Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known asLudwig Karl, was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, andfolklorist. He formulatedGrimm's law of linguistics, and was the co-author of theDeutsches Wörterbuch, the author ofDeutsche Mythologie, and the editor ofGrimms' Fairy Tales. He was the older brother ofWilhelm Grimm; together, they were the literary duo known as theBrothers Grimm.
Jacob Grimm was born 4 January 1785,[2] inHanau inHesse-Kassel. His father,Philipp Grimm, was a lawyer who died while Jacob was a child, and his motherDorothea was left with a very small income. Her sister was the lady of the chamber to theLandgravine of Hesse, and she helped to support and educate the family. Jacob was sent to the public school atKassel in 1798 with his younger brotherWilhelm.[3]
In 1802, he went to theUniversity of Marburg where he studied law, a profession for which he had been intended by his father. His brother joined him at Marburg a year later, having just recovered from a severe illness, and likewise began the study of law.[4]He then later with his brother, Wilhelm Grimm, wrote Grimms' Fairy Tales.
Jacob Grimm became inspired by the lectures ofFriedrich Carl von Savigny, a noted expert ofRoman law; Wilhelm Grimm, in the preface to theDeutsche Grammatik (German Grammar), credits Savigny with giving the brothers an awareness of science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in Jacob a love forhistorical andantiquarian investigation, which underlies all his work. It was in Savigny's library that Grimm first sawBodmer's edition of theMiddle High German minnesingers and other early texts, which gave him a desire to study their language.[4]
At the beginning of 1805, he was invited by Savigny to Paris, to help him in his literary work. There Grimm strengthened his taste for theliterature of the Middle Ages. Towards the close of the year, he returned to Kassel, where his mother and brother had settled after Wilhelm finished his studies. The following year, Jacob obtained a position in the war office with a small salary of 100thalers. He complained that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff uniform and pigtail, but the role gave him spare time for the pursuit of his studies.[4]
In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the private library ofJérôme Bonaparte, King ofWestphalia, into whichHesse-Kassel had been incorporated byNapoleon. Grimm was appointed an auditor to the state council, while retaining his superintendent post. His salary rose to 4000 francs and his official duties were nominal. In 1813, after the expulsion of Bonaparte and the reinstatement of an elector, Grimm was appointed Secretary of Legation accompanying the Hessian minister to the headquarters of the allied army. In 1814, he was sent to Paris to demand restitution of books taken by the French, and he attended theCongress of Vienna as Secretary of Legation in 1814–1815. Upon his return from Vienna, he was sent to Paris again to secure book restitutions. Meanwhile, Wilhelm had obtained a job at theKassel library, and Jacob was made second librarian under Volkel in 1816. Upon the death of Volkel in 1828, the brothers both expected promotion, and they were dissatisfied when the role of the first librarian was given to Rommel, the keeper of the archives. Consequently, they moved the following year to theUniversity of Göttingen, where Jacob was appointed professor and librarian, and Wilhelm under-librarian. Jacob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities,historical grammar,literary history, anddiplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on theGermania ofTacitus.[4]
Grimm joined other academics, known as theGöttingen Seven, who signed a protest against theKing of Hanover's abrogation of the liberal constitution which had been established some years before.[5][6] As a result, he was dismissed from his professorship and banished from the Kingdom of Hanover in 1837. He returned to Kassel with his brother, who had also signed the protest. They remained there until 1840 when they accepted KingFrederick William IV's invitation to move to theUniversity of Berlin, where they both received professorships and were elected members of the Academy of Sciences. Grimm was not under any obligation to lecture, and seldom did so; he spent his time working with his brother on their dictionary project. During their time in Kassel, he regularly attended the meetings of the academy and read papers on varied subjects, includingKarl Konrad Friedrich Wilhelm Lachmann,Friedrich Schiller, old age, and the origin of language. He described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing more general observations with linguistic details.[4] He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1857.[7]
Grimm died in Berlin at the age of 78, working until the very end of his life. He describes his own work at the end of his autobiography:
Nearly all my labours have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to the investigation of our earlier language, poetry and laws. These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a noble and earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments.[4]
During the research for his 'History of the German Language' Grimm corresponded with numerous colleagues. Ghent University Library holds several letters between Jacob Grimm andJan Frans Willems.
Grimm'sGeschichte der deutschen Sprache (History of the German Language) explores German history hidden in the words of the German language and is the oldest linguistic history of the Teutonic tribes. He collected scattered words and allusions from classical literature and tried to determine the relationship between the German language and those of theGetae, Thracians, Scythians, and other nations whose languages were known only through Greek and Latin authors. Grimm's results were later greatly modified by a wider range of available comparisons and improved methods of investigation. Many questions that he raised remain obscure due to the lack of surviving records of the languages, but his book's influence was profound.[4]
Grimm's famousDeutsche Grammatik (German Grammar) was the outcome of his purely philological work. He drew on the work of past generations, from the humanists onwards, consulting an enormous collection of materials in the form of text editions, dictionaries, and grammars, mostly uncritical and unreliable. Some work had been done in the way of comparison and determination of general laws, and the concept of a comparative Germanic grammar had been grasped by the EnglishmanGeorge Hickes by the beginning of the 18th century, in hisThesaurus.Ten Kate in the Netherlands had made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of Germanic languages. Grimm himself did not initially intend to include all the languages in hisGrammar, but he soon found thatOld High German postulatedGothic, and that the later stages of German could not be understood without the help of otherWest Germanic varieties including English, and that theliterature of Scandinavia could not be ignored. The first edition of the first part of theGrammar, which appeared in 1819, treated the inflections of all these languages, and included a general introduction in which he vindicated the importance of a historical study of the German language against the quasi-philosophical methods then in vogue.[4]
In 1822 the book appeared in a second edition (really a new work, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, he had to "mow the first crop down to the ground"). The considerable gap between the two stages of Grimm's development of these editions is shown by the fact that the second volume addresses phonology in 600 pages – more than half the volume. Grimm had concluded that all philology must be based on rigorous adherence to the laws ofsound change, and he subsequently never deviated from this principle. This gave to all his investigations a consistency and force of conviction that had been lacking in the study of philology before his day.[4]
His advances have been attributed mainly to the influence of his contemporaryRasmus Christian Rask. Rask was two years younger than Grimm, but the Icelandic paradigms in Grimm's first editions are based entirely on Rask's grammar; in his second edition, he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask is shown by comparing his treatment ofOld English in the two editions. For example, in the first edition he declinesdæg, dæges, pluraldægas, without having observed the law ofvowel-change pointed out by Rask. (The correct plural isdagas.) The appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was probably the primary impetus for Grimm to recast his work from the beginning. Rask was also the first to clearly formulate the laws of sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the vowels (previously ignored byetymologists).[4]
TheGrammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally derivation, composition andsyntax, the last of which was unfinished. Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary. TheGrammar is noted for its comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail, with all his points illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material, and it has served as a model for all succeeding investigators.Diez's grammar of theRomance languages is founded entirely on Grimm's methods, which have had a profound influence on the wider study of theIndo-European languages in general.[4]
Jacob is recognized for enunciatingGrimm's law, the Germanic Sound Shift, which was first observed by the Danish philologistRasmus Christian Rask. Grimm's law, also known as the "Rask-Grimm Rule" or the First Germanic Sound Shift, was the first law in linguistics concerning a non-trivialsound change. It was a turning point in the development of linguistics, enabling the introduction of a rigorous methodology to historic linguistic research. It concerns the correspondence of consonants between the ancestralProto-Indo-European language and itsGermanic descendants,Low Saxon andHigh German, and was first fully stated by Grimm in the second edition of the first part of hisGrammar. The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors, includingFriedrich von Schlegel, Rasmus Christian Rask andJohan Ihre, the last having established a considerable number ofliterarum permutationes, such asb forf, with the examplesbœra = ferre ("to bear"),befwer = fibra ("fiber"). Rask, in his essay on the origin of theIcelandic language, gave the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the same examples in most cases. As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentioned Rask's essay, there is every probability that it inspired his own investigations. But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations described by his predecessors and his own comprehensive generalizations. The extension of the law to High German in any case is entirely Grimm's work.[4]
The idea that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his priority claims is based on the fact that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition, but it was always his plan to refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others. In his first edition, he calls attention to Rask's essay and praises it ungrudgingly. Nevertheless, a certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, after Rask refused to consider the value of Grimm's views when they clashed with his own.[4]
Grimm's monumentaldictionary of theGerman Language, theDeutsches Wörterbuch, was started in 1838 and first published in 1854. The Brothers anticipated it would take 10 years and encompass some six to seven volumes. However, it was undertaken on so large a scale as to make it impossible for them to complete it. The dictionary, as far as it was worked on by Grimm himself, has been described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value.[4] It was finally finished by subsequent scholars in 1961 and supplemented in 1971. At 33 volumes at some 330,000 headwords, it remains a standard work of reference to the present day. A current project at theBerlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities is underway to update theDeutsches Wörterbuch to modern academic standards. Volumes A–F were planned for completion in 2012 by the Language Research Centre at theBerlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and theUniversity of Göttingen.
The first work Jacob Grimm published,Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay, Grimm showed thatMinnesang andMeistergesang were really one form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of development, and also announced his important discovery of the invariable division of theLied into three strophic parts.
Grimm's text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction with his brother. In 1812 they published the two ancient fragments of theHildebrandslied and theWeißenbrunner Gebet, Jacob having discovered what until then had never been suspected — namely thealliteration in these poems. However, Jacob had little taste for text editing, and, as he himself confessed, working on a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his brilliant critical genius, trained in the severe school of classical philology, to Old andMiddle High German poetry and metre.[4]
Both Brothers were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the form of epics, ballads or popular tales. They published In 1816–1818 a collection of legends culled from diverse sources and published the two-volumeDeutsche Sagen (German Legends). At the same time they collected all the folktales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in 1812–1815 the first edition of thoseKinder- und Hausmärchen (Children's and Household Tales), which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the western world. The closely related subject of the satiricalbeast epic of theMiddle Ages also held great charm for Jacob Grimm, and he published an edition of theReinhart Fuchs in 1834. His first contribution to mythology was the first volume of an edition of theEddaic songs, undertaken jointly with his brother, and was published in 1815. However, this work was not followed by any others on the subject.[4]
The first edition of hisDeutsche Mythologie (German Mythology) appeared in 1835. This work covered the whole range of the subject, attempting to trace the mythology and superstitions of the oldTeutons back to the very dawn of direct evidence, and following their evolution to modern-day popular traditions, tales, and expressions.[4]
Grimm's work as a jurist was influential for the development of thehistory of law, particularly in Northern Europe.
His essayVon der Poesie im Recht (Poetry in Law, 1816) developed a far-reaching, suprapositivist Romantic conception of law. TheDeutsche Rechtsalterthümer (German Legal Antiquities, 1828) was a comprehensive compilation of sources of law from all Germanic languages, whose structure allowed an initial understanding of older German legal traditions not influenced by Roman law. Grimm'sWeisthümer (4 vol., 1840–63), a compilation of partially oral legal traditions from rural Germany, allows research of the development of written law in Northern Europe.[8]
Jacob Grimm's work tied in strongly with his views on Germany and its culture. His work on both fairy tales and philology dealt with the country's origins. He wished for a united Germany, and, like his brother, supported theLiberal movement for a constitutional monarchy and civil liberties, as demonstrated by their involvement in theGöttingen Seven protest.[9][10] In theGerman revolution of 1848, he was elected to theFrankfurt National Parliament. The people of Germany had demanded a constitution, so the Parliament, formed of elected members from various German states, met to form one. Grimm was selected for the office largely because of his part in the University of Göttingen's refusal to swear to the king of Hanover. In Frankfurt, he made some speeches and was adamant that the Danish-ruled but German-speaking duchy ofHolstein be under German control. Grimm soon became disillusioned with the National Assembly and asked to be released from his duties to return to his studies.
The following is a complete list of Grimm's separately published works. Those he published with his brother are marked with a star (*). For a list of his essays in periodicals, etc., see vol. V of hisKleinere Schriften, from which the present list is taken. His life is best studied in his ownSelbstbiographie, in vol. I of theKleinere Schriften. There is also a brief memoir byKarl Goedeke inGöttinger Professoren (Gotha (Perthes), 1872).[4]
Über den altdeutschen Meistergesang (Göttingen, 1811)
^Nichols, Stephen G. (1996).Medievalism and the Modernist Temper. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 143.
^Andrews, Charles McLean (1898).The Historical Development of Modern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Present Time, Volumes 1-2. G. P. Putnam's sons. pp. 265–266.
^Dilcher, Gerhard (2001). "Grimm, Jakob". In Michael Stolleis (ed.).Juristen: ein biographisches Lexikon; von der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert (in German) (2nd ed.). München: Beck. p. 262.ISBN3-406-45957-9.
^Zipes, Jack (2002).The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted Forests to the Modern World, Second Edition. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 19–20 & 158.
.jpg)
