Jacques Marquette | |
|---|---|
 1869 portrait of Marquette | |
| Born | (1637-06-01)June 1, 1637 |
| Died | May 18, 1675(1675-05-18) (aged 37) |
| Other names | Pere Marquette |
| Signature | |
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Jacques MarquetteSJ (French pronunciation:[ʒakmaʁkɛt]; June 1, 1637 – May 18, 1675),[1] sometimes known asPère Marquette orJames Marquette,[2] was a FrenchJesuitmissionary who foundedMichigan's first European settlement,Sault Sainte Marie, and later foundedSaint Ignace. In 1673, Marquette, withLouis Jolliet, an explorer born nearQuebec City, was the first European to explore and map the northern portion of theMississippi River Valley.
Jacques Marquette was born inLaon,Kingdom of France, on June 1, 1637. He was the third of six children for Rose de la Salle and Nicolas Marquette. The de la Salles were a wealthy merchant family. The Marquette family had been well-respected for many years, as numerous members had served in the military and taken civil posts.[3]
Jacques Marquette was sent to study at the Jesuit College in Reims at age 9. He remained there until he joined theSociety of Jesus at age 17.[4] Marquette taught for a year atAuxerre, then studied philosophy atPonta Mousson until 1659. He taught at Ponta Mousson,Reims, Charleville, andLangres until 1665.[5]
Throughout this time, Marquette sent multiple requests to be sent on missionary work. The superior of the Jesuit mission inNew France, FatherJérôme Lalemant, needed missionaries to work with theFive Nations. Marquette was ordained on the Feast of Saint Thomas of Aquinas inToul on March 7, 1666. Months later, on September 20, he arrived in Quebec.[6]
Marquette was first sent to the mission of Saint Michel atSillery. Because this mission served peaceful and friendly indigenous people from different tribes, it was considered an ideal place for training new missionaries. Marquette studied the languages and customs of theAlgonquin,Abenaki, andIroquois people that he often tended to at Sillery.[7][8]
From there, he was assigned toTrois-Rivières on theSaint Lawrence River, where he assistedGabriel Druillettes.[9] This mission was located in a river town that had permanent shops and taverns. A large number of French soldiers were stationed in the town, as there were frequent attacks from the Five Nations.[10] During his two years at this mission, Marquette devoted himself to the study of the local languages and became fluent in six different dialects.[9][11]
In 1668, Marquette was moved by his superiors to missions farther up the Saint Lawrence River, then into the westernGreat Lakes region. That year, he helped Druillettes, Brother Louis Broeme, and FatherClaude-Jean Allouez found the mission atSault Ste. Marie in present-day Michigan.[12][13][14] The missionaries planted crops, then built a chapel and barns. They established friendly relationships with theOttawa andChippewa that were inhabiting that area, and were allowed to baptize most of the infants and people who were dying.[15] Marquette noted that the Chippewa were great businessmen and exceptionally skilled at catching whitefish from the rapids in theSt. Marys River.[13]
People from many tribes would travel to purchase the whitefish. Marquette and the other missionaries would explain their faith to the visitingSioux,Cree,Miami,Potawatomi,Illinois, andMenominee. They hoped that these visitors would be interested in getting their own Jesuit missionary, or "Black Robe," as they were called by the indigenous people.[16][17] In 1669, Marquette was assigned to replace Allouez at theLa Pointe du Saint Esprit mission. FatherClaude Dablon arrived to continue and expand the missionary work at Sault Ste. Marie.[18]
Marquette began the 500-mile (800 km) journey to his new assignment in August, travelling bycanoe along the south shore ofLake Superior. The party soon encountered wintry conditions on the lake and were often unable to light a fire when they went ashore at night. The party reached their destination on September 13, and were greeted by the Petun Huron.[19][20] Excited to have a Black Robe again, they quickly assembled a banquet.
In addition to the Petun Huron, Marquette was tasked with missionary work for three bands of Ottawa: the Keinouche, Sinagaux, and Kiskakon. Marquette visited and attended to all four settlements. Since he felt the Kiskakon were the most ready to accept Christianity, he spent more time working with them and even lived with the families in their village.[21]
During his time at La Pointe, Marquette encountered members of theIllinois tribes, who told him about the important trading route of the Mississippi River. They invited him to come to their village and teach their people, whose settlements were mostly farther south.[4] Marquette was eager to explore this river and asked for permission to take a leave from missionary work, but he first had to attend to an urgent matter.
TheHurons and Ottawa at La Pointe had begun fighting with the neighboringLakota people. Because he feared an attack by the Lakota, Marquette felt it was necessary to find a new place for the mission.[4][22] Dablon agreed that a new mission was necessary and offered to find a location. Some of the men wanted to stay and fight. Marquette attempted to discourage the imminent war, but most of the men maintained their position. He promised those who wanted to avoid the war that he would take them to a new mission and told them to prepare to move east.[23]
In the spring of 1671, Marquette and his party began their journey to the newSt. Ignace Mission. The canoes were loaded with men, women, children, animals, and personal belongings. They travelled through Lake Superior and down to theStraits of Mackinac The mission that Dablon had established for them was located onMackinac Island. The group would be welcomed by a small group of Ottawa who already inhabited the island.[24] Shortly after the new residents arrived on the island, they became worried about the possibility of winter starvation. They had noticed that game was scarce and no corn had grown. A group of elders approached Marquette with these concerns, and Marquette agreed. In the fall, the mission was moved to the mainland atSt. Ignace, Michigan.[25]
Marquette's request to take a leave from missionary work to explore the great river was granted in 1673. Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet, a French-Canadian explorer. They departed from Saint Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and fivevoyageurs ofFrench-Indian ancestry.[4] Four of these are known to be: Jacques Largillier, Jean Plattier, Pierre Moreau, and Jean Tiberge.[27] They travelled throughLake Huron andLake Michigan and intoGreen Bay.[28][29]
This is where the party made their first encounter with indigenous people. They met theMenominee, who were known as the "wild rice" people.[28] Marquette told them of his mission to spread religion to the people along the river. The Menominee tried to discourage Marquette and the others, warning them about the perils of the river and the people inhabiting the land along it.[28][30]The group of explorers next went up theFox River, nearly to its headwaters.[29] They came upon a village inhabited byMiami,Mascouten, andKickapoo. They allowed Marquette to teach them about Christianity, and listened attentively. He was especially impressed by the Miami. Marquette noted that they were pleasant in appearance and temperament, despite their reputation as warriors. When Marquette's party left the village, they were accompanied by two Miami that would assist them in finding their way to theWisconsin River.[31] From the Fox River, the Miami directed, and likely assisted, the men in portaging their canoes for almost two miles through marsh and oak plains to the Wisconsin River,[29][32][33] Many years later, the town ofPortage,Wisconsin was built and named for the ancient path between the two rivers. They ventured forth from the portage and entered the Mississippi near present-dayPrairie du Chien, Wisconsin on June 17.[29]
Eight days later, the travelers found footprints near the Des Moines River and went to investigate. They were enthusiastically greeted by thePeoria people who lived nearby in three small villages. Marquette and the others were welcomed by the elders, who offered accommodations and had a banquet prepared.[34][35] The men were offered many gifts by the Peoria. Since Marquette and the men were traveling, they had to decline the most of what was offered. Marquette did accept acalumet that was gifted to him by the chief. The chief explained that it was a symbol of peace and advised Marquette to display it as an indication of his amicable intentions. As the men left the village, the Peoria chief cautioned them against going too much farther south.[36]
As the party continued south, Marquette hoped to find the Chanouananons. They were known to be friendly to French, and Marquette felt they may be interested in Christianity. They did not find the Chanouananons, but Marquette did notice iron in the Wabash area.[37] Once the summer heat and mosquitoes began to cause great discomfort, the men stopped going ashore at night. They slept in the canoes, using the sails as protection from mosquitoes.[38] This attracted the attention of some Native Americans, who pointed guns at the travelers. Marquette held the calumet over his head. He attempted to communicate by speaking Huron, but was unsuccessful. He felt they may have misunderstood the intentions of the men with guns, and that they may have been inviting them to their village. Marquette was correct. He and the other men followed them to their village, where they were fed beef and white plums.[38][39]
At the mouth of theSaint Francis River, the men spotted a village. They heard war cries and saw men jumping into the river, trying to get to them. Marquette held thecalumet over his head. The elders standing on shore saw this, and called off the attack.[40] The men were invited to the village of theMichigamea. One of the Michigamea was able to speak to Marquette in the Miami Illinois language, but most of the communication was done through gestures.[41] The men were fed fish and corn stew, then given a place to sleep for the night.[42]
In the morning, Michigamea warriors in dugout canoes escorted them to theAkansea.[41] They were greeted by a group of men in canoes who held up their own calumet. Marquette and the others were invited to the village. Many residents came out to see the Frenchmen.[42] A chief led them to a room where elders and other chiefs had gathered. Marquette used an interpreter to ask about what was south of them. He was told that it was extremely dangerous. The people were hostile, well-armed, and would attack anyone who could interfere with their trading arrangements.[43]
The Jolliet-Marquette expedition had traveled to within 435 miles (700 km) of theGulf of Mexico.[29] Marquette and the other men began to consider whether the danger was worth the risk.[44] By this point, they had encountered several natives carrying European trinkets, and they feared an encounter with explorers or colonists fromSpain.[29] The explorers had mapped the areas where they had been, including their flora, wildlife, and resources. After staying with the Akansea for two nights, the party decided to end the exploration.[44]
On July 17, they turned back at the mouth of theArkansas River. They followed the Mississippi back to the mouth of theIllinois River, which they had learned from local natives provided a shorter route back to the Great Lakes. They reached Lake Michigan near the site of modern-dayChicago, by way of theChicago Portage.[45][46] The party encountered a village ofKaskaskia, who invited Marquette to return and establish a mission. When the explorers left the village, some of the Kaskaskia got in their own canoes and traveled with them to Saint Francis Xavier mission inGreen Bay, Wisconsin.[46][45] Jolliet returned to Quebec to relate the news of their discoveries.[45]
Marquette and his party returned to the Illinois territory in late 1674, becoming the first Europeans to winter in what would become the city of Chicago. As welcomed guests of theIllinois Confederation, the explorers were feasteden route and fed ceremonial foods such assagamite.[47] As Marquette had promised, he established The Immaculate Conception mission for the Kaskaskia.[48][49]
In the spring of 1675, Marquette traveled westward and celebrated a publicMass at theGrand Village of the Illinois nearStarved Rock. A bout ofdysentery he had contracted during the Mississippi expedition sapped his health. On the return trip to Saint Ignace, he died at 37 years of age near the modern-day town ofLudington, Michigan.[50][51] His companions, Pierre Porteret and Jacques Largillier, buried his body at a spot that Marquette had chosen. They marked his burial site with a large cross. Porteret and Lagrillier continued on to St. Ignace, so they could inform those at the mission.[52]
Two years later, Kiskakon Ottawa from the Saint Ignace mission found Marquette's gravesite. They cleaned his bones in preparation for their journey. Ottawa and Huron, in about thirty canoes, accompanied them back to the mission. Marquette's remains were presented to Fathers Nouvel and Piercon. They led funeral services before burying his bones in the chapel atMission Saint-Ignace on June 9, 1677.[53][51][50]
In 2018, residents of St. Ignace, some of them descendants of those led by Marquette to the mission, became aware that an ounce of Marquette's bones was located atMarquette University.[54] Talks between the residents and the university began. The Museum of Ojibwe Culture sent a formal request for the return of the bones. This request was accepted by Marquette University. Two Native American men, one anAnishinaabe elder, arrived at the university in March 2022. They were presented with Marquette's bones, which they placed in a birch box for the return to St. Ignace.[55] Following a ceremony, the bones retrieved from the university were reburied with the rest of Marquette's bones on June 18, 2022.[56]
A Michigan Historical Marker in Ludington, MI reads:
Father Jacques Marquette, the great Jesuit missionary and explorer, died and was buried by two French companions somewhere along the Lake Michigan shore on May 18, 1675. He had been returning to his mission at St. Ignace, which he had left in 1673, to go exploring in the Mississippi country. The exact location of his death has long been a subject of controversy. A spot close to the southeast slope of this hill, near the ancient outlet of thePere Marquette River, corresponds with the death site as located by early French accounts and maps and a constant tradition of the past. Marquette's remains were reburied at St. Ignace in 1677.[57]
Adjacent to gravesite of Marquette on State Street in downtown Saint Ignace, a building was constructed that now houses the Museum ofOjibwa Culture.
However, a Michigan Historical Marker in Frankfort, MI reads:
Marquette's Death: On May 18, 1675, Father Jacques Marquette, the great Jesuit missionary and explorer, died and was buried by two French companions somewhere along theLake Michigan shore of the Lower Peninsula. Marquette had been returning to his mission at St. Ignace, which he had left in 1673 to go on an exploring trip to the Mississippi and the Illinois country. The exact location of Marquette's death has long been a subject of controversy. Evidence presented in the 1960s indicates that this site, near the natural outlet of the Betsie River, at the northeast corner of a hill which was here until 1900, is the Marquette death site and that the Betsie is the Rivière du Père Marquette of early French accounts and maps. Marquette's bones were reburied at St. Ignace in 1677.[58]
In the early 20th century Marquette was widely celebrated as a Catholic founding father of the region.[59]
Marquette is memorialized by various statues, monuments, and historical markers:
Marquette has been honored twice onpostage stamps issued by the United States:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Jacques Marquette, S.J.".Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Media related toJacques Marquette at Wikimedia Commons
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