Jacob Javits | |
|---|---|
 | |
| United States Senator fromNew York | |
| In office January 9, 1957 – January 3, 1981 | |
| Preceded by | Herbert Lehman |
| Succeeded by | Al D'Amato |
| 58thAttorney General of New York | |
| In office January 1, 1955 – January 9, 1957 | |
| Governor | W. Averell Harriman |
| Preceded by | Nathaniel L. Goldstein |
| Succeeded by | Louis Lefkowitz |
| Member of theU.S. House of Representatives fromNew York's21st district | |
| In office January 3, 1947 – December 31, 1954 | |
| Preceded by | James H. Torrens |
| Succeeded by | Herbert Zelenko |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Jacob Koppel Javits (1904-05-18)May 18, 1904 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | March 7, 1986(1986-03-07) (aged 81) West Palm Beach, Florida, U.S. |
| Resting place | Linden Hills Jewish Cemetery, New York City, U.S. |
| Political party | Republican |
| Other political affiliations | Liberal |
| Spouses | |
| Relations | Jacob Emden (ancestor) Eric M. Javits (nephew) |
| Children | 3 |
| Alma mater | Columbia University (BA) New York University (LLB) |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Army |
| Years of service | 1942–1946 |
| Rank | .svg) Lieutenant colonel |
| Unit | Chemical Warfare Service |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Legion of Merit |
Javits expressing his hopes for reform in the Republican party Recorded November 6, 1974 | |
Jacob Koppel Javits (/ˈdʒævɪts/JAV-its; May 18, 1904 – March 7, 1986)[1] was an American lawyer and politician fromNew York. During his time in politics, he served in both chambers of theUnited States Congress, a member of theUnited States House of Representatives from 1947 to 1954 and a member of theUnited States Senate from 1957 to 1981. A member of theRepublican Party, he also served asAttorney General of New York from 1955 to 1957.[2] Generally considered aliberal Republican, he was often at odds with his own party. A supporter of labor unions, theGreat Society, and thecivil rights movement, he played a key role in the passing of civil rights legislation. An opponent of theVietnam War, he drafted theWar Powers Resolution in 1973.
Born to Jewish parents, Javits was raised in atenement on theLower East Side ofManhattan. He graduated from theNew York University School of Law and established a law practice in New York City.[3] DuringWorld War II, he served in theUnited States Army's Chemical Warfare Department. Outraged by the corruption ofTammany Hall, Javits joined theRepublican Party and supportedNew York MayorFiorello H. La Guardia. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in1946 and served in that body until 1954. In the House, Javits supported PresidentHarry S. Truman'sCold War foreign policy and voted to fund theMarshall Plan. He defeatedFranklin D. Roosevelt Jr. in the1954 election forAttorney General of New York,[4] and defeated DemocratRobert F. Wagner Jr. in the1956 U.S. Senate election.
In the Senate, Javits supported much of PresidentLyndon B. Johnson'sGreat Society programs and civil rights legislation, including theCivil Rights Act of 1964 and theVoting Rights Act of 1965. He voted for theGulf of Tonkin Resolution but came to question Johnson's handling of the War in Vietnam. To rein in presidential war powers, Javits sponsored theWar Powers Resolution. Javits also sponsored theEmployee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, which regulateddefined-benefit private pensions.[5] In1980, Javits lost the Republican Senate primary toAl D'Amato, who campaigned to Javits's right. Nonetheless, he ran in the general election as theLiberal Party nominee. He and Democratic nomineeElizabeth Holtzman were defeated by D'Amato. Javits died ofamyotrophic lateral sclerosis inWest Palm Beach, Florida, in 1986.
Javits was born toJewish parents, Ida (née Littman) and Morris Javits. Javits grew up in a teeming Lower East Side tenement,[3] and when not in school, he helped his mother sell dry goods from a pushcart in the street and learned parliamentary procedure atUniversity Settlement Society of New York.[6][4] Javits graduated in 1920 fromGeorge Washington High School, where he was president of his class. He worked part-time at various jobs while he attended night school atColumbia University,[2] then in 1923 he enrolled in theNew York University Law School from which he earned his LLB in 1926. He was admitted to the bar in June 1927 and joined his brother Benjamin Javits, who was nearly ten years older, as partner to form the Javits and Javits law firm. The Javits brothers specialized in bankruptcy and minority stockholder suits and became quite successful. In 1933, Javits married Marjorie Joan Ringling, daughter related to Alfred Thedore "Alf" Ringling, one of theRingling brothers of theRingling Brothers Circus fame. They had no children and divorced in 1936. In 1947, he marriedMarian Javits with whom he had three children. Deemed too old for regular military service whenWorld War II began, Javits was commissioned in early 1942 as an officer in theUnited States Army'sChemical Warfare Service.[7] Assigned as assistant to the chief of the Chemical Warfare Service, he served in the European and Pacific theaters, and in the United States.[7] Javits attained the rank oflieutenant colonel before he was discharged in 1946, and he was a recipient of theLegion of Merit andArmy Commendation Ribbon.[7]
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In his youth Javits had watched his father work as award heeler forTammany Hall, and he had experienced firsthand the corruption and graft associated with that notorious political machine. Tammany's operations repulsed Javits so much that he forever rejected the city's Democratic Party and in the early 1930s joined the Republican-Fusion Party and theNew York Young Republican Club,[8] which was supporting the mayoral campaigns ofFiorello H. La Guardia. After the war, he became the chief researcher forJonah Goldstein's unsuccessful 1945 bid for mayor on the Republican-Liberal-Fusion ticket. Javits's hard work in the Goldstein campaign showed his potential in the political arena and encouraged the smallManhattan Republican Party to nominate him as their candidate for theUpper West Side's Twenty-first Congressional District (since redistricted) seat during the heavily-Republican year of 1946.[citation needed] Although the Republicans had not held the seat since 1923, Javits campaigned energetically and won. He was a member of the freshman class, along withJohn F. Kennedy ofMassachusetts andRichard Nixon ofCalifornia.[citation needed] He served from 1947 to 1954, when he resigned his seat to take office asAttorney General of New York.
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During his first two terms in the House, Javits often sided with theTruman administration. For example, in 1947 he supportedHarry S. Truman's veto of theTaft-Hartley Act, which he declared to be antiunion. A strong opponent of discrimination, Javits also endorsed legislation against thepoll tax in 1947 and 1949, and in 1954, he unsuccessfully sought to have enacted a bill banningracial segregation in federally-funded housing projects.[citation needed] Unhappy with thewitch-hunt atmosphere in Washington during theCold War, he publicly opposed continuing appropriations for theHouse Un-American Activities Committee in 1948. Always a staunch supporter ofIsrael, Javits served on theUnited States House Committee on Foreign Affairs during all four of his terms and supported congressional funding for theMarshall Plan and all components of theTruman Doctrine.[citation needed]
In1954, Javits ran forAttorney General of New York against a well-known and well-funded opponent,Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. Javits's vote-getting abilities carried the day, and he was the only Republican to win a statewide office that year. As attorney general, Javits continued to promote his liberal agenda by supporting such measures as anti-bias employment legislation and ahealth insurance program for state employees.[9]
In1956, Javits ran for U.S. Senator fromNew York to succeed the retiring incumbentDemocratHerbert H. Lehman. His Democratic opponent was the popular Mayor of New York,Robert F. Wagner Jr.[4] In the early stages of that campaign Javits vigorously and successfully denied charges that he had once sought support from members of the American Communist Party during his 1946 race for Congress.[10] He went on to defeat Wagner by nearly half a million votes. Although his term began on January 3, 1957, he delayed taking his seat in the U.S. Senate until January 9, the day theNew York State Legislature convened, to deny Democratic GovernorW. Averell Harriman the opportunity to appoint a Democratic Attorney General. Thus, on January 9, the Republican majority of the State Legislature electedLouis J. Lefkowitz to fill the office for the remainder of Javits's term.[11]
Upon taking office, Javits resumed his role as the most outspoken Republican liberal in Congress.[12] For the next 24 years, the Senate was Javits's home. His wife had no interest in living in Washington, D.C., which she considered a boring backwater and so for over two decades Javits commuted between New York and Washington nearly every week to visit his "other" family and conduct local political business. In foreign affairs, he backed theEisenhower Doctrine for theMiddle East and pressed for more foreign military and economic assistance.[9] Javits was re-elected in1962,1968, and1974.
Javits voted in favor of theCivil Rights Acts of 1957,[13]1960,[14]1964,[15] and1968,[16] as well as theTwenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution,[17] theVoting Rights Act of 1965,[18] and the confirmation ofThurgood Marshall to theU.S. Supreme Court.[19] He endorsedLyndon B. Johnson'sGreat Society programs. To promote his views on social legislation, he served on the Senate Labor and Human Resources Committee for twenty years, most of that time as the second-ranking minority member. Javits initially backed Johnson during the early years of America's involvement in theVietnam War[4] and supported, for example, theGulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964 but later turned against it. Also in 1964, Javits joinedDavid Rockefeller to launch the non-profitInternational Executive Service Corps, which was established to help bring about prosperity and stability in developing nations through the growth of private enterprise.
During the1964 Republican Party presidential primaries, Javits, alongside fellow New York RepublicansKenneth Keating,John Lindsay andSeymour Halpern, refused to endorseBarry Goldwater, the conservative senator from Arizona.[20][21]
A supporter ofuniversal health care, Javits in 1970 drafted a bill called "Medicare for All" that would have expanded theMedicare program to every American citizen by the end of 1973, while also giving the citizen a choice to opt-out, and alongsideClifford P. Case,John Sherman Cooper andWilliam B. Saxbe, was one of four Republican co-sponsors of theTed Kennedy-Martha Griffiths universal health care bill in January 1971.[22][23]
In 1966, along with two other Republican senators and five Republican representatives, Javits signed a telegram sent to Georgia GovernorCarl Sanders regarding the Georgia legislature's refusal to seat the recently electedJulian Bond in their state House of Representatives. The refusal, said the telegram, was "a dangerous attack on representative government. None of us agree with Mr. Bond's views on the Vietnam War; in fact we strongly repudiate these views. But unless otherwise determined by a court of law, which the Georgia Legislature is not, he is entitled to express them."[24][25]
By late 1967, Javits was becoming disenchanted with theVietnam War[26] and joined 22 other senators[9][27] in calling for a peaceful solution to the conflict.
In 1965, Javits appointed Lawrence Wallace Bradford Jr. as the Senate's first African-American page.[28] In 1971, Javits appointed Paulette Desell as the Senate's first female page.[29]
By 1970, his rising opposition to the war led him to support theCooper–Church Amendment, which barred funds for US troops inCambodia, and he also voted to repeal theGulf of Tonkin Resolution. Increasingly concerned about the erosion of congressional authority in foreign affairs, Javits sponsored theWar Powers Resolution in 1973,[30] which limited to 60 days a president's ability to send American armed forces into combat without congressional approval.[31]
Despite his unhappiness with PresidentRichard Nixon over the Vietnam War, Javits was slow to join the anti-Nixon forces during theWatergate scandal of 1973–1974. Until almost the very end of the affair, his position reflected his legal training: Nixon was innocent until proven guilty, and the best way to determine guilt or innocence was by legal due process. His position was unpopular among his constituency, and his re-election in Watergate-tainted1974 elections overRamsey Clark was by fewer than 400,000 votes, a third of his 1968 margin of victory. During his last term, Javits shifted his interests more and more to world affairs, especially the crises in the Middle East. Working with PresidentJimmy Carter, he journeyed to Israel and Egypt to facilitate the discussions that led to the 1978Camp David Accords.[32][33]
Javits served until 1981; his 1979 diagnosis withALS (also known asLou Gehrig's Disease)[30] led to a 1980 primary challenge by the comparatively lesser-knownLong Island Republican county officialAl D'Amato, who received 323,468 primary votes (55.7 percent) to Javits's 257,433 (44.3 percent). Javits's loss to D'Amato stemmed from Javits's continuing illness and from his failure to adjust politically to the rightward movement of theRepublican Party.[citation needed]
After the primary defeat, Javits ran as theLiberal Party candidate in the general election. His candidacysplit the Democraticbase vote with U.S. RepresentativeElizabeth Holtzman ofBrooklyn and gave D'Amato the victory by aplurality of 1%. Javits received 11% of the vote.[34][35]
Javits died ofALS inWest Palm Beach, Florida, at age 81 on March 7, 1986. In addition to spouse Marion Ann Borris Javits, he was survived by three children: Joshua, Carla, and Joy. He was predeceased by his brother, who died in 1973.[36] His nephew,Eric M. Javits, was a diplomat who served as the U.S. Representative to theOrganisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and theConference on Disarmament. He is interred at Linden Hill Jewish Cemetery inQueens, New York.[37]
Javits' funeral service was conducted at theCentral Synagogue in Manhattan.[38] 1400 people attended the funeral.[39] Among them were former President Richard Nixon, GovernorMario Cuomo and former GovernorHugh Carey, MayorEd Koch and former MayorJohn Lindsay, Attorney GeneralEdwin Meese, former Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger, CardinalJohn Joseph O'Connor,Kurt Vonnegut,David Rockefeller,Victor Gotbaum,Douglas Fairbanks Jr. andArthur Ochs Sulzberger.[38] Other mourners included SenatorsAl D'Amato of New York,Gary Hart of Colorado,Nancy Kassebaum ofKansas,Bill Bradley ofNew Jersey,Lowell Weicker ofConnecticut, as well as former U.S. RepresentativeBella Abzug.[38][40]
Throughout his years in Congress, Javits seldom enjoyed favor with his party's inner circle. Few pieces of legislation bear his name, yet he was especially proud of his work in creating theNational Endowment for the Arts, of his sponsorship of theEmployee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974,[5] which regulateddefined-benefit private pensions, and of his leadership in the passage of the 1973War Powers Resolution.[30] In 1966, he had a 94% rating from the Americans for Democratic Action.[41]
Javits used his office to advance ideas that furthered the policies even of Democratic presidents. In the fall of 1962, he proposed to a group ofNATO parliamentarians thatmultinational corporations jointly create a new kind of investment vehicle to promote private investment throughoutLatin America. He intended his idea to complement President John F. Kennedy'sAlliance for Progress. Two years later, some 50 multinational corporations formed theAdela Investment Company, much as Javits had proposed.[42]
Throughout his career in Congress, first in the House and later in the Senate, Javits was part of a small group of liberal Republicans that was often isolated ideologically from their mainstream Republican colleagues, and he was a staunch supporter of labor unions and civil rights movements. One scoring method found Javits to be the most liberal Republican to serve in either chamber of Congress between 1937 and 2002.[43] From 1973 to 1978,GovTrack ranked Javits as being to the left of noted Democrats likeHubert Humphrey,George McGovern,Edmund Muskie andGaylord Nelson.[44] Although he frequently differed with the most right-leaning members of the Republican Party, Javits believed that both parties should tolerate diverse opinions, rejecting the idea that they should share only one point of view. Javits also saw himself as being a descendant of the traditional Republicanism ofAlexander Hamilton,Henry Clay,Abraham Lincoln andTheodore Roosevelt, all of whom supported a strong federal government.[45]
In anessay published in 1958 in the magazineEsquire, Javits predicted the election of the first African-American president by 2000. Javits sponsored the first African-AmericanSenate page in 1965 and the first female page in 1971. His liberalism was such that he tended to receive support from traditionally-Democratic voters, with many Republicans defecting to support theConservative Party of New York.
Javits played a major role in legislation protecting pensioners, as well as in the passage of the War Powers Act; he led the effort to get theJavits-Wagner-O'Day Act passed. He reached the position ofRanking Minority Member on theCommittee on Foreign Relations while he accrured greaterseniority than any New York Senator before or since (as of 2018[update]).[46][47] Along withDwight Eisenhower, he was among the first and most important statesmen in passing legislation promoting the cause of education for gifted individuals, and many know his name from the federalJacob Javits Grants established for that purpose.
Javits received thePresidential Medal of Freedom in 1983.
New York City's sprawlingJavits Center was named in his honor in 1986, as is a playground at the southwestern edge ofFort Tryon Park. TheJacob K. Javits Federal Building[48] at 26 Federal Plaza in lower Manhattan's Civic Center district, as well as a lecture hall on the campus ofStony Brook University onLong Island, are also named after him.
TheJacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Act of 1988 was named in honor of Javits for his role in promoting gifted education.[49] TheUnited States Department of Education formerly awarded a number of Javits Fellowships to support graduate students in the humanities and social sciences until 2012.[50]
TheNational Institutes of Health awards theSenator Jacob Javits Award in Neuroscience to exceptionally talented researchers in neuroscience who have established themselves with groundbreaking research. A 1983 US Congressional Act established those awards in honor of Senator Javits as a longtime supporter of research into understanding neurological disorders and diseases.[51]
In his memory,New York University established the Jacob K. Javits Visiting Professorship in 2008.[52]
U.S. House of Representatives, New York 21st District[34]
[34]| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob Javits | 37,136 | 36.4% | +5.7% | |
| Liberal | Jacob Javits | 9,761 | 9.6% | −0.2% | |
| Total | Jacob Javits | 46,897 | 46.0% | +5.5% | |
| Democratic | Daniel Flynn | 40,652 | 39.9% | −7.2% | |
| American Labor | Eugene Connolly | 14,359 | 14.1% | +1.7% | |
| Total votes | 101,908 | 100.00% | |||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob Javits | 45,820 | 34.8% | −1.6% | |||||||||
| Liberal | Jacob Javits | 21,247 | 16.1% | +6.5% | |||||||||
| Total | Jacob Javits | 67,067 | 50.9% | +4.9% | |||||||||
| Democratic | Paul O'Dwyer | 49,972 | 37.9% | −2.0% | |||||||||
| American Labor | Paul O'Dwyer | 14,682 | 11.1% | −3.0% | − | Total | Paul O'Dwyer | 64,654 | 49.1% | −4.9% | − | ||
| Total votes | 131,721 | 100.00% | |||||||||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob Javits | 41,194 | 40.6% | +5.8% | |
| Liberal | Jacob Javits | 21,410 | 21.1% | +5.0% | |
| Total | Jacob Javits | 62,604 | 61.8% | +10.9% | |
| Democratic | Bennett Schlessel | 33,349 | 32.9% | −5.0% | |
| American Labor | William Mandel | 5,419 | 5.3% | −5.8% | |
| Total votes | 101,372 | 100.00% | |||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob Javits | 58,128 | 41.2% | +0.6% | |
| Liberal | Jacob Javits | 31,738 | 22.5% | +1.4% | |
| Total | Jacob Javits | 89,866 | 63.7% | +1.6% | |
| Democratic | John C. Hart | 47,637 | 33.6% | +0.7% | |
| American Labor | William Mandel | 4,148 | 2.9% | −2.4% | |
| Total votes | 141,051 | 100.00% | |||
New York State Attorney General
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob Javits | 2,603,858 | 51.7% | |
| Democratic | Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. | 2,430,959 | 48.3% | |
| Total votes | 5,034,817 | 100.00% | ||
U.S. Senate, New York[34]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob K. Javits | 3,723,933 | 53.3% | |
| Democratic | Robert F. Wagner Jr. | 2,964,511 | 42.4% | |
| Liberal | Robert F. Wagner Jr. | 300,648 | 4.3% | |
| Total | Robert F. Wagner, Jr. | 3,265,159 | 46.7% | |
| Write-in | Douglas MacArthur | 1,312 | 0.02% | |
| Total votes | 6,990,404 | 100.00% | ||
| Republicangain fromDemocratic | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob K. Javits (incumbent) | 3,272,417 | 57.4% | +4.1% | |
| Democratic | James B. Donovan | 2,113,772 | 37.0% | −5.5% | |
| Liberal | James B. Donovan | 175,551 | 3.1% | −1.2% | |
| Total | James B. Donovan | 2,289,323 | 40.14% | N/A | |
| Conservative | Kieran O'Doherty | 116,151 | 2.04% | N/A | |
| Socialist Workers | Carl Feingold | 17,440 | 0.31% | N/A | |
| Socialist Labor | Stephen Emery | 7,786 | 0.14% | N/A | |
| Total votes | 5,703,117 | 100.00% | |||
| Republicanhold | |||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob K. Javits (incumbent) | 2,810,836 | |||
| Liberal | Jacob K. Javits (incumbent) | 458,936 | |||
| Total | Jacob K. Javits (incumbent) | 3,269,772 | 49.68% | −7.70% | |
| Democratic | Paul O'Dwyer | 2,150,695 | 32.68% | −7.46% | |
| Conservative | James Buckley | 1,139,402 | 17.31% | +15.27% | |
| Peace and Freedom | Herman Ferguson | 8,775 | 0.13% | +0.13% | |
| Socialist Labor | John Emanuel | 7,964 | 0.12% | −0.02% | |
| Socialist Workers | Hedda Garza | 4,979 | 0.08% | −0.23% | |
| Republicanhold | |||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Jacob K. Javits (incumbent) | 2,098,529 | |||
| Liberal | Jacob K. Javits (incumbent) | 241,659 | |||
| Total | Jacob K. Javits (incumbent) | 2,340,188 | 45.32% | −4.36% | |
| Democratic | Ramsey Clark | 1,973,781 | 38.23% | +5.55% | |
| Conservative | Barbara A. Keating | 822,584 | 15.93% | −1.38% | |
| Socialist Workers | Rebecca Finch | 7,727 | 0.15% | +0.07% | |
| American | William F. Dowling | 7,459 | 0.14% | +0.14% | |
| Socialist Labor | Robert E. Massi | 4,037 | 0.08% | −0.04% | |
| Communist | Mildred Edelman | 3,876 | 0.08% | ||
| American Labor | Elijah C. Boyd | 3,798 | 0.07% | +0.07% | |
| Republicanhold | Swing | ||||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Al D'Amato | 323,468 | 55.68% | |
| Republican | Jacob Javits (incumbent) | 257,433 | 44.32% | |
| Total votes | 580,901 | 100.00% | ||
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Al D'Amato | 2,272,082 | 37.8% | ||
| Conservative | Al D'Amato | 275,100 | 4.6% | −11.4% | |
| Right to Life | Al D'Amato | 152,470 | 2.5% | N/A | |
| Total | Al D'Amato | 2,699,652 | 44.9% | N/A | |
| Democratic | Elizabeth Holtzman | 2,618,661 | 43.5% | +5.3% | |
| Liberal | Jacob Javits (incumbent) | 664,544 | 11.1% | ||
| Libertarian | Richard Savadel | 21,465 | 0.4% | N/A | |
| Communist | William R. Scott | 4,161 | 0.07% |  0.01 | |
| Workers World | Thomas Soto | 3,643 | 0.06% | ||
| Socialist Workers | Victor A. Nieto | 2,715 | 0.05% | 0.10 | |
| Write-in | 73 | 0.00% | |||
| Majority | 80,991 | 1.34% | |||
| Total votes | 6,014,914 | 100.00% | |||
| Republicanhold | Swing | ||||
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Republican nominee forAttorney General of New York 1954 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Republican nominee forU.S. Senator from New York (Class 3) 1956,1962,1968,1974 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Liberal nominee forU.S. Senator from New York (Class 3) 1968,1974,1980 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by | Member of the U.S. House of Representatives fromNew York's 21st congressional district 1947–1954 | Succeeded by |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by | Attorney General of New York 1955–1957 | Succeeded by |
| U.S. Senate | ||
| Preceded by | U.S. senator (Class 3) from New York 1957–1981 Served alongside:Irving Ives,Kenneth Keating, Robert F. Kennedy,Charles Goodell,James L. Buckley, Daniel Patrick Moynihan | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Ranking Member of theSenate Labor and Public Welfare Committee 1965–1979 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Ranking Member of theSenate Small Business Committee 1967–1977 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Ranking Member of theSenate Foreign Relations Committee 1979–1981 | Succeeded by |
| Class 1 |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Class 3 | ||
