Jabalpur (IPA:[d͡ʒəbəlpʊɾ]), formerlyJubbulpore, is a city situated on the banks ofNarmada River in the state ofMadhya Pradesh, India. It is the 3rd-largest urban agglomeration of the state and the 38th-largest of the country.[9] Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of theJabalpur district and theJabalpur division. It is the judicial capital of Madhya Pradesh withMadhya Pradesh High Court being located in the city.
Jabalpur holds the distinction of being the first dinosaur fossil discovery site inAsia in 1828 near Bara Simla Hill by British officerWilliam Henry Sleeman, with later finds in the region including dinosaur eggshells and fossils from species likeTitanosaurus andRajasaurus.
According to a prevalent theory, Jabalpur was named after a sage named Jabali, who meditated on the banks of the Narmada river.[12] Another theory suggests anArabic origin of the word sincejabal (جبل) in Arabic means granite boulders or huge boulders, which were common in the region.[13] According to a fringe theory, the name refers toJauli Pattala, a sub-divisional unit, mentioned inKalachuri inscriptions. Jauli also refers to theHuna queen of the Kalachuri king, Karna. It was spelled asJubbulpore during British rule[14]
In 2006, the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation renamed the city to Jabalpur.[15]
Mythology describes threeAsuras (evil spirits) in the Jabalpur region, who were defeated by the Hindu godShiva.Tripurasura being the main asura, gave the city itspuranic name Tripur Tirth.[16]Tripuri region corresponds to the ancientChedi Kingdom of Mahabharata times, to which kingShishupala belongs.
Ashokan relics dating to 300 BCE have been found in Rupnath, 84 kilometres (52 mi) north of the city, indicating the presence of theMauryan Empire (322 to 185 BCE) in the region.[16] When the empire fell, Jabalpur became acity-state before coming under the rule of theSatavahana dynasty (230 BCE to 220 CE). After their reign, the region was ruled locally by the Bodhis and the Senas, following which it became avassal state of theGupta Empire (320 to 550).[16]
Rani Durgavati preparing for the battle of Narrai; fresco by Beohar Rammanohar Sinha in Jabalpur's Shaheed-Smarak
Jabalpur was an important centre of power during the rule of theGond kings ofGarha-Mandla.[19]The ruler ofGarha-Mandla, Madan Shah, (1138–1157) built a watchtower and a small hilltop fort atMadan Mahal, an area in Jabalpur. In the 1500s, the Gond king,Sangram Shah heldSingorgarh fort.Rani Durgawati was a princess of theChandela Dynasty who was married toDalpat Shah of theGond dynasty. She was well aware of the importance of water conservation, and hence she built more than 85 ponds in Jabalpur, mainly in Ranital, Haathital, Madhatal and Hanumantal.[20]
The British made Jabalpur the commission headquarters of the Narmada territories and established a cantonment here. Under the British Raj, Jabalpur became the capital of theSaugor and Nerbudda Territories, which was part of the British North-Western Province. The Saugor and Nerbudda Territories became part of the newCentral Provinces in 1861 which in 1903 became the Central Provinces andBerar. By the early 20th Century Jabalpur was the headquarters of a brigade in the 5th division of the Southern Army.
A significant event was the Tripuri Congress session in 1939, led bySubhash Chandra Bose.[25] Under the guidance ofLokmanya Tilak, theFlag Satyagraha was successfully launched.Mahatma Gandhi visited Jabalpur four times. The Congress session in 1939, where Subhash Chandra Bose was elected president against Gandhi's wishes, was notable for its debates on strategies for India's independence. A memorial gate, Kamania Gate, was built in the city to commemorate these events.[26]
Jabalpur has ahumid subtropical climate typical of north-central India (Madhya Pradesh and southernUttar Pradesh). Summer begins in late March, lasting until June. May is the hottest month, with an average temperature exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). Summer is followed by thesouthwest monsoon, which lasts until early October and produces 889 mm (35 in) of rain from July to September. The average annual precipitation is nearly 1,386 mm (54.6 in). The Winter begins in late November and lasts until early March. January is the coldest month, with an average daily temperature near 15 °C (59 °F).
Climate data forJabalpur Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[29]
Jabalpur has been ranked 2nd[30] best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'
In the 2011 India census, the Jabalpur city (the area covered by the municipal corporation) recorded a population of 1,081,677.[5] The Jabalpur metropolitan area (urban agglomeration) recorded a population of 1,268,848.[6]
Bada Fuhara and Kamania Gate in the heart of old Jabalpur city
TheNarmada river bringing in freshwater from theVindhya range has developed Jabalpur district into an agrarian economy. The land of the Narmada basin with its fertile alluvial soil gives good yields of sorghum, wheat, rice, and millet in the villages around Jabalpur.Important among commercial crops are pulses, oilseeds, cotton, sugar cane, and medicinal crops.Kharif crops occupy 60% of total farmland andrabi crops occupy 40% with 71.4% area under food grain production. Nearly 59% of landholders are marginal whereas small farmers share 18% of farmland.
Jabalpur has a variety of industries largely based in mineral substances of economic value found in the district, although the ready-made garments industry is a substantial portion of production in Jabalpur.
Defence establishments started in the early 20th century. Jabalpur hasVehicle Factory Jabalpur, Grey Iron Foundry,Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur andOrdnance Factory Khamaria which belong to theOrdnance Factories Board manufacturing various products for theIndian Armed Forces. The Gun Carriage Factory was started in the year 1904 is well equipped and manufacture gun parts, mounting, shells, and a variety of the other product for war purposes. Vehicle Factory Jabalpur (VFJ) was started as a manufacturer of trucks and other defence vehicles. The other two are Grey Iron Foundry (GIF) and Ordnance Factory Khamaria (OFK).
The city has three regimental centres: Grenadiers, Jammu and Kashmir rifles and the Signals regiment. Jabalpur is also the army headquarters of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa.Jabalpur is an important divisional headquarters, having nine districts: Jabalpur, Seoni, Mandla, Chhindwara, Narsimhapur, Katni, Dindori, Balaghat, and Pandhurna. The Jabalpur District has been reconstituted on 25 May 1998. It now has four tehsils Jabalpur, Sihora, Patan, and Kundam. Jabalpur also has the headquarters of the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board, Homeguards, and many other state and central government offices. There are seven blocks in the district with 1449 inhabited villages, 60 uninhabited, 1209 revenue villages, and 4 forest villages. The presence of several industries in Jabalpur bolstered the industrial scenario of the city. However, the industrial growth of the area owes much to the defence establishments and the four ordnance factories.
The presence of the military base and the ordnance factories have improved the infrastructure of the city. This has boosted the industrial development of Jabalpur.The important industries in Jabalpur are:
Readymade garments units
Poultry/hatchery
Electrical goods industry
Sawmills
Wood cutting industry
Industries relating to limestone products
Building materials
Glassware
Telephone parts
Furniture making industry
Shaw Wallace Gelatin Factory
Steel structures works
Cement industries
Commercial Engineers & Body Builders Co Limited [CEBBCO ]
M.P. State Electronics Development Corporation Ltd. has set up an I.T. park (Techno Park)[39] in Bargi Hills having total area of 60 acres, 22 km from the Jabalpur airport.Paytm started their operations at Jabalpur in 2018.[40]
Jabalpur covers an area of 263 square kilometres (102 sq mi).[3] TheJabalpur Municipal Corporation (JMC), is charged with governance of the city's civic and infrastructural assets. The corporation has two wings: deliberative and executive. The head of the executive wing is a municipal commissioner who is responsible for the corporation's day-to-day operation and assists the deliberative wing in the decision-making process. The JMC council has one elected representative (corporate) from each ward. Council elections, by popular vote, are held every five years. A corporate from the majority party is selected as mayor.
The Jabalpur Cantonment is one of the largest cantonments in India.[42] In addition to the ordnance factories, other organisations present in the city include HQ Madhya Bharat Area, theJammu & Kashmir Rifles Regimental Centre,the Grenadiers Regimental Centre, 1 Signal Training Centre, College of Material Management, Central Ordnance Depot, 506 Army Base Workshop, Military Hospital, HQ Chief Engineer Jabalpur Zone, Military Dairy Farm, and HQ Recruiting Zone. Civilian organisations which are part of theMinistry of Defence are the Cantonment Board, Controller of Defence Accounts, Defence Standardisation Cell and theCanteen Stores Department.
Local sweets include Doodh ka Halwa, Kalakand, Bhaji Wada, Dal Mangode, Aloo Vada, Khoye ki Jalebi,[43][44] Mawa-Bati, Khoprapak, Shrikhand, Malpua, Imarti and Makkhanvada.[45] Khoye ki Jalebi, which is quite popular in Madhya Pradesh,[45] was invented by Harprasad Badkul in 1889 at his shop, Badkul Halwai.[46][47][48]
Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir is a 17th-century Jain temple that appears like a fortress with numerousshikharas. The temple has 22 shrines (vedis), making it the largest independent Jain temple in India.
Madan Mahal is a fort built by the Gond king Madan Shahi in 1116 which is situated atop a hill in Jabalpur.
Kachnar city is known for a 23-metre-high (76 ft)Shiva statue housing a cavern with replicas of Shivalingas from 12 shrines nationwide.[49] The city also houses theRangawati Museum which was built in 1964 to commemorateRani Durgavati. The museum also hosts ancient relics, sculptures and a collection of items related to Mahatma Gandhi.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram in Karondi village is located about 90 kms from the city. Lying on the Tropic of Cancer, the location is claimed to be the geographical central point of India by Yogi.[54]
TheJabalpur Airport (JLR), also known as Dumna Airport, is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) away from the city center. It is located near theDumna Nature Reserve. It serves as the only airport in the eastern Madhya Pradesh also serving the districts ofNarsinghpur,Chhindwara,Sagar,Damoh,Katni,Mandla,Balaghat,Seoni,Umaria,Anuppur,Shahdol,Satna,Rewa. It is also the most convenient airport for visiting National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries which surround the city of Jabalpur. The airport has direct connectivity with major cities of New Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore and Bilaspur.Alliance Air,Indigo andSpiceJet operate from here.
Jabalpur has excellent road connectivity. A network of National Highways meet at Jabalpur. 4-lane NH 45 connects it to Bhopal, 4-lane NH 34 connects it to Nagpur, 4-lane NH 30 connects it to Varanasi and Mandla, NH 34 connects it to Damoh. Apart from this, Jabalpur also has good network of state highways.
114 Kms Ring Road is under construction around Jabalpur which will be second longest ring road in India afterHyderabad's ORR. Longest elevated corridor of Madhya Pradesh is also present in Jabalpur City which is nearing completion. This will be one of the longest elevated roads in India.
Jabalpur also hosts a Government Medical College namedNetaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College. The largest Government Cancer Institute in Madhya Pradesh, theMadhya Pradesh State Cancer Institute will soon become functional in Jabalpur at the adjoining premises of the NSCB Medical College. The School of Excellence in Pulmonary Medicine is also a Government center of excellence in pulmonary medicine located in the premises of NSCB Medical College.
^Records, Official."Estimates of District Domestic Product Madhya Pradesh"(PDF).Department of Planning, Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh. Retrieved2 January 2023.
^"Pisanhari Ki Madiya".jabalpur.nic.in. Office of District Magistrate, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved17 January 2016.
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