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Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the administration of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. For the history, seeKashmir § History.

Princely state in South Asia (1846–1952)
Jammu and Kashmir
1846–1952
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
Jammu and Kashmir in 1946
StatusPrincely state
Capital
Common languages
Religion
Islam (majority),Hinduism,Buddhism,Jainism,Sikhism
GovernmentMonarchy
Maharaja 
• 1846–1857
Gulab Singh (first)
• 1925–1952
Hari Singh (last)
Dewan 
• 1917–1921
Daljit Singh (first)
• 1948–1952
Sheikh Abdullah (last)
History 
• End of theFirst Anglo-Sikh War and formation of the state
1846
• End of British Crown Suzerainty
15 Aug 1947
• Beginning of theFirst Kashmir War
22 Oct 1947
• Accession to theIndian Union
26–27 Oct 1947
1 January 1949
• Constitutional state of India
17 November 1952
• Disestablished
1952
Today part ofDisputed; seeKashmir conflict

Jammu and Kashmir, also known asKashmir and Jammu,[1] was aprincely state in asubsidiary alliance with theBritish East India Company from 1846 to 1858, and under theparamountcy (or tutelage[2][3]) of theBritish Crown from 1858 untilBritish withdrawal and thepartition of British India in 1947. Following the subsequentFirst Kashmir War betweenIndia andPakistan, it became adisputed territory, now administered by three countries:China,India, andPakistan.[4][5][6] The princely state was created after theFirst Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company, which had annexed theKashmir Valley,[7] from the Sikhs as war indemnity, then sold it to the Raja of Jammu,Gulab Singh, for 75lakh rupees.

At the time of thepartition of India and thepolitical integration of India,Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, anuprising in the western districts by the Gilgit Scouts against Hari Singh supported by informal militias from the neighbouringNorthwest Frontier Province, and the Pakistani army personnel, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded[8] to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir to counter the invasion by tribal militias from Pakistan, which were assisted by the Pakistani government and military leadership.[9][10] The western and northern districts now known asAzad Kashmir andGilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan with the support of Gilgit Scouts,[11] while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state ofJammu and Kashmir.[12] India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.[13][14]

Administration

[edit]
Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red.

According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:[15][16]

In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:[15]

Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)

[edit]
#NameTook officeLeft office
1Raja Sir Daljit Singh19171921
2RajaSir Hari Singh19251927
3Sir Albion BanerjeeJanuary 1927March 1929
4G. E. C. Wakefield19291931
5Hari Krishan Kaul[17]19311932
6Elliot James Dowell Colvin[17]19321936
7Sir Barjor J. Dalal19361936
8Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar1937July 1943
9Kailash Narain HaksarJuly 1943February 1944
10Sir B. N. RauFebruary 194428 June 1945
11Ram Chandra Kak28 June 194511 August 1947
12Janak Singh11 August 194715 October 1947
13Mehr Chand Mahajan15 October 19475 March 1948
14Sheikh Abdullah5 March 19489 August 1953

Demographics

[edit]

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
18731,534,972[b]—    
18912,543,952+65.7%
19012,905,578+14.2%
19113,158,126+8.7%
19213,320,518+5.1%
19313,646,243+9.8%
19414,021,616+10.3%
Sources:Census in British India
Population of Jammu & Kashmir Princely State by Province (1873–1941)
Census YearJammu ProvinceKashmir ProvinceFrontier RegionsJammu & Kashmir Princely State
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
1873[b][18]938,64161.15%491,84632.04%104,4856.81%1,534,972100%
1891[18]1,439,54356.59%949,04137.31%155,3686.11%2,543,952100%
1901[19]1,521,30752.36%1,157,39439.83%226,8777.81%2,905,578100%
1911[20]1,597,86550.6%1,295,20141.01%265,0608.39%3,158,126100%
1921[21]1,640,25949.4%1,407,08642.38%273,1738.23%3,320,518100%
1931[22]1,788,44149.05%1,569,21843.04%288,5847.91%3,646,243100%
1941[23]1,981,43349.27%1,728,70542.99%311,4787.75%4,021,616100%

Religion

[edit]
Map of India according to religious affiliations in various regions in 1909
Religious groups in Jammu & Kashmir Princely State (British India era)
Religious
group		1891[18]1901[19]1911[20]1921[21]1931[22]1941[23]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam1,793,71070.51%2,154,69574.16%2,398,32075.94%2,548,51476.75%2,817,63677.28%3,101,24777.11%
Hinduism691,80027.19%689,07323.72%690,39021.86%692,64120.86%736,22220.19%809,16520.12%
Buddhism29,6081.16%35,0471.21%36,5121.16%37,6851.13%38,7241.06%40,6961.01%
Tribal16,6150.65%——————1340%510%
Sikhism11,3990.45%25,8280.89%31,5531%39,5071.19%50,6621.39%65,9031.64%
Jainism5930.02%4420.02%3450.01%5290.02%5970.02%9100.02%
Christianity2180.01%4220.01%9750.03%1,6340.05%2,2630.06%3,5090.09%
Zoroastrianism90%110%310%70%50%290%
Judaism——————————100%
Others00%600%00%10%00%950%
Total population2,543,952100%2,905,578100%3,158,126100%3,320,518100%3,646,243100%4,021,616100%
Note: The Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir includes the contemporary administrative divisions ofJammu,Kashmir,Ladakh,Azad Kashmir, andGilgit-Baltistan.

Jammu Province

[edit]

IncludingJammu District,Kathua District,Udhampur District,Reasi District,Mirpur District,Chenani Jagir, andPoonch Jagir.

Religious groups in the Jammu Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1891–1941)
Religious
group		1891[18]1901[19]1911[20]1921[21]1931[22]1941[23]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam797,45955.4%876,59957.62%953,29359.66%989,64460.33%1,091,02161%1,215,67661.35%
Hinduism631,22543.85%626,17741.16%626,43939.2%626,80638.21%665,24637.2%722,83536.48%
Sikhism5,9260.41%13,1130.86%16,6591.04%21,6271.32%29,2821.64%38,5661.95%
Buddhism4,2930.3%4,8310.32%4520.03%4420.03%5070.03%5220.03%
Jainism5930.04%4390.03%3450.02%5280.03%5910.03%9010.05%
Christianity460%1450.01%6720.04%1,2070.07%1,7530.1%2,7880.14%
Zoroastrianism10%00%50%50%00%230%
Tribal00%——————410%290%
Judaism——————————00%
Others00%30%00%00%00%930%
Total population1,439,543100%1,521,307100%1,597,865100%1,640,259100%1,788,441100%1,981,433100%

Kashmir Province

[edit]

IncludingBaramulla District (Kashmir North District),Anantnag District (Kashmir South District), andMuzaffarabad District.

Religious groups in the Kashmir Province of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1891–1941)
Religious
group		1891[18]1901[19]1911[20]1921[21]1931[22]1941[23]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam883,09993.05%1,083,76693.64%1,217,76894.02%1,324,40394.12%1,478,28794.21%1,615,47893.45%
Hinduism60,3166.36%60,6825.24%62,4144.82%64,5944.59%69,2964.42%85,5804.95%
Sikhism5,4730.58%12,6371.09%14,7721.14%17,7421.26%21,1901.35%27,0341.56%
Christianity1450.02%2440.02%2180.02%3410.02%3390.02%5550.03%
Zoroastrianism80%110%260%20%50%60%
Jainism00%20%00%10%30%90%
Buddhism00%00%30%20%50%100%
Tribal00%——————930.01%200%
Judaism——————————100%
Others00%520%00%10%00%20%
Total population949,041100%1,157,394100%1,295,201100%1,407,086100%1,569,218100%1,728,705100%

Frontier Regions

[edit]

IncludingLadakh District,Astore District,Gilgit Leased Area, andGilgit Agency.

Religious groups in the Frontier Regions of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (1891–1941)
Religious
group		1891[18]1901[19]1911[20]1921[21]1931[22]1941[23]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam113,15272.83%194,33085.65%227,25985.74%234,46785.83%248,32886.05%270,09386.71%
Buddhism25,31516.29%30,21613.32%36,05713.6%37,24113.63%38,21213.24%40,16412.89%
Tribal16,61510.69%——————00%20%
Hinduism2590.17%2,2140.98%1,5370.58%1,2410.45%1,6800.58%7500.24%
Christianity270.02%330.01%850.03%860.03%1710.06%1660.05%
Sikhism00%780.03%1220.05%1380.05%1900.07%3030.1%
Jainism00%10%00%00%30%00%
Zoroastrianism00%00%00%00%00%00%
Judaism——————————00%
Others00%50%00%00%00%00%
Total population155,368100%226,877100%265,060100%273,173100%288,584100%311,478100%

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Kashmir and Jammu",Imperial Gazetteer of India,15, Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press: 71–, 1908,archived from the original on 21 December 2019, retrieved27 August 2019
  2. ^Sneddon, Christopher (2021),Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13,Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded [British] protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy'.
  3. ^Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005),Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22,ISBN 0-295-98525-9,... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
  4. ^"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent".Encyclopædia Britannica.Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved16 July 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
  5. ^"Kashmir",Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6,archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved18 December 2021 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
  6. ^Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003),Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–,ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5,archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved18 December 2021 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  7. ^Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
  8. ^1st EditionCold War in the High HimalayasThe USA, China and South Asia in the 1950sBy S. Mahmud AliCopyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19[1]
  9. ^"Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News".BBC News. 7 July 2010.Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved21 June 2018.
  10. ^Fair, C. Christine (25 April 2014).Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War. Oxford University Press. p. 139.ISBN 978-0-19-939588-0.
  11. ^Schofield, Victoria (6 May 2003).Kashmir in Conflict. London: I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd. p. xii.ISBN 1-86064-898-3 – via archive.org.
  12. ^Bose, Sumantra (2003).Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37.ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
  13. ^"History, People, Conflict, Map, & Facts".Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved29 March 2024.
  14. ^"Ceasefire violations in Jammu and Kashmir - A line on fire"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved29 March 2024.
  15. ^abKarim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013),Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers, Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32,ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3
  16. ^Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
  17. ^abCopland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931–34",Pacific Affairs,54 (2):228–259,doi:10.2307/2757363,JSTOR 2757363
  18. ^abcdefg"Census of India, 1891. Volume XXVIII, The Kashmir state : the report on the census and imperial and supplementary tables". 1891. pp. 209–231.JSTOR saoa.crl.25352828. Retrieved28 July 2025.
  19. ^abcde"Census of India 1901. Vol. 23A, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1901. p. 20.JSTOR saoa.crl.25366883. Retrieved3 November 2024.
  20. ^abcde"Census of India 1911. Vol. 20, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 17.JSTOR saoa.crl.25394111. Retrieved3 November 2024.
  21. ^abcde"Census of India 1921. Vol. 22, Kashmir. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 15.JSTOR saoa.crl.25430177. Retrieved3 November 2024.
  22. ^abcde"Census of India 1931. Vol. 24, Jammu & Kashmir State. Pt. 2, Imperial & state tables". 1931. p. 267.JSTOR saoa.crl.25797120. Retrieved3 November 2024.
  23. ^abcdeIndia Census Commissioner (1941)."Census of India, 1941. Vol. 22, Jammu & Kashmir". pp. 337–352.JSTOR saoa.crl.28215644. Retrieved3 November 2024.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^namely thePahari-Pothwari variety
  2. ^abAccording to the 1891 census report, population enumeration during the 1873 census was noted to have not been reliable.[18]

Bibliography

[edit]

This article incorporates text from theImperial Gazetteer of India, a publication now in thepublic domain.

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