James Roosevelt | |
|---|---|
 Roosevelt in 1962 | |
| Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromCalifornia's26th district | |
| In office January 3, 1955 – September 30, 1965 | |
| Preceded by | Sam Yorty |
| Succeeded by | Thomas M. Rees |
| Chairman of the California Democratic Party | |
| In office July 21, 1946 – August 8, 1948 | |
| Secretary to the President | |
| In office July 1937 – November 1938 | |
| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Louis McHenry Howe |
| Succeeded by | Marvin H. McIntyre |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Roosevelt II (1907-12-23)December 23, 1907 New York City,New York, U.S. |
| Died | August 13, 1991(1991-08-13) (aged 83) Newport Beach, California, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 7, includingSara Delano Roosevelt andJames Roosevelt III |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Roosevelt family |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (AB) Boston University |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch/service | United States Marine Corps Reserve |
| Years of service | 1936–1959 |
| Rank |  Brigadier general |
| Unit | 2nd Raider Battalion |
| Commands | 4th Raider Battalion |
| Battles/wars | |
| Awards | Navy Cross Silver Star |
James Roosevelt II[1] (December 23, 1907 – August 13, 1991) was an American businessman, Marine officer, activist, andDemocratic Party politician. The eldest son of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt andEleanor Roosevelt, he served as an officialSecretary to the President for his father and was later elected to theUnited States House of Representatives representingCalifornia, serving 5 terms from 1955 to 1965. He received theNavy Cross while serving as aMarine Corps officer duringWorld War II.
Roosevelt was born at 123 East 36th Street inNew York City. He was named afterJames Roosevelt I, his paternal grandfather. He attended thePotomac School andSt. Albans School inWashington, D.C., and theGroton School in Massachusetts. At Groton, he rowed, played football, and was aprefect in his senior year. After graduating in 1926, he attendedHarvard, where he rowed with the freshman and junior varsity crews. At Harvard, he followed family traditions in joining theSignet Society andHasty Pudding Club, of which both his father and his maternal granduncle and paternal fifth cousin once removed, PresidentTheodore Roosevelt, had been members, theFly Club, which his father had joined, and theInstitute of the 1770. He graduated from Harvard in 1930 and was elected permanent treasurer of his class.[2]
After graduation, Roosevelt enrolled in theBoston University School of Law. He also took a sales job with the firm of Victor De Gerard of Boston in 1930, remaining with that firm when it amalgamated with the John Paulding Meade Company which, in turn, amalgamated with O'Brion, Russell and Company in 1932. Roosevelt abandoned his law studies within a year due to his success at the firm. In 1932, he started his own insurance agency, Roosevelt & Sargent, in partnership with John A. Sargent. As president of Roosevelt & Sargent he made a substantial fortune (about $500,000 or more than $9 million in 2018 dollars). He resigned from the firm in 1937, when he officially went to work at theWhite House, but retained his half-ownership.
Roosevelt was elected a director of Boston Metropolitan Buildings, Inc. in 1933. He also served briefly as president of the National Grain Yeast Corporation from May to November 1935.[3]
Roosevelt attended the1924 Democratic National Convention where he served, in his words, as his father's "page and prop". In 1928, he and some Harvard classmates campaigned for Democratic presidential nomineeAl Smith. In 1932, he headed his father's Massachusetts campaign and made about two hundred campaign speeches for that year.[citation needed] Though FDR lost the MassachusettsDemocratic primary to Smith, he easily carried Massachusetts in theNovember election. Roosevelt was viewed as his father's political deputy in Massachusetts, allocating patronage in alliance with Boston mayorJames Michael Curley. He was also a delegate from Massachusetts to the Constitutional Convention for the repeal ofProhibition in 1933.
Roosevelt was a close protege ofJoseph P. Kennedy Sr. In fall 1933, the two journeyed to England to obtain the market in post-prohibition liquor imports.[1] Many of Roosevelt's controversial business ventures were aided by Kennedy, including his maritime insurance interests, and the National Grain Yeast Corp. affair (1933–1935). Treasury SecretaryHenry Morgenthau Jr. threatened to resign unless FDR forced his son to leave the latter company, suspected of being a front forbootlegging.[4] Roosevelt was instrumental in securing Kennedy's appointment as ambassador to the United Kingdom.[5]
In April 1936, Presidential SecretaryLouis Howe died. Roosevelt unofficially assumed Howe's duties.[3] Soon after the 1936 re-election of his father, Roosevelt was given a direct commission as alieutenant colonel in the Marine Corps, which caused public controversy for its obvious political implications. He accompanied his father to theInter-American Conference atBuenos Aires in December as a military aide. On January 6, 1937, he was officially appointed "administrative assistant to the President"; on July 1, 1937, he was appointed secretary to the president.[2] He was the White House coordinator for eighteen federal agencies by October 1937.
Roosevelt was considered among his father's most important counselors.Time magazine suggested he might be considered "Assistant President of the United States".[3]
In July 1938, there were allegations that Roosevelt had used his political position to steer lucrative business to his insurance firm. He had to publish his income tax returns and denied these allegations in anNBC broadcast and an interview inCollier's magazine. This became known as theJimmy's Got It affair afterAlva Johnston's reportage in theSaturday Evening Post. Roosevelt resigned from his White House position in November 1938.[2][6]
After leaving the White House in November 1938, Roosevelt moved toHollywood, California, where he accepted a job as a $750/week "administrative assistant" (equivalent to an annualized salary of $870,068 in 2024) for motion picture producerSamuel Goldwyn. He was on Goldwyn's payroll until November 1940. In 1939, he set up Globe Productions, a company that produced short films forpenny arcades; however, it was liquidated during Roosevelt's activeMarine Corps service in 1944.[2] He also was the "R" of RCM Productions, Inc., in partnership with songwriterSam Coslow and juke box manufacturer Herbert Mills (not to be confused with Herbert Mills of theMills Brothers, who appeared in some of the company's films) which, like Globe, produced film shorts for theSoundies movie juke boxes. In addition, Roosevelt producedPot o' Gold and distributed the anti-Nazi British filmPastor Hall. He enlisted his mother, First LadyEleanor Roosevelt, to narrate a prologue added to the American version ofPastor Hall.[7]
During his Hollywood period, Roosevelt became involved withJoseph Schenck, a movie mogul who was later caught participating in a payoff scheme that was intended to buy peace with movie industry labor unions.[8][9] In 1942, Schenck pleaded guilty to one count of perjury and spent four months in prison before being paroled.[10] In October 1945,Harry S. Truman granted Schenck apresidential pardon, a fact which did not become known to the public until 1947.[11]
World War II broke out in Europe in September 1939; the following month Roosevelt resigned the Marine commission as a lieutenant colonel that he had received in 1936 when serving as his father's military aide and accepted a commission as acaptain in theMarine Corps Reserve so that he could enter active duty, which he did in November 1940.
In April 1941, his father sent him on a secret, world-circling diplomatic mission to assure numerous governments that the United States would soon be in the war. The leaders contacted includedChiang Kai-shek in China,King Farouk in Egypt, andKing George of Greece. During this trip, Roosevelt came under German air attack in bothCrete andIraq. In the African/Middle Eastern portions of the mission, he traveled with Britain'sLord Mountbatten as far asBathurst in theGambia. They reported on trans-African air ferry conditions, an important concern of FDR andWinston Churchill at the time.[12][13] In August, Roosevelt joined the staff ofWilliam J. Donovan, coordinator of information, with the job of working out the exchange of information with other agencies.[2]
AfterJapan'sAttack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Roosevelt was seated next to his father when the President delivered hisDay of Infamy speech. He requested assignment to combat duty and was transferred to theMarine Raiders in January 1942, a new Marine Corps commando force, and became second-in-command of the 2nd Raider Battalion underEvans Carlson (Carlson's Raiders) whom Roosevelt knew when Carlson commanded the Marine detachment at theWarm Springs, Georgia, residence of his father. Roosevelt's influence helped win presidential backing for the Raiders—influenced by the British Commandos—which were opposed by Marine Corps traditionalists.
Despite occasionally debilitating health problems, Roosevelt served with the 2nd Raiders atMidway in early June 1942 and in theMakin Island raid on August 17–18, 1942, where he and 22 others were awarded theNavy Cross. In October, he was given command of the new 4th Raiders, but during training for an upcoming combat operation he became ill enough to be hospitalized by February 1943.[14] Beginning in August 1943, he served in various staff positions for the duration of the war. He was attached to and landed with theU.S. Army's 165th Regimental Combat Team,27th infantry Division during theinvasion of Makin on November 20–23 and was awarded theSilver Star by the army.[15] He was promoted to colonel on April 13, 1944. He was released from active duty in August 1945 and was placed on the inactive list in October 1945. That same month he became a Compatriot of the Empire State Society of theSons of the American Revolution.
Roosevelt remained an inactive member of the Marine Corps Reserve until October 1, 1959, when he received a final promotion to the rank ofbrigadier general upon fully retiring from the service.[13] Because he suffered fromflat feet, he was allowed to wear sneakers while other Marines were required to wear boots.[16]
Roosevelt's military decorations and awards include:
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The Navy Cross is presented to James Roosevelt, Major, U.S. Marine Corps (Reserve), for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service as second in command of the Second Marine Raider Battalion against enemy Japanese armed forces on Makin island. Risking his own life over and above the ordinary call of duty, Major Roosevelt continually exposed himself to intense machine-gun and sniper fire to ensure effective control of operations from the command post. As a result of his successful maintenance of communications with his supporting vessels, two enemy surface ships, whose presence was reported, were destroyed by gun fire. Later during evacuation, he displayed exemplary courage in personally rescuing three men from drowning in the heavy surf. His gallant conduct and his inspiring devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.[15]
For the President,
Chester W. Nimitz
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star (Army Award) to Lieutenant Colonel James R. Roosevelt (MCSN: 0–5477), United States Marine Corps, for gallantry in action at Makin Atoll, Gilbert Islands, 20 to 23 November 1943. Attached as an observer to the units of the 27th Infantry Division which effected the landing on Makin Atoll, Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt voluntarily sought out the scenes of the heaviest fighting. Throughout the three-day period, he continually accompanied the leading elements of the assault, exposing himself to constant danger. His calmness under fire and presence among the foremost elements of the attacking force was a source of inspiration to all ranks.
General Orders: Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces, Central Pacific Area, General Orders No. 55 (1944)(26)
LtCol Roosevelt was entitled to campaign participation credit (i.e., the "battle stars" worn on the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal) for the following actions:[citation needed]
AfterWorld War II, Roosevelt returned to live in California. He rejoined Roosevelt and Sargent as an executive vice president and established the company's office in Los Angeles. In 1946, he became chairman of the board of Roosevelt and Haines, successor to Roosevelt and Sargent. He later became president of Roosevelt and Company, Inc.
On July 21, 1946, Roosevelt became chairman of the California State Democratic Central Committee. He also began making daily radio broadcasts of political commentary. Like his brotherElliott Roosevelt, Roosevelt was prominent in the movement to draftDwight Eisenhower as the Democratic candidate for president in 1948. When PresidentTruman was renominated instead, Roosevelt stepped down as state chairman on August 8. He remained a Democratic National Committeeman until 1952.[2]
In 1950, Roosevelt was the Democratic candidate forGovernor of California but lost to Republican incumbentEarl Warren by almost 30% of the votes.[17]
In 1954, Roosevelt was elected U.S. Representative fromCalifornia's 26th congressional district, a heavily Democratic district.[17] He was re-elected to five additional terms and served from 1955 to 1965, resigning during his sixth term. Roosevelt was one of the first politicians to denounce the tactics of SenatorJoseph McCarthy. He was also the only representative to vote against appropriating funds for theHouse Un-American Activities Committee.
In April 1965, Roosevelt ran forMayor of Los Angeles, challenging incumbentSam Yorty, but lost in the primary.[17]
He resigned from Congress in October 1965, 10 months into his sixth term, when PresidentLyndon B. Johnson appointed him a delegate to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Roosevelt resigned from UNESCO in December 1966 and retired to become an executive ofBernie Cornfeld'sInvestors Overseas Service (IOS) inGeneva,Switzerland.[2]
Roosevelt joined IOS despite the firm's concurrent investigation by theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for numerous irregularities. During the unraveling of IOS, Roosevelt's third wife, Irene Owens, stabbed him "eight times" with his "own Marine combat knife"[18] while he was preparing divorce proceedings in Geneva in May 1969.[19] Although fugitive financierRobert Vesco obtained control of IOS from Cornfeld and absconded with approximately $200 million, Roosevelt initially stayed on with the company. He later added: "As soon as I saw the situation for what it was, in 1971, I resigned my position."[20] Nevertheless, this episode resulted in federal charges being laid against Roosevelt and several others, as well as a Swiss arrest warrant. The charges were later dropped and then he returned to California, settling inNewport Beach.
During this period, he became associated with theNixon administration in several capacities and remained friendly withRichard Nixon until his death.[21] Despite having been a liberal Democrat (in the tradition of his parents) for all of his life, Roosevelt joinedDemocrats for Nixon and publicly supported President Nixon's 1972 re-election[22] and also supportedRonald Reagan in 1980[23] and 1984.[24]
His writings includeAffectionately, FDR (with Sidney Shalett, 1959) andMy Parents, a Differing View (withBill Libby, 1976). The latter was written in part as a response to his brother Elliott's bookAn Untold Story, which told of FDR's marital issues and was fiercely repudiated by the other siblings. He authored the novelA Family Matter (with Sam Toperoff, 1979) and editedThe Liberal Papers, published in 1962.
In the 1980s, a non-profit organization established by Roosevelt, theNational Committee to Preserve Social Security and Medicare and its associatedpolitical action committee, were investigated by theHouse Ways and Means Committee for questionable money-raising practices and by thePost Office for mail fraud. By direct mail, Roosevelt's group solicited contributions from elderly persons by claiming that Social Security and Medicare programs were in financial jeopardy. Roosevelt also urged contributors to order their Social Security statements of earnings from his group (these are free from the government).[25][26]
His first marriage was in 1930 to philanthropistBetsey Maria Cushing (1908–1998), the middle daughter of surgeonHarvey Williams Cushing and Katharine Stone Crowell. They had two daughters,Sara (1932–2021) and Kate (1936–2002), before divorcing in 1940. His daughter, Kate Roosevelt, married theKennedy family aideWilliam Haddad and later CEO of theFord FoundationFranklin A. Thomas.[27][28]
He married his nurse, Romelle Therese Schneider (1915–2002), the next year. They had three children,James (b. 1945), Michael Anthony (b. 1947), and Anna Eleanor "Anne" (b. 1948). They were divorced in 1956.
In 1956, he married Gladys Irene Owens (1916–1987),[29] his receptionist, and they had a son together named Hall Delano (called "Del") in 1959. They were divorced in 1969.
He married his fourth wife, Mary Winskill (b. 1939), teacher to his youngest son Del, in 1969. They had one daughter, Rebecca Mary, in 1971.[30]
Roosevelt died inNewport Beach, California, in 1991 of complications arising from astroke andParkinson's disease. He was 83 and was the last surviving child of Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt.
 | Lieutenant Colonel,United States Marine Corps: 1936 |
 | Captain,United States Marine Corps Reserve: November 1940 |
 | Major,United States Marine Corps Reserve: June 1940 |
 | Colonel,United States Marine Corps Reserve: April 13, 1944 |
| Brigadier General,United States Marine Corps Reserve: October 1, 1959 |
| U.S. House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives fromCalifornia's 26th congressional district 1955–1965 | Succeeded by |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Democratic nominee for Governor of California 1950 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| People | |
| Other | |
