Jalair (Chinese:札剌亦兒;Karakalpak: Jalayir;Kazakh: Жалайыр;Kyrgyz: Жалайыр;Mongolian:Жалайр;ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠷ;Persian: جلایر;Uzbek: Jaloyir), alsoDjalair,Yyalair,Jalayir, is a tribe ofMongol orTurkic origin.[1][2][3][4] They lived along theOrkhon River in modern day Central Mongolia.[5] After the Mongol conquest in the 13th century many Jalairs spread over Central Asia and the Middle East. Jalairs become part of various Mongolic and Turkic peoples. Jalairs are one of the founding tribes ofMongolia's largest ethnic groupKhalkha. People with the clan name of Jalayir are also found inInner Mongolia inChina. The Jalayirs who stayed in Central Asia under the rules ofGenghis Khan's older sons' descendants eventually become part of various Turkic people of central asia. They are found among theKazakhs of theGreat jüz; also they are found among theUzbeks (especially among Uzbeks of SouthernTajikistan andAfghanistan),Karakalpaks, and theKyrgyz. The Jalairs who went to Iran and Iraq founded theJalairid Sultanate in 1330, and expanded into Turkey.[6] The state was subjugated by theKara Koyunlu in 1432.
Yury Zuev proposed that the term Jalair (~Yyalair) could be the Mongolian version of the Turkic name for the dynastic tribe of theUyghur Khaganate (758-843):Yaglakar clan ~yağla er ('anointed sovereign', Turkicya:ğ il). Yaglakar (Ch. 藥羅葛/药罗葛 Yaoluoge) of the Tiele-UyghurToquz Oghuz confederacy.[7]
Some scholars hypothesise that the Jalairs were related to theXiongnu Empire based in Mongolia (209 BC – 93 AD) andMongolian speakers.[8]
According to the early 14th-century workJami' al-tawarikh byRashid-al-Din Hamadani,[9][10]:
The Jalayir nation consists of ten large divisions, each of which has become a separate and numerous tribe: Jait, Oongaqa’ut, Oyat, Kirkin, Turi, Togra’ut, Kiimsa’ut, Nilqan, Tolanggait, Sungqut.
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The Jalair might be the Chaladi who were recorded inChinese sources of 910. The Jalairs revolted against theKhitan rule in 1014. Subsequently, they were suppressed by the Khitans in the next year.[11] After that, the Jalayirs turned to the Mongols and lived next toBorjigins. Later, the Mongols underKhaidu of the Borjigin, an ancestor of Chinggis Khan, conquered and made them hereditary slaves (Ôtegii boghol) of the Mongols around 1060.[12]
The Jalair tribesmen were an important force in theKhamag Mongol confederation in the 12th century and later Chinggis Khan's rise to power.[13] The Jalairs such asMukhulai helpedGenghis Khan to found his Empire. During the Mongol invasion ofKhorazm in 1219–1223, Muqali campaigned inNorth China as the first prince of the state (guo-wang) and a viceroy. The Jalairs served underGreat Khans as steward, chief judge, imperial tutor and advisor. Genghis Khan also gave 1,000 men under Jalair Moqenoyan to his sonChagatai Khan inTurkestan. And a body of the Jalair settled inGolden Horde.
WhenMöngke Khan orderedHulagu (Alaghu) to conquer theAbbasid caliphate, theAyyubids inSyria and theMamluks inEgypt in 1252, the Jalairs prepared strong military contingent. Their commander Kok-Elege participatedsieges ofPersian andArab fortresses from 1256 to 1261 and the battle againstBerke's commanderNogai Khan in 1262.
Under Genghis Khan's successors, Muqali's descendants inherited his title and came to be one of the mainstays ofConfucian influence in KublaidYuan Dynasty (1271–1368). The Jalairs were close to Great Khans in China and Il-khans inIran. InIl-khanate, JalairBuqa revolted againstTekuder Khan and installed Hulagu's grandsonArghun in 1284. But hiscoup was revealed and executed by his protégé later. After the death ofQazan Khan (r. 1343-1346), Chagatai Khanate fell under the control of nomadic Turco-Mongol clans: the Jalayir in the north, the Arlat in the west, theBarlas in the centre, theQaraunas and the Qa'uchin in the south-west and theDughlats in the east.
Meanwhile,Hasan Buzurg establishedJalayirid Dynasty and tried to reuniteTurco-Mongol states in the name of his puppet khans inIraq and western Persia of which fell into political chaos after the death ofIl-khanArpa Ke'un in 1336. WhenTamerlane ravaged the Jalayirid Dynasty ofAhmad (1383–1410),Central Asian Jalairs were one of main clans in bothTimurid Empire andMoghulistan. The Jalairids in Persia were finally overthrown byKara KoyunluTurks in 1432. But the Jalayirs inCentral Asia were active for two more centuries.
In the 16th century, the Jalairs played important role in Eastern and Central Mongolian politics. They were one of the 14 clans ofKhalkha tumen andDayan Khan's sonGersenji was written in Mongolian chronicles as the prince of Jalayir (Jalaid). On the brink of the Manchu defeat of the last Great KhanLigden, the Jalaid became an ally of the rising Manchu empire[14]
Jalairs are part of theKhalkha people ofMongolia.[15] As of October 2024, there were more than 11,000 people with the clan name of Jalayir inMongolia.[16]
In China, the Jalaids are a clan and abanner in theJirim andOrdos Leagues, andChahar ofInner Mongolia.
Timur brought 400 Jalair families toKhorasan. They live inKalat-i-nadiri.Until end of the 19th century,Kalat-i-nadiri had its own hereditary chief of Jalayir tribe, who held the fortress as feudatories ofPersia.[17] UnderNader Shah Afshar, Jalayirs rose to power and held important official positions within Persian government and military:
Hereditary rulers ofKalat-i-nadiri:
There were Jalairs who served in theMughal Empire as officials such asMirak Bahadur Jalair.
Today Jalayir clans are a member of theSenior Jüz tribal union inKazakhstan, they also are part ofUzbeks,Karakalpaks, andKyrgyzes.
From ancient times, Jalair tribe (Жалайыр in Kazakh Cyrillics, Jalaiyr in Kazakh Latin) is one of the major Kazakh tribes, in Kazakhstan, Jalairs belong to the KazakhSenior Juz, they live mostly in the north, north-east and in the middle part of Kazakhstan, such as Saryarka[20] region,Karagandy province,Akmola province, andeast Kazakhstan province. Jalairs also are a part of few Kazakh populations in Uzbekistan and Russia (see the Jalair tribe of Kazakh people - from Wikipedia Jalair introduction inKazakh language).
Djalairs are the descendants of the Uyghur Utsze-Kagan
The Turkic nations that are now called Mongols but in times past were separate nations, each with its own language and name.
جات، توقراوت، قونگقاوت، کومساوت، اوریات، نیلقان، کورکین، طولانگقیت، بوری، شنکقوت
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