James Welch | |
|---|---|
 Welch in 2000 after beingknighted and awarded an honorary medal by France | |
| Born | (1940-11-18)November 18, 1940 Browning, Montana, U.S. |
| Died | August 4, 2003(2003-08-04) (aged 62) Missoula, Montana, U.S. |
| Occupation | Author, educator |
| Nationality | American (Blackfeet,A'aninin) |
| Education | University of Montana (BA) |
| Literary movement | Native American Renaissance |
| Notable works | Winter in the Blood (1974) Fools Crow (1986) |
| Spouse | |
James Phillip Welch Jr. (November 18, 1940 – August 4, 2003), who grew up within theBlackfeet andA'aninin cultures of his parents, was aNative Americannovelist andpoet.[1] He is considered a founding author of theNative American Renaissance.[2] His novelFools Crow (1986) received several national literary awards, and hisdebut novelWinter in the Blood (1974) was adapted as a film by the same name, released in 2013.
In 1997 Welch received a Lifetime Achievement Award from theNative Writers' Circle of the Americas.[3]
James Welch was born inBrowning, Montana on November 18, 1940. His father, James Phillip Welch Sr. (June 3, 1914 – May 23, 2006), a welder and rancher, was a member of theBlackfeet tribe. His mother, Rosella Marie (née O'Bryan) Welch (December 14, 1914 – July 3, 2003), a stenographer for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was[4] a member of theGros Ventre (A'aninin). Both also hadIrish ancestry but had grown up within Native American cultures.[1] As a child, Welch attended schools on the Blackfeet andFort Belknapreservations.[1][5] Because Welch was raised in an American Indian setting, the traditions and religion, specifically from the Blackfoot history, were the sources of his writing.[6]
In 1958, James Welch graduated fromWashburn High School in Minneapolis.[7] Post high school he worked as a firefighter for theU.S. Forest Service, as a laborer and as an Upward Bound counselor.[1] Eventually, Welch began a master of fine arts degree program at theUniversity of Montana.[8] It was there that he studied under the poetRichard Hugo, who told him that "his poetry needed roots, so he should write what he knew about. Write about Indians and Indian culture. Write about home" he said.[9] He graduated in 1965 with a B.A. in liberal arts.[7] Shortly after, Welch published his first poem in the "Montana poet" issue ofVisions International in 1967.[5] He also briefly attendedNorthern Montana College.[10]
He began his writing career publishing poetry and fiction.[11] His novels established his place in theNative American Renaissance literary movement. Welch also taught at the university.[12] He also received Honorary Doctorates from Rocky Mountain College (1993) and the University of Montana (1997).[5]
James Welch had a following in Europe.[citation needed] In 1995, Welch was given theChevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of the Arts and Letters) by the French Cultural Ministry. His novels were translated into nine foreign languages.[1]
Welch's work was collected inNothing but the Truth: an Anthology of Native American Literature. He is one of the early authors of what became called the Native American literary renaissance.[13] He wanted to explore Native American life in his writing, both its good and bad aspects as people struggled with modern United States culture.[1]
He based his rich landscape imagery on lands he knew in Montana. In his writing, the landscape was featured as a character. Welch had a unique style of writing from "'an outside observer with an insider's understanding' of Native American experience." Although he was raised on the reservation as a young boy, he lived most of his life off of it. He said that he felt a lack of close connection with the tribal community.[5]
In 1968, James Welch married Lois Monk, a comparative literature professor at the University of Montana.[5] She was head of the English Department there until her retirement. During her sabbaticals, they traveled internationally and lived in France, Greece, Italy, and Mexico.[1] Welch often used these periods to help finish his novels, taking advantage of the relative isolation.[5]
The couple donated regularly to the Piegan Institute's language immersion program, dedicated to restoring use of theBlackfeet language.[1]
In her introduction to the 2007 reprint ofWinter in the Blood, fellow writerLouise Erdrich said: "It is a central and inspiring text to a generation of western regional and Native American writers, including me."[14]
In addition to his novels, Welch co-wrote with Paul Stekler the screenplay forLast Stand at Little Bighorn, theEmmy Award-winning documentary that was part of theAmerican Experience, shown onPBS.[15]
Welch served on the board of directors of the D'Arcy McNickle Center of theNewberry Library inChicago.[16][17]
James Welch died of lung cancer at the age of sixty-two in Missoula, Montana, on Monday, August 4, 2003.[1][18]
When he began his writing, Indian authors were unknown in mainstream literary culture.[19] Of his inspiration and purpose, James Welch noted: "Kind of growing up around the reservations, I just kept my eyes open and my ears open, listened to a lot of stories. You might say my senses were really brought alive by that culture. I learned more about it than I knew I did. It was only after I began writing about it that I realize that I had learned. I knew quite a bit, in certain ways, about the Blackfeet and Gros Ventre ways of life."
Welch’s poems are alert, sorrowful, and true.[20] His only collection of poetry,Riding the Earthboy 40 (1971), is deeply ingrained in the steppe of Montana. Shortened but expressive, the poems arrive in an instant of thought or experience that handles seasons, animals, and the stories that reservation Native Americans tell.[21]
After writing poetry "exclusively for seven or eight years," Welch turned his attention towards fiction and his first novel,Winter in the Blood,[8] a severe narrative about a nameless youth living on a reservation in northern Montana.Winter in the Blood (1974) attracted immediate critical interest, and, in 1977, scholars discussed the novel at the annual Modern Language Association convention. The notes from the session were released a year after the seminar in a special symposium issue of American Indian Quarterly, edited by Peter G Beidler.
InWinter in the Blood (1974), Welch presents a nameless protagonist who feels displaced, caught between two worlds, helpless in a world of stalking white men, but unaccepted by Indians—a stranger to both.[6] The unnamed narrator is, like Welch, a mix of Blackfoot and Gros Ventre Indian. He calls himself a "servant to a memory of death." (James Welch) Both his father and brother are dead; in the midst of the novel, his deeply loved grandmother also dies.[20] Similarly, inThe Death of Jim Loney (1979), Welch portrays a half-blood who is unable to find a place in either world[6]
Unlike Welch's first two novels,Fools Crow (1986) is a historical novel set in the 1870s which depicts the character Fools Crow, striving to live a classic Blackfoot life in the background of the white settlement and the U.S. government's war against Plains Indians.[6]
Welch writes part of his own family's history into his third novel,Fools Crow.[8]
Critics frequently write about how to categorize James Welch, whether to see him as a Native American storyteller or as an American author. The truth is that Welch's work exceeds such categorization; he joins Native American traditions and concepts with Western literary conventions to form compelling narratives.[21] Much of Welch's fiction pivots on the interaction between the American Indian and white America.[6]
On November 18, 2016,Google celebrated his 76th birthday with aGoogle Doodle.[23] In 2021, his wife Lois Welch created a new funding programme for visiting writers in loving memory of her husband.[2]
