This article is about the metropolitan area in Rajasthan, India. For its namesake district, seeJaipur district. For other uses, seeJaipur (disambiguation).
Jaipur derives its name from Sawai Jai Singh II, the Kachhwaha ruler of Amer, who founded the city in 1727.[11] InSanskrit, variations of the word "pur" or "pura" are commonly used to refer to a city or town. So "Jaipur" essentially means "The City of Jai" or "Jai's City".[16]
Jaipur was founded by the Rajput chief of Kachhwaha clan, Jai Singh II, on 18 November 1727, who ruled the region from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amber, 11 kilometres (7 mi) to Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water.[17] Jai Singh consulted with several architects while planning the layout of Jaipur and established the city based on the principles ofVastu Shastra andShilpa Shastra, under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya.[18] The construction of the city began in 1726. During the rule ofSawai Ram Singh II, the city was painted pink to welcomeAlbert Edward, Prince of Wales in 1876.[19] Many of the avenues remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithetPink City.[20]
In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and had a population of 160,000 by 1900. The wide boulevards were paved, and its chief industries includedmetalwork andmarble, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868.[21] In August 1981, large areas of the city including theairport, were flooded due to heavy rains from a cloudburst, resulting in the deaths of eight people and much damage to the city'sDravyavati River.[22][23] On 6 July 2019, the city was named to theWorld Heritage Cities list.[24]
Jaipur is located in the northeastern part of Rajasthan and covers a total area of 467 square kilometres (180 sq mi). The city is surrounded by fertile alluvial plains to the east and south, and hill chains and desert areas to the north and west.[25][26] Jaipur generally slopes downwards from north to south and then to the southeast.[27] The city is surrounded by the Nahargarh hills in the north and Jhalana in the east, which is a part of theAravalli range.[27]
TheDravyavati River is the primary drainage channel, which by 2014 had degenerated into an untreated sewagenallah. To address this issue, a plan for the rejuvenation of the river was developed byJaipur Development Authority (JDA) in 2015.[28] A 13 km (8.1 mi) stretch of Dravyavati riverfront out of 47.5 km (29.5 mi) was opened after rejuvenation in 2018 and the remaining project was completed in 2022.[29]
Jaipur has a monsoon-influencedhot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classificationBSh) with long, extremely hot summers and short mild to warm winters. Annual precipitation is over 625 millimetres or 25 inches, falling mostly in July and August due to the southwest monsoon, causing the average temperatures in these two months to be lower compared to drier May and June. During the monsoon, there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The highest temperature ever recorded was 49.0 °C (120.2 °F), on 23 May 1994. The city's average temperature remains below 20 °C or 68 °F between December and February. These months are mild, dry, and pleasant, sometimes chilly. The lowest temperature ever recorded was −2.2 °C (28.0 °F) on 31 January 1905, 1 February 1905, and 16 January 1964. Jaipur, like many other major cities of the world, is a significanturban heat island zone with surrounding rural temperatures occasionally falling below freezing in winters.[30]
As of the official report, Jaipur Municipal Corporation had 5,99,507 households and a population of 3,046,163. 3,87,354 (12.72%) were under the age of 7. Jaipur had a sex ratio of 900 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 83.33% for those 7 years and above. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 392,285 (12.88%) and 115,258 (3.78%) of the population, respectively.[6]
The official language of Jaipur isHindi and the additional official language is English.[7] The native and main dialect of the city isDhundari[8] withMarwari and Standard Hindi dialects are also spoken, along with English.[45]
According to the 2011 census, 69.69% of the population recorded their language as Hindi, 9.85%Rajasthani, 5.86%Urdu, 4.36% Marwari, 3.93% Dhundari, and 2.54%Sindhi as their first language.[44]
According to the 2011 census,Hindus form the majority religious group, accounting for 77.9% of the city's population, followed byMuslims (18.6%),Jains (2.4%) and others (1.1%).[46]
Jaipur Development Authority is the main planning authority of the city.[47]Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) was established in the year 1994.[48] The area of the municipal corporation is 467 km2 (180 sq mi) and is headed by amayor.[49] In 2020, JMC was bifurcated into two Municipal Corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation with 150 and 100 wards respectively.[50][51] The latestelections were held in October 2020.[52][53] The current mayor of Greater JMC is Somya Gurjar and the mayor for Heritage JMC is Munesh Gurjar since 10 November 2020.[54] The administration duties are carried out by themunicipal commissioner and his group of officials. The estimated municipal budget for the year 2022–23 is₹8,950 lakh (US$11 million).[10] The key revenue sources for the corporation are taxes which includeHouse tax, Urban Development tax and octroi compensation along with various fees and user charges.[10] Law and order is maintained by the Jaipur city police under the jurisdiction of the Rajasthan state department.[55] There is a district and sessions court at Jaipur to handle civil and criminal cases.[56]
Jaipur Development Authority is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur.[62] The municipal corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties.[63] Electricity is distributed through Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam Limited (JVVNL) owned by theGovernment of Rajasthan.[64]Jaipur municipal corporaiton has a fire department wing with 11 fire stations and 50 fire tenders.[65]
Established in 2018, Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (JWSSB) is responsible for the management of water supply and sewerage services in the city.[66] The agency is responsible for water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board and thePublic Health Engineering Department (PHED).[66] It will also be responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes in addition to commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection.[66] The city has been divided into four main drainage zones, with the northern and central zones draining into the Dravyavati river, while the western zone drains into the Chandler lake, and the eastern and southern areas combined drain into the Dhundh River.[67] Sewerage systems and STPs have been constructed accordingly, with the installed capacity being 730 km of sewer lines and 442 MLD of sewage treatment.[68] The corporation has a solid waste management system that includes door-to-door collection, transportation of garbage in covered vehicles, proper deployment of dustbins, use of modern equipment.[69] The system ensures private investment as well as public participation with a small amount of monthly user charges. The size of the JMC garbage can be kept at a manageable level.[69] Sanitation work in three zones has been contracted out to private agencies.[69]
As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Rajasthan), the GDP (nominal) of Jaipur district is estimated atINR 1,22,140 crores ($15.8 billion) in 2020–21, with a per-capita GDP of INR 141,305.[70] In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative center, the economy of Jaipur is fuelled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology.[71]
Jaipur has emerged as a hub of automotive industries withJCB,Hero MotoCorp andRobert Bosch GmbH having their manufacturing plants in Jaipur.[74][75][76] There are chemical manufacturers in the city includingEmami andNational Engineering Industries.[77] The city is among top emerging IT hubs of India.Mahindra World City is an integrated business zone in Jaipur with several software and IT companies.[78][79] The Government of Rajasthan have built Asia's largest incubator in Jaipur – the Bhamashah Techno Hub.[80]
Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather, and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers ofhand-knotted rugs.[81][82]Jaipur foot, a rubber-basedprosthetic leg for people with below-kneeamputations, was designed and is produced in Jaipur.[83][84]World Trade Park Jaipur, is a shopping mall in Jaipur opened in 2012.
Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of theGolden Triangle.[85] In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the seventh best place to visit in Asia.[86] According to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards, Jaipur was ranked first among the Indian destinations for the year.[87] The Presidential Suite at theRaj Palace Hotel, billed atUS$45,000 per night, was listed in second place on CNN'sWorld's 15 most expensive hotel suites in 2012.[88] Jaipur was ranked eighth in "The Top 15 Cities in Asia".[89]
Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana forKathak is one of the three gharanas of the major north Indian classical dance form of Kathak.[101] The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is known for its rapid intricate dance forms, vivacious body movements and subtle Abhinaya.[101] TheGhoomar is a popular folk dance style.[102][103][104] Tamasha is an art form whereKathputli puppet dance is shown in play form.[45] Major festivals celebrated in Jaipur includeElephant Festival,Gangaur,Makar Sankranti,Holi,Diwali,Vijayadashami,Teej,Eid,Mahavir Jayanti andChristmas. Jaipur is also famous for theJaipur Literature Festival, the world's largest free literature festival in which authors, writers, and literature lovers from all over the country participate.[105]
The city was planned according to the Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727.[106] Three gates are facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is calledSuraj pol (sun gate), the western gate is calledChand pol (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital ofAmer.[18][107] The architecture of the city was heavily influenced by the 17th century architectural renaissance during Mughal rule in Northern India. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.[108] The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111 ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five-quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses theHawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake.Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city.[95]
Typical dishes includeDal Baati Churma, MissiRoti, Gatte ki Sabzi, Lahsun ki chutney, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat, Bajre ki Roti and Laal Maans.[109] Jaipur is also known for its sweets which includeGhevar, Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, Meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal.[110][111] Additionally, Jaipur houses world-famous brands likeHaldiram's, a popular snack chain.[112]
Jaipur International Airport is located in the southern suburb ofSanganer, which is located 13 km (8.1 mi) from Jaipur.It is the 13thbusiest airport in India in daily scheduled flight operations. The airport handled 363,899 international and 2,540,451 domestic passengers in 2015–2016.[113] Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. During winter, sometimes flights towardsIndira Gandhi International Airport are diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog inDelhi.[114] The airport was granted the status of international airport on 29 December 2005. The airport'sapron can accommodate 14 aircraft, and the new integrated terminal building can handle up to 1,000 passengers at peak hours.[115]
Jaipur Junction railway station was built in 1875 and is situated at the centre of Rajasthan. Serving almost 35,000 passengers daily, Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan. The cornerstone of the existing Jaipur railway station building was laid on 4 May 1956 by Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur, and construction took three years to complete. The station harnesses solar energy technology to power its operations. Jaipur is the headquarters ofJaipur Railway division andNorth Western Railway Zone of Indian Railways.[116] Jaipur Junction is the busiest station in Rajasthan with more than 45,000 passengers daily.[117] DuringMeter Gauge era, The fastest MG Train of India & the world, Pink City Express used to connect Jaipur with Delhi. Covering the 308.2 kilometres (191.5 mi) distance in 5 hrs 30 mins time, running at a record 56 kilometres per hour (35 mph) speed until 1997. In 1997 Pink City Express got replaced by now running 12015/12016AjmerShatabdi Express
Jaipur Metro commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015.[118] Construction on the mostly elevated part of the first line, called Phase 1A, comprising 9.63 kilometres (5.98 mi) of route fromMansarovar to Chandpole Bazaar, started in November 2010, and was completed in 2014. The Jaipur Metro began commercial service betweenChandpole andMansarovar on 3 June 2015. The Jaipur Metro Rail system isIndia's sixth metro rail system. The Jaipur Metro is the first metro in India to run on a triple-storey elevated road and metro track. Phase 1-B, from Chandpole toBadi Chaupar, began operation on 23 September 2020. Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of nine stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shyam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole.[119] The Phase-1B was constructed with an estimated cost of₹97.32 billion ($1.74 billion).[120] It became operational on 23 September 2020.[121][122]
Jaipur is located onNational Highway No.48 connectingDelhi andMumbai.National Highway 52 links Jaipur withKota andNational Highway 21 links Jaipur withAgra.RSRTC operates bus service to major cities inRajasthan and other states ofNew Delhi,Uttar Pradesh,Haryana,Madhya Pradesh,Maharashtra,Punjab andGujarat. City buses are operated byJaipur City Transport Services Limited (JCTSL)[123] ofRSRTC.[124] The service operates more than 400 regular and low-floor buses. Major bus depots are located atVaishali Nagar, Vidyadhar Nagar, andSanganer.Jaipur BRTS was approved by the government in August 2006. Jaipur BRTS is managed by JCSTL, a special-purpose vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed: a "North-South Corridor" from Sikar Road to Tonk Road and an "East-West Corridor" from Ajmer Road to Delhi Road. A section of the North-South Corridor from the bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010.[125][126]Jaipur Ring Road is a project ofJaipur Development Authority to reduce increasing traffic of Jaipur city[127] which connects NH-21 (Agra Road), NH-48 (Ajmer Road), NH-52 (Tonk Road), and NH-52 (Malpura Road) having a length of 150 km.[128] The 57 km out of 150 km long six-laneJaipur Ring Road has been completed at Rs. 1217 crore. Bhawani Singh Road, which begins from Nehru Sahkar Bhawan and ends at the intersection whereBirla Mandir is situated and hosts notable places likeRambagh Palace, the Golf Club, andJaipur Development Authority Office falling on its path.[129]
Major telecommunication providers includeAirtel,Jio,VI (Vodafone-Idea), andBSNL which are providing mobile telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. The government of Rajasthan has started free WiFi at various public places like Central Park,Jantar Mantar, among others. Rajasthan's first ISP, Data Ingenious Global Limited still providing a large number of broadband customers and email services in the entire Jaipur.[133]
Paul McCartney wrote and recorded the Jaipur tribute song "Riding into Jaipur" (4:08) whose minimalist lyrics say: « riding to Jaipur, riding through the night, riding with my baby, oh what a delight, oh what a delight, it is. » The song was released on his 2001 studio albumDriving Rain.
^Goyal, Deepak (8 January 2024)."कौन हैं IAS अभिषेक सुराणा, नगर निगम हैरिटेज आयुक्त का पदभार संभालते ही अफसरों पर गिराई गाज".Zee News (in Hindi).Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved16 May 2024.2018 बैच के आईएएस अभिषेक सुराणा ने आज नगर निगम हैरिटेज और स्मार्ट सिटी सीईओ का पदभार संभालते ही एक्शन मोड में नजर आए [2018 batch IAS Abhishek Surana was seen in action mode today as soon as he took charge of Municipal Corporation Heritage and Smart City CEO]
^Centre, UNESCO World Heritage."Jaipur City, Rajasthan".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.Archived from the original on 27 January 2024. Retrieved7 February 2024.
^Bhatt, Rajendra Shankar (2005).Sawai Jai Singh. National Book Trust, India. pp. 101, 123, 155.ISBN978-81-237-4418-6.Archived from the original on 28 September 2024. Retrieved23 October 2023.
^Sen, Sailendra Nath (2007).Textbook of Indian History and Culture. New Delhi: Macmillan. p. 167.ISBN978-1-4039-3200-6.
^"Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024"(PDF).Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024. 7 September 2024.Archived(PDF) from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved20 September 2024.
^Clark, Nick (February 2006)."Education in India".World Education News + Reviews. World Education Services.Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved4 February 2018.
Bhatt, Kavi Shiromani; Shastry, Mathuranath (1948).Jaipur Vaibhawam (History of Jaipur written in Sanskrit). Re-published in 2002 by Kalanath Shastry, Manjunath Smriti Sansthan, Jaipur.
Khangarot, R.S., Nathawat, P.S. (1990)Jaigarh- The Invincible Fort of Amer. RBSA Publishers, Jaipur.
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