From 1984 to 1987, the city was calledUstinov (Russian:Усти́нов), named afterSoviet Minister of DefenceDmitry Ustinov.[13] The city is a major hub of industry, commerce, politics, culture and education in theVolga Region. It is known for itsdefense,engineering andmetallurgy industries. Izhevsk has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory.
The pioneer settlements on the territory where modern Izhevsk now stands were founded byUdmurts in the 5th century.[14] There were two fortified settlements situated on the banks of the Karlutka River. Later this territory joined theKhanate of Kazan. In 1552, Russia conquered the Khanate and, in 1582,Ivan the Terrible conferred the lands by the Karlutka andIzh Rivers on Bagish Yaushev, aTatarmorza. Thequit-rent had been imposed on the Udmurt population ever since. The Yaushevs owned the land until the reign ofPeter the Great (1682–1721).
On September 15, 1757, CountPyotr Shuvalov, owner of seven factories in theUrals, bought land in theKama Region and got permission fromEmpress Elizabeth to build threeironworks there. In those days, ironworks were powered withsteam, and wood was the only fuel. For that reason it was decided to build one of the plants on the forest-rich land near theIzh River and make iron bands andcast iron anchors. Another ironworks was built on the Votka River.
In April 10, 1760,serfs from neighboring villages and artisans from other Shuvalov's plants began dam construction under the direction of Alexey Moskvin, a mining engineer and a trustee of Shuvalov. This date is considered to be the date of Izhevsk's foundation.[2] Construction proceeded at a slow pace. Theserfs were unhappy with being taken from their villages, with arduous duties and regular physical punishment, leading to tumultuous rebellions.
In 1762 Shuvalov died. His son Andrey inherited the factories. In accordance with the ukase ofCatherine the Great dated November 15, 1763, all Shuvalov's ironworks, including the one at Izhevsky Zavod, lapsed to the Crown for debts. Since that time, it has been under the authority of theCollegium of Mining, an institution in charge of the Russian mining industry. The ironworks on the Izh and Votka Rivers were called Kama Plants.
In 1763 construction of the dam and ironworks was completed and the firstbloomery iron[citation needed] was smelted. As a result of the dam construction, theIzhevsk Reservoir, one of the biggest in Europe was formed. Near the ironworks, the settlement was built. This settlement was named Izhevsky Zavod, meaning "the factory on the Izh" in Russian.
Initially the ironworks made palm-wide iron bands from 3–6 metres (9.8–19.7 ft) long. These bands were supplied toMoscow for the rebuilding of theKremlin. The iron from Izhevsky Zavod was also used for construction inSaint Petersburg.
In October 1773, the news of thepopular revolt againstCatherine II on theYaik and the manifestos ofYemelyan Pugachev reached Izhevsky Zavod. TheCossack passing himself off asPeter III proclaimed liberty forserfs and called for killing nobles and factory owners. This had the backing of the serfs and artisans. SoColonel Feodor Wenzel, the manager of the Goroblagodat and Kama plants, and Aleksey Alymov, the manager of Izhevsky Zavod ironworks, were forced to escape toKazan.
On January 1, 1774, a detachment ofYemelyan Pugachev's rebel army reached the town. The rebels destroyed the ironworks, burned its office buildings, and wrecked the houses of the managers. They demolished the food depot and distributed the food to the people. The ironworks money was sent to the staff of the rebel army, nearUfa. The serfs were freed. Some of them joined the detachment. Iron production stopped for a while. Around this time, Catherine realized the seriousness of the rebellion and sent an army led by GeneralAleksandr Bibikov to crush the insurrection.[15] In April 1774, Pugachev's army fought losing battles everywhere and was forced to leave Izhevsky Zavod. The managers returned and cowed serfs and artisans into submission, forcing them to pledge allegiance toCatherine the Great. A list of workers who had joined the rebel army was compiled for future reprisal.
In spite of opposition from the forces of Wenzel and Alymov Brothers, Pugachev's army occupied the town again on June 27, 1774. The crowds hailedYemelyan Pugachev. He dealt with the complaints of serfs and workers for two days. Forty-two persons, including Wenzel and the Alymovs, were executed. On June 29, Pugachev left Izhevsky Zavod and set out forKazan. Many workmen of Izhevsky Zavod joined his detachments and fought selflessly in the last battles of the Rebellion, which was mostly crushed by early September 1775. In spite of the defeat of the rebel army and the execution of its leader, bands of rebels continued to fight. New managers of the ironworks suppressed serfs and brought back artisans by force, cracking down on the bands of rebels.
The ironworks was restored and began to function by the end of 1775. The former order was reinstated. The forced laborers weren't interested in boosting productivity and the practice fell into decay by the 19th century.
In 1800, EmperorPaul I ordered an arms factory built in the Urals in view of a mounting threat fromNapoleonic France. Andrew Deryabin, a mining engineer, chief of Goroblagodat, Perm, Kama and Bogoslov plants, chose the site for the new plant. He saw several places in thePerm andVyatka governorates and concluded that the most suitable place for plant foundation was Izh Zavod. It occurred to him to turn the ironworks into the armory.
Alexander I approved of Deryabin's project and construction began on the arms factory building on June 10, 1807, considered the year of Izhevsk's second birth.
The new factory had a shortage of manpower. Staff vacancies were filled by serfs, workmen from Urals mining plants and recruits. Armorers were transferred from other arms factories and hired fromEurope, mainly from Denmark and Sweden.
The population of the settlement grew quickly so that by the end of 1808 there were more than 6,000 inhabitants. Because of housing requirements, people had to build their houses after work, at night. Houses were made from wood found in forests near the factory. At the same time, workers built new barracks for the soldiers and housing for factory employees, officers and officials, the hospital, schools and other social facilities.
The settlement was built according to the master plan. Architect Feodor Dudin was an author of this plan and a director of all construction works. The principle of an urban grid was the basis of the new master plan. Wide and straight streets crossed side streets running perpendicular to them. Their accurate network formed small rectangular blocks.
On May 18, 1810, a major fire burned in Izhevsky Zavod. 174 houses, the warehouse, and two wooden churches were destroyed.
After the fire, implementation of Dudin's plan began. The houses were made of pinewood logs. As a rule, a house consisted of twoizbas, joined with an inner porch. Houses of the poor consisted of oneizba. Armorers and officials erected two-storied and five-wall log houses. There were 15 streets in Izh by the 1820s. In 1812, Izhevsky Zavod was divided into three administrative parts because of growth in population and territory. In 1816, there were 1,710 houses, 8 factory stone buildings, a prison, a cemetery, a stone church and a school in the settlement. The population was 8,324.
In the 1820s, 1830s, and 1840s, a number of large stone building was erected. St.Alexander Nevsky Cathedral was built between 1818 and 1823, and visited by TsarAlexander (who considered Alexander Nevsky his patron saint) shortly after its completion. Other noteworthy large stone buildings which still remain from that era include the Arsenal (1823–25), Public Offices (1843–45) and house of contractor Egor Novikov. All improved Izhevsk's appearance.
By 1850, the settlement had more than doubled, to population of 19,163. Its territory was about 6200 square miles. 3499 buildings were wooden, and 27 others, including three churches, were made of stone. The settlement had 1066 wells.
Izhevsky Zavod after the Emancipation Reform of 1861
On February 19, 1861, Emperor of RussiaAlexander II carried out theEmancipation Reform. On October 9, 1865,Berg-kollegia, apprehending a prospective cost increase, leased the arms factory to a partnership of industrialists.
In 1866, serfs of the factory obtained their liberty with the 1861 Emancipation Manifesto and gained self-government. Izhevsky Zavod was divided into twovolosts: Nagornaya Volost and Zarechnaya Volost, or Zareka. Eachvolost had its board of administration and consisted of rural groups. Rural circles were headed by astarosta, selected in the gathering. There were seven rural societies in Nagornaya Volost; Zarechnaya Volost consisted of four.
Administrations ofvolosts reported to the Board ofSarapulZemstvo. They were led by voloststarshinas, elected for three years. Volost administrations were in charge of doing duty and paying taxes. They issued passports, managed improvement of territory[clarification needed] and other local affairs.
Administrative and police oversight was carried out by the factory administration. Besides the administration delivered documents of title to land and house. The ponds, pastures and hayfields were turned over to thearmorers andartisans.
The abolition of serfdom aggravated wealth inequalities between the inhabitants of Izhevsky Zavod. Well-to-do sections of population included the factory management, skilled armorers and artisans, administrative professionals, officials, clergy and merchants. Such stratification had an influence on view of the settlement. Working people were driven out of Nagornaya Part and settled inboggy Zareka. At that time,Koltoma, another working-class locality, grew. In the early 1870s, there were about twenty private stone buildings in Izhevsky Zavod. In Zarechnaya Part all houses were made of wood.
Civic life depended on government contract work. In the years of war or army re-equipment, the orders grew, and so did the workforce and labour earnings. After the government orders were filled and wages were cut, most workmen left the arms factory and the settlement fell into decay until the next government contract.
In 1872, the steel works was founded in Izhevsky Zavod. In 1884, the arms factory and the steel works passed to the state.
Private armories appeared in Izhevsky Zavod.
In 1860, an armorer named Ivan Fyodorovich Petrov began making hunting rifles at a small armory inZaręka. Later, he set up shop inYekaterinburg,Omsk,Nizhny Novgorod and theCaucasus. He and his sons also sold gunpowder in Izhevsky Zavod. One of his sons, Vasily, later opened his own armory.
Andrian Nikandrovich Evdokimov was a competitor of the Petrovs. He had the armory on Bazarnaya Street.
Nikolay Ilyich Berezin built his enterprise on Bazarnaya Street, too. He produced guns. He also owned a small iron foundry in the northeast suburbs.
Merchants Porsev and Kilin were the owners of two brick factories.
There were twelve private industrial enterprises in Izhevsky Zavod by 1914.
In the 1870s, trade blossomed in Izhevsky Zavod. The Bodalev Brothers, Mokletsov, Ogloblin, Sveshnikov and Sozykin were the most successful merchants. It was profitable to deal in spirits. There were three vodka distilleries, four wine warehouses, three wine cellars, and about fifty taverns in 1872. This year Ivan Bodalev opened his brewery on the bank of the reservoir.
At the turn of the 19th century, there were four temples in Izhevsky Zavod.St. Michael's Cathedral was built between 1897 and 1915.
Izhevsky Zavod was one of the residence centers of theUdmurt Jews, who spokeUdmurtishYiddish.[16] In the workmen's settlement since 1849 under the Jewish religious needs the house of worship was allocated.[17][18][19] A second prayer house was opened in 1917. Bothsynagogues were closed in 1930 by the Soviet authorities.[17][18]
On March 5, 1917, workers at the plant formed aworker's soviet, which included representatives of the workers, the army and of other citizens. Two days later the factory administration resigned. By mid-September of the same year,Bolsheviks took control of both the council and its influential newspaper. On October 27, 1917, Soviet government was officially announced, with the council officially dissolved soon thereafter.
The former leaders of the council were arrested in June 1918, contributing toan uprising against Bolshevik rule. The struggle for control of the city continued until the arrival of theRed Army, which took Izhevsk on November 7. On April 13, 1919, the city was occupied by units ofAdmiral Kolchak'sWhite Army, only to fall again, this time decisively, to another assault by the Red Army in June 8 of the same year.
On March 14, 1937, the Republic's constitution was adopted. It consolidated the capital status of Izhevsk. In the autumn of 1941 several defense-related plants evacuated to Izhevsk. In June, 1943,Izhevsk Mechanical Plant was founded. During World War II, Izhevsk plants produced 12 and a half million small arms.
World War II had a profound effect on the city; much of the industrial infrastructure evacuated from the western regions of the Soviet Union was relocated to the city. Elements of the evacuated enterprises were used to create theIzhevsk Mechanical Plant, which remains an important manufacturer of military components.
Izhevsk in 2016
Military industry remained the core of the local economy after the war, so Izhvesk was designated aclosed city, inaccessible to foreigners. The city'sIzhmash factory began manufacturing theAK-47 automatic rifle in 1948, and continues to produce modern variants of the design to this day. The rifle's designer,Mikhail Kalashnikov lived in Izhevsk until his death in 2013. In 1966, Izhmash began manufacturing theIzh brand of automobiles.
In 1984, the city was renamedUstinov; in honor of former minister of defenseDmitry Ustinov.[13] Three years later, after vocal protests by a significant number of citizens, Izhevsk regained its historical name.[13]
In the 1990s two memorials were erected, on the powder depot[20] and in the Northern cemetery,[21] in memory of a few who were shot during the Great Terror.
Izhevsk weathered thepost-Soviet years reasonably well, carried through by the continued demand for its military products. The city remains an important industrial and military center of the country, referred to as the "Armory of Russia", a title it shares with the city ofTula.[22]
On 26 September 2022, Artyom Kazantsev, a former pupil, committed amass shooting at School No. 88 in the city. Eighteen people, including eleven children, were killed, and 24 others were injured. The school has about 1,000 pupils. Kazantsev later killed himself at the scene.[23][24]
Izhevsk is the most important economic center of the Udmurt Republic, with the majority of financial and industrial activity concentrated in the city. Military industry remains the backbone of the local economy, with a number of enterprises operating in the city. By far the most important of these isIzhmash, which produces small arms and assault rifles popular both in Russia and abroad. The plant also produces motorcycles and automobiles under IZH brandname.
In 2006, Venezuelan PresidentHugo Chávez visited Izhevsk to tour theIzhmash manufacturing center where he announced his government's intention to purchase a large number of Izhevsk-produced rifles.
City public transport included buses, trolleybuses andtrams.The main railway station is located in the southern part of the city, and theIzhevsk Airport is located east of the city.
Izhevsk has ahumid continental climate (Köppen climate classificationDfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Summers are quite a bit warmer than at corresponding latitudes inWestern Europe, courtesy of the city's far inland location. Winters are a lot colder than said areas, also due to the distance from theNorth Atlantic, which results in limited temperature moderation. Even so, winters are a lot less severe than those in Russian cities east of theUral Mountains.
An extreme July temperature of +37.0 °C (98.6 °F) was recorded during the2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves, although the highest temperature recorded is +38.1 °C (100.6 °F) in August 2021.[29]
Climate data for Izhevsk (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1933–present)
Izhevsk is the scientific and cultural center of the Udmurt Republic. Early on, the state took a leading role in childcare and education. 320 Public kindergartens/ preschools provide affordable childcare for 32,000 children. 100 public schools provide free general education to over 100,000 Izhevsk students. A wide variety of technical colleges and two-year professional schools award associate degrees, most notably in medical assistance, performing arts and teaching.
The Ural department of the Russian Scientific Academy is represented in Izhevsk by several institutions, specializing in physics, applied mechanics and technical sciences, and economics, and the Institute of History, Language and Literature of Udmurtia does the same.
Four out of five higher education institutes in the Udmurt Republic are located in Izhevsk:Udmurt State University, Izhevsk State Technical University, Agricultural Academy, andIzhevsk State Medical Academy. Each of these educational institutions admits foreign students.
Udmurt State University celebrated its 75th anniversary in 2006. It is the oldest educational institution in the Udmurt Republic. Some 28,000 students are currently studying at the university, which offers 86 different majors. The university has thirteen departments and seven institutes. Out of 1,000 faculty members 130 hold Doctor of Science (Dr.Sc.) degrees, and 460 are Candidates of Sciences (Cand.Sc., equivalent to first year of Ph.D.). UdSU graduate school offers 11 attestation committees qualified to award Cand.Sc. and Dr.Sc. degrees in ecology, economics, law, psychology, pedagogics, ethnology, history, culture, linguistics of the Ural region, and Udmurt linguistics.
There are about fifty museums and galleries in Izhevsk. The most popular of them are:
The Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms;
The Gerd National Museum — the Arsenal;
The Udmurt Republican Museum of Fine Arts;
The Izhmash Museum;
The Museum of Medicine and Pharmacy;
The Museum of Electrification and Electroenergetics;
The Gennadiy Krasilnikov Memorial Flat;
The National Center of Decorative and Applied Arts and Handicraft;
The Galerea Exhibition Center.
The Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Complex of Small Arms, or the Kalashnikov Museum, opened in 2004. Its expositions tell about Izhevsk as one of the most important centers of Russian arms production. The main person of the museum narration isMikhail Kalashnikov. The museum and exhibition complex holds the permanent exposition devoted to this legendary Russian armourer. There are temporary expositions in addition to the permanent exposition launched in 2004. The Museum has a demonstration hall, including the shooting gallery where different models of historical and contemporary arms are presented, and the pneumatic shooting gallery.
17 kilometers from Izhevsk is the Ludorvay Architectural and Ethnographic Open-air Museum. It was founded in 1990 on the premises of the former Russian settlement Ilyinka. Total area of the culture preserve is about 40 hectares. It divided into five exhibition parts: the Sector of Central Udmurts, the Sector of Southern Udmurts, Russian sector, the Windmill, and the Mushtor Apiary Complex.
One of the integral parts of Izhevsk cultural life is the State Circus of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of Izhevsk have liked circus throughout the history of the city. In olden days the settlement was visited by vagrant performers — skomorokhs with mountain bears, strongmen and fakirs. Since the turn of the 19th century, shows took places in booths — temporary structures with benches for the rich and standing room for the poor.
The first Izhevsk circus was built by Aleksandr Koromyslov in 1895. It had existed until theCivil War began.On 21 September 1926, the Kolart Circus was opened. It was made of wood and seated 1,500 spectators.
In 1943, at the height of TheGreat Patriotic War, the stone circus building was erected in the Kolart's place. It was designed by P.M. Popov after the pattern ofCiniselli Circus inSaint Petersburg. On 29 November 1943, wounded soldiers saw the first show there. The Circus seated 1,800 spectators and was considered one of the best in the Soviet Union.
On January 14, 1990, the Circus was closed because of dilapidation. On 29 December 1999, the building was razed.
On January 17, 2000, a cornerstone of new circus was laid. The project was designed by Moscow architect Mikhail Vesnin. In the judgment of specialists, the contemporary building of the Circus is one of the best in Russia. It seats 1,800 spectators like the predecessor and has current technologies and high-performance audio and light equipment.
The International Circus Art Festival has been held at the State Circus of the Udmurt Republic yearly in March since 2008. Circus stars come to Izhevsk from every corner of the globe. Some of the world's leading circus art festivals and circus managers and producers join the festival jury.
The Izhevsk ice hockey teamHC Izhstal plays in theSupreme Hockey League. In the season 2013-14 the team finished the regular season 19th and failed to qualify for the playoffs.
In the post-Soviet period, Izhevsk became known as home to a vibrant art and music scene. Izhevsk is sometimes referred to as "the capital of Russian electronic music".[31][32][33] The most well-known Izhevsk electronic act wasСтук Бамбука в XI Часов (Stuk Bambuka v XI Chasov), whose only albumЛёгкое дело холод (1991) is now considered classic.[34]
Currently the music scene continues to evolve creating new talents such as Anna Krab calling herself the Electronic Queen of Udmurtia and Distract-a-bee with a dick-logo tending to release an album every week.[citation needed]
Italmas (Италмас) is an Udmurt folk theater and dance company.[citation needed]
St. Michael's Cathedral was built by the Izhevsk arms works in the early 20th century, destroyed by the Bolsheviks and rebuilt to the original design in 2007
Pesochnaya TV Mast (195-m tall guyed tubular steel mast built in 1962, which is equipped with six crossbars running in two levels from the mast structure to the guys[35])
Izhvesk City Pond's area is over 22 km2, yet it was artificially constructed (in parts dug by hand) in the 1760s for industrial needs. EmpressElizabeth of Russia granted CountPeter Shuvalov official permission to create three factories in theKama River region September 15, 1757.
Udmurtia Republic Circus
Construction of the three-step industrial dam at the critical point where the two rivers (Izh and Yagul/Podborenka) join started both the pond and the city in April 1760.
The dam was reconstructed in 1809–1815 whenAndrey Fedorovich Deryabin converted the original metalworking factory into the new arms producing facility. It was subsequently modernized again in 1983–1984 in order to extend the dam. Today a number of major Izhevsk industrial plants are still located along the pond.
In 1972, the Izhevsk Pond Embankment, a three-mile-long walkway and a system of boulevards and squares, was extended along the pond. The "Friendship of Nations" Square, with its central monument celebrating 400 years of Udmurtia's union with Russia, is a focal point of the esplanade and a hip place for youth recreation. During the summer months excursion boats operate from Izhevsk to the village of Volozhka.
^"Importing Russia's Top Gun".New York Times. August 14, 2012.Archived from the original on May 6, 2018. RetrievedAugust 16, 2012.The nickname of this town, home of the factory that makes Kalashnikov rifles, is the 'Armory of Russia'...
Государственный Совет Удмуртской Республики. Закон №46-РЗ от 19 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Удмуртской Республики», в ред. Закона №60-РЗ от 12 октября 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Удмуртской Республики». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Известия Удмуртской Республики", №185, 12 декабря 2006 г. (State Council of the Udmurt Republic. Law #46-RZ of October 19, 2006On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Udmurt Republic, as amended by the Law #60-RZ of October 12, 2012On Amending Various Laws of the Udmurt Republic. Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.).
Государственный Совет Удмуртской Республики. Закон №17-РЗ от 12 ноября 2004 г. «Об установлении границы муниципального образования и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципального образования на территории города Ижевска Удмуртской Республики», в ред. Закона №35-РЗ от 30 июня 2006 г «О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Удмуртской Республики». Вступил в силу через десять дней после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства Удмуртской Республики", №5, 25 июля 2005 г. (State Council of the Udmurt Republic. Law #17-RZ of November 12, 2004On Establishing the Border of the Municipal Formation and on Granting Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formation on the Territory of the City of Izhevsk of the Udmurt Republic, as amended by the Law #35-RZ of June 30, 2006On Amending Various Legislative Acts of the Udmurt Republic. Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.).
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