Affiliated organisations that share the group's "ideological inclinations and motivations" include theMilli Muslim League, a political party, and Jamat-ud-Dawa (JuD), the group's "charity wing", a front for the LeT that emerged later. The group differs from most other militant organisations in Pakistan in following the Islamic interpretation ofAhl-i Hadith (which is similar toWahhabism andSalafism), and in foreswearing attacks on the government of Pakistan and sectarian attacks on Pakistanis "who have professed faith" in Islam.[10][21][69]
While the primary area of operations of LeT's jihadist activities is theKashmir Valley, their professed goal is not limited to challenging India's sovereignty over Jammu andKashmir. LeT sees the issue ofKashmir as part of a wider global struggle.[70] Once Kashmir is liberated, LeT seeks to use it "as a base of operations to conquer India and force Muslim rule to the Indian subcontinent."[10]
LeT’s ideology is fundamentally anti-Western, with theBritish Raj held responsible for the decline of theMughal Empire. Consequently, LeT opposes any form of Western or British influence in Pakistan and the broader South Asian region. In its publications and on various platforms, the organization has consistently articulated its primary political goals, which include the destruction of India,Hinduism, andJudaism. The organization considers jihad a religious duty for all Muslims, with the establishment of a caliphate as its central religious and political objective.[71][72]
C. Christine Fair, who has analyzed LeT propaganda since 1995, notes that the militant organization has consistently condemned what it describes as a "Brahmanic-Talmudic-Crusader" alliance of Hindus, Jews, and Christians, whom it accuses of collaborating to undermine theUmmah.[73]
Its followers are proponents of the South Asian group Ahl-e-Hadith (AeH) Islam, which is considered Salafist.[69] It has adopted maximalist agenda of globaljihad including attacks on civilians. The group justifies its ideology onverse 2:216 of theQuran.
Fighting has been made obligatory upon you ˹believers˺, though you dislike it. Perhaps you dislike something which is good for you and like something which is bad for you. Allah knows and you do not know.[74]
Extrapolating from this verse, the group asserts that military jihad is a religious obligation of all Muslims and defines the many circumstances under which it must be carried out. In a pamphlet entitled "Why Are We Waging Jihad?", the group states that all of India along with many other countries were once ruled by Muslims and were Muslim lands, which is their duty to take it back from the non-Muslims. It declared United States, India, and Israel as "existential enemies of Islam".[33][75] LeT believes that jihad is the duty of all Muslims and must be waged until eight objectives are met: Establishing Islam as the dominant way of life in the world, forcing disbelievers to payjizya, exacting revenge for killed Muslims, punishing enemies for violating oaths and treaties, defending all Muslim states, and recapturing occupied Muslim territory. The group construes lands once ruled by Muslims as Muslim lands and considers it as their duty to get them back. It embraces a pan-Islamist rationale for military action.[10][33]
In the wake of the2008 Mumbai attacks investigations of computer and email accounts revealed a list of 320 locations worldwide deemed as possible targets for attack. Analysts believed that the list was a statement of intent rather than a list of locations where LeT cells had been established and were ready to strike.[76]
Unlike other Pakistan-based Salafi-jihadist terrorist organizations, LeT has "publicly [renounced] sectarian violence against other Islamic sects".[69] While it has waged violent jihad outside of Pakistan,inside the country, the group has spent considerable effort and resources on "preaching and social welfare".[10] This along with its professed opposition to not fighting "those who have professed Faith" in Islam (wherethousands of Muslims have been killed in sectarian attacks), has built up significant goodwill among Pakistanis, especially pious Muslims and the poor (helping to protect the group from foreign pressure on the Pakistan government to stop LeT's killing of foreigners).[10] Although it views Pakistan's ruling powers as hypocrites (self-proclaimed but insincere Muslims), it doesn't support revolutionary jihad at home because the struggle in Pakistan "is not a struggle between Islam and disbelief". The pamphlet "Why do we do Jihad?" states, "If we declare war against those who have professed Faith, we cannot do war with those who haven’t." The group instead seeks to reform errant Muslims throughdawa. It aims to bring Pakistanis to LeT's interpretation of Ahl-e-Hadith Islam and thus, transforming the society in which they live.[10]
LeT's leaders have argued that Indian-administered Kashmir was the closest occupied land, and observed that the ratio of occupying forces to the population there was one of the highest in the world, meaning this was among the most substantial occupations of Muslim land. Thus, LeT cadres could volunteer to fight on other fronts but were obligated to fight in Indian-administered Kashmir.[10]
In January 2009, LeT publicly declared that it would pursue a peaceful resolution in the Kashmir issue and that it did not have global jihadist aims, but the group is still believed to be active in several other spheres of anti-Indian terrorism.[77] The disclosures ofAbu Jundal, who was sent to India by the Saudi Arabian government, however, revealed that LeT is planning to revive militancy in Jammu and Kashmir and conduct major terror strikes in India.
Hafiz Muhammad Saeed – founder of LeT andaamir of its political arm, JuD.[78] Shortly after the2008 Mumbai attacks Saeed denied any links between the two groups: "No Lashkar-e-Taiba man is in Jamaat-ud-Dawa and I have never been a chief of Lashkar-e-Taiba." On 25 June 2014, the United States declared JuD an affiliate of LeT.[79]
Abdul Rehman Makki – second in command of LeT. Until his death, he was the brother-in-law ofHafiz Muhammad Saeed.[80] The US has offered a reward of $2 million for information leading to the location of Makki.[81][82]
Zakiur Rehman Lakhvi – released on bail from custody of Pakistan military[83] – senior member of LeT. Named as one of the masterminds of the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[84][85] On 18 December 2014 (two days after thePeshawar school attack), the Pakistani anti-terrorism court granted Lakhvi bail against payment of surety bonds worth Rs. 500,000.[86]
Yusuf Muzammil – senior member of LeT and named as a mastermind of the 2008 Mumbai attacks by surviving gunmanAjmal Kasab.[84]
Zarrar Shah – in Pakistani custody – one of LeT's primary liaisons to the ISI. A US official said that he was a "central character" in the planning behind the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[87] Zarrar Shah has boasted to Pakistani investigators about his role in the attacks.[88]
Muhammad Ashraf – LeT's top financial officer. Although not directly connected to the Mumbai plot, after the attacks he was added to the UN list of people that sponsor terrorism.[89] However, Geo TV reported that six years earlier Ashraf became seriously ill while in custody and died at Civil Hospital on 11 June 2002.[90]
Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Bahaziq – the leader of LeT in Saudi Arabia and one of its financiers. Although not directly connected to the Mumbai plot, after the attacks he was added to the UN list of people that sponsor terrorism.[89][90]
Zafar Iqbal[1] is a senior leader[1] and co-founder of Lashkar-e-Tayyiba.[1] Born in one of the Pakistani, well-known, prosperouslandlord,(zamindar) of Gujrat Sardar Ali Khan's house. Iqbal has five brothers, the elder of whom, Allah Bakhsh Khan Khichi, has died. AsAmir Hamza, informed people about the news of his death in his published newspaper and wrote an article on him by giving the title of a 'golden tree'. He formed in the late 1980s with current LeT emir Hafiz Muhammad Saeed and LeT financier and senior member Mahmoud Mohammad Bahaziq. Zafar Iqbal has served in various Lashkar-e-Tayyiba/Jamaat-ud-Dawa (LeT/JuD) senior leadership positions. Zafar Iqbal[1] has also been involved in LeT/JuD fundraising activities. Iqbal traveled toJeddah,Saudi Arabia to request financial support from formerAl-Qaida leaderUsama bin Laden.
As of late 2010, Iqbal was in charge of the LeT/JuD finance[1] department.[1]As of early 2010, Iqbal was also the director of the LeT/JuD education.As of 2010, Iqbal[1] was also the president of the LeT/JuD medical wing and secretary of a university trust created by LeT/JuD to carry out unspecified activities on behalf of the group.
In 1985,Hafiz Mohammed Saeed and Zafar Iqbal[1] formed theJamaat-ud-Dawa (Organization for Preaching, or JuD) as a small missionary group dedicated to promoting anAhl-e-Hadith version of Islam. In the next year, Zaki-ur Rehman Lakvi merged his group of anti-Soviet jihadists with the JuD to form theMarkaz-ud Dawa-wal-Irshad (Center for Preaching and Guidance, or MDI). The MDI had 17 founders originally, and notable among them wasAbdullah Azzam. Azzam would be killed in acar bombing orchestrated byKhad in 1989.
The LeT was formed in Afghanistan'sKunar province in 1990[4] and gained prominence in the early 1990s as a military offshoot of MDI.[5] MDI's primary concerns weredawah and the LeT focused on jihad although the members did not distinguish between the two groups' functions. According to Hafiz Saeed, "Islam propounds both dawa[h] and jihad. Both are equally important and inseparable. Since our life revolves around Islam, therefore both dawa and jihad are essential; we cannot prefer one over the other."[10]
Most of these training camps were located inNorth-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and many were shifted to Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir for the sole purpose of training volunteers for terrorism in Kashmir India. From 1991 onward, militancy surged in Kashmir India, as many Lashkar-e-Taiba volunteers were infiltrated into Indian administered Kashmir from Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir with the help of thePakistan Army and ISI.[43] As of 2010, the degree of control that Pakistani intelligence retains over LeT's operations is not known.
It waslisted as a terrorist organization in Australia under theSecurity Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002 on 11 April 2003 and was re-listed on 11 April 2005 and 31 March 2007.[95][96]
On 2 May 2008, it was placed on the Consolidated List established and maintained by the committee established by theUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1267 as an entity associated withal-Qaeda. The report also proscribed Jamaat-ud-Dawa as a front group of the LeT.[97]Bruce Riedel, an expert on terrorism, believes that LeT with the support of its Pakistani backers is more dangerous than al-Qaeda.[98]
According to a media report, the US accused JuD of being the front group for the prime suspects of the2008 Mumbai attacks, the Lashkar-e-Taiba, the organization that trained the 10 gunmen involved in these attacks.[99]
JournalistGraham Usher discusses the tensions between Pakistan and India arising from the attacks. In the report from Islamabad, broadcast on 9 December 2008, he also discusses the regional role of the United States.
On 7 December 2008, under pressure from the US and India, Pakistani army launched an operation against LeT and raided amarkaz (center) of the LeT at Shawai Nullah, 5 km fromMuzaffarabad in Pakistan administeredAzad Kashmir. The army arrested more than twenty members of the LeT includingZaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, the alleged mastermind of the Mumbai attacks. They are said to have sealed off the center, which included amadrasah and a mosque alongside offices of the LeT according to the government of Pakistan.[100]
On 10 December 2008, India formally requested theUnited Nations Security Council to designate JuD as a terrorist organization. Subsequently, Pakistan's ambassador to the United Nations Abdullah Hussain gave an undertaking, saying,[101]
After the designation of Jamaat-ud-Dawah (JUD) under (resolution) 1267, the government on receiving communication from the Security Council shall proscribe the JUD and take other consequential actions, as required, including the freezing of assets.
A similar assurance was given by Pakistan in 2002 when it clamped down on the LeT; however, the LeT was covertly allowed to function under the guise of the JuD. While arrests have been made, the Pakistani government has categorically refused to allow any foreign investigators access to Hafiz Muhammad Saeed.
On 11 December 2008, the United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on JuD, declaring it a global terrorist group. Saeed, the chief of JuD, declared that his group would challenge the sanctions imposed on it in all forums. Pakistan's government also banned the JuD on the same day and issued an order to seal the JuD in allfour provinces, as well as Pakistan administered Kashmir.[102] Before the ban JuD, ran a weekly newspaper namedGhazwah, two monthly magazines calledMajalla Tud Dawaa andZarb e Taiba, and a fortnightly magazine for children,Nanhe Mujahid. The publications have since been banned by the Pakistani government. In addition to the prohibition of JuD's print publications, the organization's websites were also shut down by the Pakistani government.
After the UNSC ban,Hindu minority groups in Pakistan came out in support of JuD. At protest marches inHyderabad, Hindu groups said that JuD does charity work such as setting up water wells in desert regions and providing food to the poor.[103][104] However, according to theBBC, the credibility of the level of support for the protest was questionable as protesters on their way to what they believed was a rally against price rises had been handed signs in support of JuD.[104] The JuD ban has been met with heavy criticism in many Pakistani circles,[by whom?] as JuD was the first to react to theKashmir earthquake and theZiarat earthquake. It also ran over 160 schools with thousands of students and provided aid in hospitals as well. JuD disguises terrorist activities by showing fake welfare trusts.[105]
In January 2009, JuD spokesperson,Abdullah Muntazir, stressed that the group did not have global jihadist aspirations and would welcome a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue. He also publicly disowned LeT commanders Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi andZarrar Shah, who have both been accused of being the masterminds behind the Mumbai attacks.[77]
In response to the UN resolution and the government ban, the JuD reorganized itself under the name of Tehreek-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awal (TTQA).[77]
On 25 June 2014, the United States added several of LeT affiliates including Jamaat-ud-Dawa, Al-Anfal Trust, Tehrik-e-Hurmat-e-Rasool, and Tehrik-e-Tahafuz Qibla Awwal to the list of foreign terrorist organizations.[106]
According to Stephen Tankel, writing in 2011, despite the "chorus" of diplomats, security officials and military officers" calling for Pakistan to clamp down on LeT, Pakistan has and will continue to resist. This is because LeT is "one of the few militant outfits that officially refrain from launching attacks in Pakistan", which, with the group's trained fighters and resources would be very bad for the stability of Pakistan if it did. Secondly,
the Pakistani army and its powerfulInter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI) have long considered LeT to be the country’s most reliable proxy against India and the group still provides utility in this regard as well as the potential for leverage at the negotiating table. Thus, the consensus is that, at least in the short-term, taking steps to dismantle the group would chiefly benefit India, while Pakistan would be left to deal with the costs.[10]
Jamaat-ud-Dawa members on 7 August 2017 announced the creation of apolitical party calledMilli Muslim League. Tabish Qayoum, a JuD activist working as the party spokesman, stated they had filed registration papers for a new party with Pakistan's electoral commission.[107] Later in August, JuD under the banner of the party fielded a candidate for the 2017 by-election ofConstituency NA-120. Muhammad Yaqoob Sheikh filed his nomination papers as an independent candidate.[108]
The registration application of the party was rejected by ECP on 12 October.[109]Hafiz Saeed announced in December, a few days after release from house arrest on 24 November, that his organization will contest the2018 elections.[110]
In February 2019, after the Pulwama attack, the Pakistan government placed the ban once again on Jamat-ud-Dawa and its charity organisationFalah-e-Insaniat Foundation (FIF).[111] To evade the ban, their names were changed to Al Madina and Aisar Foundation respectively and they continued their work as before.[112]
The Resistance Front (TRF) was launched after therevocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019.[13] Lashkar-e-Taiba leaders form the core of the TRF.[13][14] TRF has taken responsibility for various attacks in Kashmir in 2020 including the deaths of five Indian Army para commandos.[15][16] In June 2020, Army'sXV Corps commander Lt General B. S. Raju said "There is no organisation called TRF. It is a social media entity which is trying to take credit for anything and everything that is happening within the Valley. It is in the electronic domain."[17]
The group conducts terrorists training camps and humanitarian work. Across Pakistan, the organisation runs 16 Islamic institutions, 135 secondary schools, an ambulance service, mobile clinics, blood banks and seminaries according to the South Asia Terrorism Portal.[4]
The group actively carried out suicide attacks onIndian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir.
Some breakaway Lashkar members have been accused of carrying out attacks in Pakistan, particularly inKarachi, to mark its opposition to the policies of former presidentPervez Musharraf.[94][118][119]
Christine Fair estimates that, through its editing house Dar al Andalus, "LeT is perhaps the most prolific producer ofjihadi literature in Pakistan." By the end of the 90s, the Urdu monthly magazineMujallah al-Dawah had a circulation of 100 000, another monthly magazine,Ghazwa, of 20 000, while other weekly and monthly publications target students (Zarb-e-Tayyaba), women (Tayyabaat), children and those who are literate in English (Voice of Islam andInvite) or Arabic (al-Ribat.) It also publishes, every year, around 100 booklets, in many languages.[120] It has been described as a "profitable department, sellinglacs of books every year."[121]
The LeT terrorist training camps are in a number of locations in Pakistan. These camps, which include the base camp, Markaz-e-Taiba inMuridke nearLahore and the one near Manshera, are used to impart training to militants. In these camps, the following trainings are imparted:
the three-month advanced combat course (Daura-e-Khaas)[37][38]
A26/11 conspirator, Zabiuddin Ansari, alias Abu Jundal, was arrested in 2012 by Indian intelligence agencies and was reported to have disclosed that paragliding training was also included in the training curriculum of LeT cadres at is camps in Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad.[123]
These camps have been tolerated since inception by Pakistan's powerfulInter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency because of their usefulness against India and in Afghanistan although as of 2006 they had been instructed not to mount any operations.[124][needs update] A French anti-terrorism expert, Jean-Louis Bruguière, in hisSome Things that I Wasn't Able to Say has stated that the regular Pakistani army officers trained the militants in the LeT terrorist training camps until recently. He reached this conclusion after interrogating a French militant, Willy Brigitte, who had been trained by the LeT and arrested in Australia in 2003.[125][126]
The LeT base camp Markaz-e-Taiba is in Nangal Saday, about 5 km north ofMuridke, on the eastern side of the G.T. road; about 30 km from Lahore, was established in 1988. It is spread over 200 acres (0.81 km2) and contains a madrassa, hospital, market, residences, a fish farm and agricultural tracts. The initial sectarian religious training,Daura-e-Sufa is imparted here to the militants.[122]
Mariam Abou Zahab andOlivier Roy in theirIslamist Networks: The Afghan-Pakistan Connection (London: C. Hurst & Co., 2004) mentioned three training camps in Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir, the principal one is the Umm-al-Qura training camp atMuzaffarabad. Every month five hundred militants are trained in these terrorist camps. Muhammad Amir Rana in hisA to Z of Jehadi Organizations in Pakistan (Lahore: Mashal, 2004) listed five training camps. Four of them, the Muaskar-e-Taiba, the Muaskar-e-Aqsa, the Muaskar Umm-al-Qura and the Muaskar Abdullah bin Masood are in Pakistan administered Jammu and Kashmir and the Markaz Mohammed bin Qasim training camp is inSanghar District ofSindh. Ten thousand militants had been trained in these terrorist camps up to 2004.
The government of Pakistan began to fund the LeT during the early 1990s and by around 1995 the funding had grown considerably. During this time the army and the ISI helped establish the LeT's military structure with the specific intent to use the militant group against Indians. The LeT also obtained funds through efforts of the MDI's Department of Finance.[10]
Until 2002, the LeT collected funds through public fundraising events usually using charity boxes in shops. The group also received money through donations at MDI offices, through personal donations collected at public celebrations of an operative's martyrdom, and through its website.[10] The LeT also collected donations from the Pakistani immigrant community in thePersian Gulf and United Kingdom, Islamic Non-Governmental Organizations, and Pakistani and Kashmiri businessmen.[4][10][128] LeT operatives have also been apprehended in India, where they had been obtaining funds from sections of the Muslim community.[129]
Although many of the funds collected went towards legitimate uses, e.g. factories and other businesses, a significant portion was dedicated to military activities. According to US intelligence, the LeT had a military budget of more than $5 million by 2009.[10]
LeT assisted victims after the2005 Kashmir earthquake.[130] In many instances, they were the first on the scene, arriving before the army or other civilians.[131]
A large amount of funds collected among the Pakistani expatriate community in Britain to aid victims of the earthquake were funneled for the activities of LeT although the donors were unaware. About£5 million were collected, but more than half of the funds were directed towards LeT rather than towards relief efforts. Intelligence officials stated that some of the funds were used to prepare foran attack that would have detonated explosives on board transatlantic airflights.[132] Other investigations also indicated the aid received for earthquake relief was used to increase fighter recruitment.[133]
In March 2000, Lashkar-e-Taiba militants are claimed to have been involved in theChittisinghpura massacre, where 35Sikhs in the town ofChittisinghpura inKashmir were killed. An 18-year-old male, who was arrested in December of that year, admitted in an interview with aNew York Timescorrespondent to the involvement of the group and expressed no regret in perpetrating the anti-Sikh massacre. In a separate interview with the same correspondent, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed denied knowing the young man and dismissed any possible involvement of LeT.[135][136] In 2010, the Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) associateDavid Headley, who was arrested in connection with the2008 Mumbai attacks, reportedly confessed to theNational Investigation Agency that the LeT carried out the Chittisinghpura massacre.[137] He is said to have identified an LeT militant named Muzzamil as part of the group which carried out the killings apparently to create communal tension just before Clinton's visit.[138]
The LeT was also held responsible by the government for the2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort, New Delhi.[139] LeT confirmed its participation in the Red Fort attack.[3]
LeT claimed responsibility for an attack on theSrinagar Airport that left five Indians and six militants dead.[3]
The group claimed responsibility for an attack on Indian security forces along the border.[3]
2002 Kaluchak massacre 31 killed 14 May 2002. Australian government attributed this massacre to Lashkar-e-Taiba when it designated it as a terrorist organization.
2005 Delhi bombings: DuringDiwali, Lashkar-e-Taiba bombed crowded festive Delhi markets killing 60 civilians and maiming 527. It claimed the attack under the pseudonym of "Islami Inqilabi Mahaz" (Islamic Revolutionary Front) on a jihadist website.[141][142][143]
2006 Mumbai train bombings: The investigation launched by Indian forces and US officials have pointed to the involvement of Lashkar-e-Taiba in Mumbai serial blasts on 11 July 2006. The Mumbai serial blasts on 11 July claimed 211 lives and maimed about 407 people and seriously injured another 768.[145]
On 16 September 2006, a top Lashkar-e-Taiba militant, Abu Saad, was killed by the troops of 9-Rashtriya Rifles in Nandi Marg forest in Kulgam. Saad belongs toLahore in Pakistan and also oversaw LeT operations for the past three years in Gul Gulabhgash as the outfit's area commander. Apart from a large quantity of arms and ammunition, high denomination Indian and Pakistani currencies were also recovered from the slain militant.[147]
2008 Mumbai attacks: Between 26 and 29 November 2008, Lashkar-e-Taiba was the primary suspect behind the terrorist attacks Mumbai, which included hostage taking, bombing, and mass shootout, but the outfit denied any part.[148] The lone surviving gunman,Ajmal Amir Kasab, captured by Indian authorities admitted the attacks were planned and executed by the organization, with the support from Pakistan Army and ISI.[149][150] United States intelligence sources confirmed that their evidence suggested Lashkar-e-Taiba is behind the attacks.[151] A July 2009 report from Pakistani investigators confirmed that LeT was behind the attack.[152]
On 7 December 2008, under pressure from USA and India, the Pakistan Army launched an operation against LeT and Jamat-ud-Dawa to arrest people suspected of 26/11 Mumbai attacks.[153]
In August 2009, LeT issued an ultimatum to imposeIslamic dress code in all colleges in Jammu and Kashmir, sparking fresh fears in the tense region.[154]
In September and October 2009, Israeli and Indian intelligence agencies issued alerts warning that LeT was planning to attack Jewish religious places in Pune, India and other locations visited by Western and Israeli tourists in India. The gunmen who attacked the Mumbai headquarters of the Chabad Lubavitch movement during the November 2008 attacks were reportedly instructed that, "Every person you kill where you are is worth 50 of the ones killed elsewhere."[44]
News sources have reported that members of LeT were planning to attack the U.S. and Indian embassies in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 26 November 2009, to coincide with the one-year anniversary of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks. At least seven men were arrested in connection to the plot, including a senior member of LeT.[44]
The Resistance Front (TRF) is a group alleged to be a proxy organization associated with the terrorist outfit Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT). Established in 2019, TRF has been accused by theIndian government of engaging in various activities that threaten peace and security in theJammu and Kashmir region. These activities include planning attacks on security forces and civilians, coordinating weapon transportation for proscribed terrorist groups, recruitment of militants, infiltration across borders, and smuggling of weapons and narcotics. In January 2023, TRF was banned under theUnlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), and its commander,Sheikh Sajjad Gul, was designated as a terrorist. This action followed suspicions of TRF's involvement in the conspiracy to assassinate Kashmiri journalistShujaat Bukhari in June 2018.[155]
Abrar, Intelligence Chief of LeT in Afghanistan was arrested and 8 other militants were killed byNDS in Nangarhar Province.[158][57]
Abu Dujana, Chief of Lashkar-e-taiba inKashmir Valley was killed by Indian security forces on 2 August 2017.[159]
Abu Qasim, operations commander of the terrorist group, was killed in a joint operation by the Indian army and the special operations group of theJammu and Kashmir police on 30 October 2017.[160]
Junaid Mattoo, Lashkar-e-Taiba commander for Kulgam was killed in an encounter with security forces in Arvani.[161]
Waseem Shah, responsible for recruiting fresh cadres and involved in many attacks on security forces in south Kashmir was killed on 14 October 2017.[162]
Six top LeT commanders including Owaid, son ofAbdul Rehman Makki and nephew of Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, wanted commanders Zargam and Mehmood, were killed on 18 November 2017. Mehmood was responsible for killing a constable on 27 September and twoGarud commandos on 11 October.[163]
Abdul Rehman Makki, the second-in-command of LeT, died of a heart attack in December 2024.[164]
Abu Qatal, was one of the most senior and Operation commander of LeT in kashmir and close associate ofHafiz Saeed,, was killed by an unknown gunmen in Jhelum district in Punjab province of Pakistan in March 2025. Qatal was responsible for the2023 Rajouri attacks and the2024 Reasi attack.[165]
According to a secret December 2010 paper signed by the US secretary of state, "Saudi Arabia remains a critical financial support base foral-Qaeda, theTaliban, LeT and other terrorist groups."[166] LeT used a Saudi-based front company to fund its activities in 2005.[167][168]
LeT attacks have increased tensions in the already contentiousrelationship between India and Pakistan. Part of the LeT strategy may be to deflect the attention of Pakistan's military away from the tribal areas and towards its border with India. Attacks in India also aim to exacerbate tensions between India's Hindu and Muslim communities and help LeT recruitment strategies in India.[70]
LeT cadres have also been arrested in different cities of India. On 27 May, a LeT militant was arrested from Hajipur in Gujarat. On 15 August 2001, a LeT militant was arrested fromBhatinda inPunjab.[169] Mumbai police's interrogation of LeT operative, Abu Jundal revealed that LeT has planned 10 more terror attacks across India and he had agreed to participate in these attacks.[170] A top US counter-terrorism official, Daniel Benjamin, in a news conference on 31 July 2012, told that LeT was a threat to the stability in South Asia urging Pakistan to take strong action against the terror outfit.[171] Interrogation of Jundal revealed that LeT was planning to carry out aerial attacks on Indian cities and had trained 150 paragliders for this. He knew of these plans when he visited a huge bungalow in eastern Karachi where top LeT men, supervised by a man called Yakub were planning aerial and sea route attacks on India.[172]
TheISI have provided financial and material support to LeT.[173] In 2010,Interpol issued warrants for the arrest of two serving officers in the Pakistan Army for alleged involvement in the 2008 Mumbai attacks.[174] The LeT was also reported to have been directed by the ISI to widen its network in the Jammu region where a considerable section of the populace comprised Punjabis. The LeT has a large number of activists who hail from Indian Punjab and can thus effectively penetrate into Jammu society.[175] A 13 December 2001 news report cited a LeT spokesperson as saying that LeT wanted to avoid a clash with the Pakistani government. He claimed a clash was possible because of the suddenly conflicting interests of the government and of the militant outfits active in Jammu and Kashmir even though the government had been an ardent supporter of Muslim freedom movements, particularly that of Kashmir.
Pakistan denies giving orders to LeT's activities. However, the Indian government and many non-governmental think-tanks allege that the Pakistani ISI is involved with the group.[4] The situation with LeT causes considerable strain inIndo-Pakistani relations, which are already mired in suspicion and mutual distrust.
The LeT was created to participate in theMujahideen conflict against theNajibullah regime inAfghanistan. In the process, the outfit developed deep linkages with Afghanistan and has several Afghan nationals in its cadre. The outfit had also cultivated links with the formerTaliban regime in Afghanistan and also withOsama bin Laden and hisal-Qaeda network. Lashkar-e-Taiba is also a Punjabi group, but itsAhl-e Hadith faith (Salafi) and close relationship with the Pakistani military establishment have contributed to a historically rocky relationship with Deobandi militant groups and other Anti-Salafi Taliban elements,[34] thus, the Taliban has a less ideological interest in letting LeT operate from Afghan soil.[176] Even while refraining from openly displaying these links, the LeT office inMuridke was reportedly used as a transit camp for third country recruits heading for Afghanistan.
Lashkar-e-Taiba's directed attacks against Indian targets in Afghanistan. Three major attacks occurred against Indian government employees and private workers in Afghanistan.[178]
While the primary focus for the Lashkar is the operations in Indian Kashmir, it has frequently provided support to other international terrorist groups. Primary among these is the al-Qaeda Network in Afghanistan. LeT members also have been reported to have engaged in conflicts in thePhilippines,Bosnia, the Middle East andChechnya.[183] There are also allegations that members of theLiberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam conducted arms transfers and made deals with LeT in the early 1990s.[49]
The Lashkar is claimed to have operated a military camp in post–11 September Afghanistan, and extending support to the ousted Taliban regime. The outfit had claimed that it had assisted the Taliban militia and Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in Afghanistan during November and December 2002 in their fight against the US-aidedNorthern Alliance.[56]
A news report in the aftermath of11 September attacks in the U.S. has indicated that the outfit provides individuals for the outer circle of bin Laden's personal security.[citation needed]
News reports, citing security forces, said that the latter suspect that on 13 December 2001attack on India's Parliament in New Delhi, a joint group from the LeT and theJaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) were involved. The attack precipitated the2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.
The Lashkar is reported to have conducted several of its major operations in tandem with theHizb-ul-Mujahideen.They conducted various operations together and it's believed that they still work together in J & K.
A group of men dubbed theVirginia Jihad Network attended LeT training camps and were convicted in 2006 of conspiring toprovide material support to the LeT.[18] The leader of the group,Ali al-Timimi, urged the men to attend the LeT camps and to "go abroad to join the mujahideen engaged in jihad in Afghanistan." The men also trained with weapons in Virginia.[185]
Two U.S. citizens,Syed Haris Ahmed andEhsanul Sadequee were arrested in 2006 for attempting to join LeT. Ahmed traveled to Pakistan in July 2005 to attend aterrorist training camp and join LeT. The men also shot videos of U.S. landmarks in the Washington, D.C. area for potential terrorist attacks. They were convicted in Atlanta during the summer of 2009 for conspiring toprovide material support to terrorists.[186]
U.S. citizenAhmad Abousamra was indicted in November 2009 for providing material support to terrorists. He allegedly went to Pakistan in 2002 to join the Taliban and LeT, but failed.[53] TheF.B.I. issued a $50,000 reward for his capture on 3 October 2012.[54][55]
^abcKurth Cronin, Audrey; Huda Aden; Adam Frost; Benjamin Jones (6 February 2004).Foreign Terrorist Organizations(PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service.Archived(PDF) from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved4 March 2009.
^Winchell, Sean P. (2003), "Pakistan's ISI: The Invisible Government",International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence,16 (3):374–388,doi:10.1080/713830449,S2CID154924792
^abcAshley J. Tellis (11 March 2010)."Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Mujahidein in Pakistan"(PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved20 January 2014.The group's earliest operations were focused on the Kunar and Paktia provinces in Afghanistan, where LeT had set up several training camps in support of the jihad against the Soviet occupation.
^Shandon Harris-Hogan. "The Australian Neojihadist network: Origins, evolution and structure."Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, Volume 5, Issue 1. Global Terrorism Research Centre. Monash University. Victoria: Australia. (2012): pp. 18–30.
^Koschade, Stuart Andrew. "The internal dynamics of terrorist cells: a social network analysis of terrorist cells in an Australian context." (2007).
^abRaman, B. (15 December 2001)."The Lashkar-e-Toiba (LET)". South Asia Analysis Group. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved6 December 2008.
^Haqqani, Husain (27 March 2015)."Prophecy & the Jihad in the Indian subcontinent". Hudson Institute.For example, Lashkar-e-Taiba has often spoken of Ghazwa-e-Hind as a means of liberating Kashmir from Indian control. The group's founder, Hafiz Muhammad Saeed, has declared repeatedly that '[i]f freedom is not given to the Kashmiris, then we will occupy the whole of India including Kashmir. We will launch Ghazwa-e-Hind. Our homework is complete to get Kashmir.' Pakistani propagandist Zaid Hamid has also repeatedly invoked Ghazwa-e-Hind as a battle against Hindu India led from Muslim Pakistan. According to Hamid, 'Allah has destined the people of Pakistan' with victory and 'Allah is the aid and helper of Pakistan.'
^abAshley J. Tellis (11 March 2010)."Bad Company – Lashkar-e-Tayyiba and the Growing Ambition of Islamist Mujahidein in Pakistan"(PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Archived from the original on 11 April 2010. Retrieved20 January 2014.The group's earliest operations were focused on the Kunar and Paktia provinces in Afghanistan, where LeT had set up several training camps in support of the jihad against the Soviet occupation.
^abRabasa, Angel; Robert D. Blackwill; Peter Chalk; Kim Cragin; C. Christine Fair; Brian A. Jackson; Brian Michael Jenkins; Seth G. Jones; Nathaniel Shestak; Ashley J. Tellis (2009).The Lessons of Mumbai. TheRAND Corporation.Archived from the original on 20 January 2009. Retrieved27 January 2009.
^Rao, Aparna, Michael Bollig & Monika Böck. (ed.). (2008)The Practice of War: Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence, Oxford: Berghahn Books,ISBN978-1-84545-280-3, pp. 136–137
^"Taliban's Kashmir policy: Rhetoric, ideology, and interests". Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved21 September 2022.LeT is looked upon with scepticism by several Deobandi outfits. This is for two reasons: ideological contradictions between the LeT's Ahl-i-Hadith ideology and Deobandism; and LeT's closeness to the ISI and acting as its proxy on several occasions. Relatively, the Taliban, thus, has a less ideological interest in letting LeT operate from Afghan soil, but the LeT's proximity to the ISI ensures some bargaining and leveraging power to the Taliban.
