendert Jansz and Mathys Proot, which recommended a Dutch presence.[5]
In 1643, van Riebeeck travelled withJan van Elseracq to the VOC outpost atDejima inJapan. Seven years later in 1650, he proposed selling hides of South African wild animals to Japan.[6]
Van Riebeeck was requested by the Dutch East India Company to undertake the command of the initial Dutch settlement in the future South Africa and departed fromTexel on 24 December 1651. He landed two ships (TheDrommedaris andGoede Hoope) inTable Bay, at the futureCape Town site on 6 April 1652, and a third ship, theReijger, on 7 April 1652. He was accompanied by 82 men and 8 women, including his wife Maria.[7] The fleet originally included five ships, but theWalvis and theOliphant arrived late, having had 130 burials at sea.[5]
Van Riebeeck immediately commenced fortifying a settlement as a way station for the VOC trade route between the Netherlands and the East Indies.[citation needed] The primary purpose of this way station was to provide fresh provisions for the VOC fleets sailing between theDutch Republic andBatavia, as deaths en route were very high.
Van Riebeeck was Commander of the Cape from 1652 to 1662; he was charged with building a fort, with improving the natural anchorage at Table Bay, planting cereals, fruit, and vegetables, and obtaining livestock from the indigenousKhoi people. In theKirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town, a fewwild almond trees still survive. The initial fort, namedFort de Goede Hoop ('Fort of Good Hope') was made of mud, clay, and timber, and had four corners or bastions.[7] This fort was replaced by theCastle of Good Hope, built between 1666 and 1679 after van Riebeeck had left the Cape.[8]
Van Riebeeck was joined at the Cape by a fellow CulemborgerRoelof de Man (1634–1663), who arrived in January 1654 on board the shipNaerden. Roelof came as the colony bookkeeper and was later promoted to second-in-charge.[9]
Van Riebeeck reported the firstcomet discovered from South Africa,C/1652 Y1, which was spotted on 17 December 1652.[5]
In his time at the Cape, van Riebeeck oversaw a sustained, systematic effort to establish an impressive range of useful plants in the novel conditions on the Cape Peninsula – in the process changing the natural environment forever.[10] Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples, and citrus, had an important and lasting influence on the societies and economies of the region. In 1659, he established avineyard in the Colony to producered wine in order to combatscurvy.[5] Van Riebeeck owned the farm, Boschheuwel, which he advised the Company to buy on his departure in 1662 to grow fruit and vegetables while Rondebosch could be used as a nursery for young plants.[11] The daily diary entries kept throughout his time at the Cape (VOC policy) provided the basis for future exploration of the natural environment and its natural resources. Careful reading of his diaries indicates that some of his knowledge was learned from the indigenous peoples inhabiting the region.[12]
He died in Batavia (now renamed toJakarta) onJava on 18 January 1677.
Jan van Riebeeck is of immense cultural and historical significance toSouth Africa, as he was in particular during theApartheid era. ManyAfrikaners view him as thefounding father of their nation.[13] Consequently, his image appeared ubiquitously on postage stamps and banknotes issued until 1994. An image used on currency notes afterSouth Africa became a republic in 1961 was thought to be that of van Riebeeck, but was instead ofBartholomew Vermuyden.[14][15][16]
Van Riebeeck's Day, also known as Founders' Day, used to be celebrated on 6 April; but the holiday was cancelled by theAfrican National Congress after the 1994 election. However, it is still celebrated in the community ofOrania in South Africa (an Afrikaner-only enclave). His image no longer features on any official currency or stamps today, but statues of him and his wife remain in Adderley Street,Cape Town. Thecoat of arms of the city of Cape Town is based on the van Riebeeck family coat of arms.[17]
Many South African towns and villages have streets named after him.Riebeek-Kasteel is one of the oldest towns in South Africa, situated 75 km from Cape Town in the Riebeek Valley together with its sister townRiebeek West.[18]
Hoërskool Jan van Riebeeck is an Afrikaans high school in Cape Town.[19]
Media related toJan van Riebeeck at Wikimedia Commons
