J. Carson Mark | |
|---|---|
 J. Carson Mark | |
| Born | Jordan Carson Mark July 6, 1913 |
| Died | March 2, 1997(1997-03-02) (aged 83) |
| Citizenship | American |
| Alma mater | University of Western Ontario (BA, 1935) University of Toronto (PhD, 1938) |
| Known for | nuclear weapon development |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | Los Alamos National Laboratory |
| Thesis | On the Modular Representations of the Group GLH(3,P) (1939) |
| Doctoral advisor | Richard Brauer |
Jordan Carson Mark (July 6, 1913 – March 2, 1997) was a Canadian-Americanmathematician best known for his work on developingnuclear weapons for the United States at theLos Alamos National Laboratory. Mark joined theManhattan Project in 1945, and continued to work at Los Alamos under the leadership ofNorris Bradbury afterWorld War II ended. He became the leader of the Theoretical Division at the laboratory in 1947, a position he held until 1973. He oversaw the development of new weapons, including thehydrogen bomb in the 1950s. On the hydrogen bomb project he was able to bring together experts likeEdward Teller,Stanislaw Ulam andMarshall Holloway despite their personal differences.
In July and August 1958, and again the following year, Mark was a scientific adviser to the United States delegation at the Conference of Experts on Detection of Nuclear Explosions. He served on theUnited States Air Force's Scientific Advisory Board, and its Foreign Weapons Evaluation Group. After he retired from Los Alamos in 1973 he served on theNuclear Regulatory Commission's Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, and was a consultant for theNuclear Control Institute.
Jordan Carson Mark was born inLindsay, Ontario, July 6, 1913. He had a brother, James, and five sisters, Margaret, Dorothy, Muriel, Frances and Tony.[1] He received aBachelor of Arts (BA) degree in mathematics and physics from theUniversity of Western Ontario in 1935, and aDoctor of Philosophy (PhD) in mathematics from theUniversity of Toronto in 1938,[2] writing his thesis "On the Modular Representations of the Group GLH(3,P)" under the supervision ofRichard Brauer.[3]
Mark taught mathematics at theUniversity of Manitoba, from 1938 untilWorld War II, when he joined theMontreal Laboratory of theNational Research Council of Canada in 1943. He came to theLos Alamos Laboratory in May 1945 as part of theBritish Mission to the Manhattan Project,[2] although he remained a Canadian government employee.[4] He remained at Los Alamos after the war ended, becoming head of its Theoretical Division in 1947, a position he remained in until he retired in 1973.[1] He became a United States citizen in the 1950s.[5]
In 1947 the Los Alamos Laboratory, under the leadership ofNorris Bradbury, was much smaller than it had been during the war, because most of the wartime staff had returned to their universities and laboratories, but it was still the center of American nuclear weapons development, and the Theoretical Division was for many years the center of the laboratory. The Laboratory made great strides in improving the weapons, making them easier to manufacture, stockpile and handle. TheOperation Sandstone tests in 1948 demonstrated thaturanium-235 could be used inimplosion-type nuclear weapons.[6]
Mark played a key role in the development ofthermonuclear weapons in the early 1950s. A crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb was approved byPresidentHarry S. Truman in January 1950 atEdward Teller's urging before the laboratory had a workable design.[2] This put the laboratory under great pressure.Hans Bethe recalled that "There was a lot of controversy in Los Alamos in those days, and Carson always was imperturbable and stood in the middle of it and had a balanced judgment."[1] WhenStanislaw Ulam finally came up with a workable design, it was Mark that he approached first. Mark took the Ulam design to Bradbury, and they put the idea to Teller. "Teller then completed and extended the invention," Bethe noted, "so, in this case, Carson was the mediator between two people who really didn't like each other."[1] "Within an hour of Carson's ... remarks," Teller recalled, "I knew how to move ahead".[5] The Teller-Ulam design would become that of all thermonuclear weapons.[1]
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When it came to testing the design in theIvy Mike nuclear test, Mark again had a crucial go-between role. Bradbury placedMarshall Holloway in charge, but Holloway and Teller did not get along. Mark later recalled that:
I had to be the link with Holloway, since Teller refused. Bradbury asked me to do it. We [Holloway and I] got along fine. Teller up and left for Chicago without notice. Edward had nothing to do with the final preparations for the Mike shot. He inquired occasionally, but if had tried to help, he would have slowed it down. Bethe did participate. Holloway got the job done with little time to spare. I got along well with Marshall [Holloway] and his "henchmen".[7]
The Ivy Mike test was successful, obliterating an island inEnewetak Atoll in the Pacific on November 1, 1952.[5]
Frank Harlow, who joined the Theoretical Division in 1953, and was appointed as a group leader by Mark in 1959, noted that Mark took a personal interest in the computer systems, then a rapidly developing field.[8] As most weapon research in the 1960s no longer involved the Theoretical Division, Mark branched out, sponsoring research intohydrodynamics,neutron physics andtransport theory.[5] He also supportedFrederick Reines's research intoneutrinos, for which Reines was awarded theNobel Prize in Physics in 1995.[2]
In July and August 1958, and again the following year, Mark was a scientific adviser to the United States delegation at the Conference of Experts on Detection of Nuclear Explosions.[1] Delegates from Western andEastern bloc countries discussed detection methods in the context of negotiations that eventually led to thePartial Test Ban Treaty, which banned most forms of nuclear testing.[9] He was committed to preventing nuclear weapons proliferation. He spoke atPugwash Conferences, and wrote a paper dispelling the myth thatreactor-grade plutonium could not be used for nuclear weapons.[2][10]
Mark was member of the American Mathematical Society and the American Physical Society,[1] and served on theUnited States Air Force's Scientific Advisory Board, and its Foreign Weapons Evaluation Group. After he retired from Los Alamos in 1973 he served on theNuclear Regulatory Commission's Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards, and was a consultant for theNuclear Control Institute. One of his last papers was on Iraq's nuclear weapons capability.[2]
Mark died inLos Alamos, New Mexico, on March 2, 1997, from complications related to a fall. He was survived by his wife Kathleen, daughters, Joan, Elizabeth Mark and Mary, and sons, Thomas, Graham and Christopher, his brother, James and sister Dorothy .[1]
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