| Izanagi-no-Mikoto | |
|---|---|
Primordial god of creation and life | |
 Searching the Seas with the Tenkei (天瓊を以て滄海を探るの図,Tenkei o motte sōkai o saguru no zu). Painting byKobayashi Eitaku, 1880-90 (MFA, Boston). Izanagi with the spearAme-no-Nuboko (Tenkei) to the right,Izanami to the left. | |
| Other names | Izanagi-no-Kami (伊邪那岐神) Izanagi-no-Ōkami (伊邪那岐大神) Kumano-Hayatama-no-Ōkami (熊野速玉大神) |
| Japanese | 伊邪那岐命, 伊耶那岐命, 伊弉諾尊 |
| Major cult center | Taga Taisha,Izanagi Shrine,Eda Shrine,Kumano Hayatama Taisha,Onokorojima Shrine,Mitsumine Shrine and others |
| Texts | Kojiki,Nihon Shoki,Sendai Kuji Hongi |
| Region | Japan |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | None (Kojiki,Nihon Shoki) Aokashikine-no-Mikoto (Shoki) Awanagi-no-Mikoto (Shoki) Omodaru and Ayakashikone[1] |
| Siblings | Izanami |
| Consort | Izanami |
| Children | Amaterasu Tsukuyomi Susanoo Hiruko Kagu-tsuchi (andothers) |
Izanagi (イザナギ/伊邪那岐/伊弉諾) orIzanaki (イザナキ), formally referred to with a divine honorific asIzanagi-no-Mikoto (伊邪那岐命/伊弉諾尊; meaning "He-who-invites" or the "Male-who-invites"), is thecreator deity (kami) of both creation and life inJapanese mythology. He and his sister-wifeIzanami are the last of theseven generations of primordial deities that manifested after the formation of heaven and earth. Izanagi and Izanami are held to be the creators of theJapanese archipelago and the progenitors of many deities, which include the sun goddessAmaterasu, the moon deityTsukuyomi, and the storm godSusanoo. He is a god that can be said to be the beginning of the current Japanese imperial family.
His name is given in theKojiki (c. 712 AD) both asIzanagi-no-Kami (伊邪那岐神) andIzanagi-no-Mikoto (伊邪那岐命), while theNihon Shoki (720 AD) refers to him asIzanagi-no-Mikoto, with the name written in differentcharacters (伊弉諾尊).
The namesIzanagi (Izanaki) andIzanami are often interpreted as being derived from the verbizanau (historical orthographyizanafu) oriⁿzanap- from Western Old Japanese 'to invite', with-ki /-gi and-mi being taken as masculine and feminine suffixes, respectively.[2][3][4] The literal translation of Iⁿzanaŋgî and Iⁿzanamî are 'Male-who-invites' and 'Female-who-invites'.[5][6]Shiratori Kurakichi proposed an alternative theory which instead sees the rootiza- (or ratherisa-) to be derived fromisao (historical orthography:isawo) meaning 'achievement' or 'merit'.[7]The etymological origin of the verb is suggested to be a precursor to the Middle Korean lemmayènc- meaning 'to place/put on [the top of]' reconstructed as*yenc-a (place-INF) inOld Korean.[8]
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TheKojiki portrays Izanagi and his younger twin sister Izanami as theseventh and final generation of deities that manifested after the emergence of the first group of gods, theKotoamatsukami, when heaven and Earth came into existence.[9]
Receiving a command from the other gods to solidify and shape the Earth (which then "[resembled] floating oil and [drifted] like a jellyfish"), the couple use ajewelled spear to churn the watery chaos. The brine that dripped from the tip of the spear congealed and turned into an island namedOnogoro (淤能碁呂島).[10] The two descended to the island and, setting up their dwelling, erected a 'heavenly pillar' (ama no mihashira) on it. Izanagi and Izanami, realizing that they were meant to procreate and have children, then devised a marriage ceremony whereby they would walk in opposite directions around the pillar, greet each other and initiate intercourse. After Izanami greeted Izanagi first, Izanagi objected that he, the man, should have been the first to speak. True enough, the first offspring that resulted from their union, the 'leech-child'Hiruko, was considered imperfect and set adrift on aboat of reeds. Izanagi and Izanami then also begat the island ofAwa (淡島Awashima), but this too was not counted among their rightful progeny.[11]
Izanagi and Izanami then decided to repeat the ritual, with Izanagi greeting Izanami first. This time, their union was a success, with Izanami giving birth to some of the various islands that comprise the Japanese archipelago (with the notable exceptions of Shikoku and Hokkaido), which include the following eight islands (in the following order):
The two then proceeded to beget the various deities who are to inhabit these lands.[13] Izanami, however, was badly injured and eventually died after giving birth to the fire godKagutsuchi.[14] In an act of grief and rage, Izanagi killed Kagutsuchi with his 'ten-grasp sword'. More gods manifest into existence out of Izanami's excreta, Kagutsuchi's blood and mutilated remains, and Izanagi's tears.[15][16]
Izanagi, wishing to see Izanami again, went down toYomi, the land of the dead, in the hopes of retrieving her. Izanami reveals that she had already partaken of food cooked in the furnace of the underworld, rendering her return impossible. Izanagi, losing his patience, betrayed his promise not to look at her and lit up a fire, only to find that Izanami is now a rotting corpse, causing him to run away in terror. To avenge her shame, Izanami dispatched the gods of thunder (known as theYakusanoikazuchi), the "hags of Yomi" (予母都志許売Yomotsu-shikome), and a horde of warriors to chase after him. To distract them, Izanagi threw the vine securing his hair and the comb on his right hair-knot, which turned intograpes andbamboo shoots that the hags devoured. Upon reaching the pass ofYomotsu Hirasaka (黄泉比良坂, the 'Flat Slope of Yomi'), Izanagi took threepeaches from a nearby tree and repelled his pursuers using them. He then declared the peach fruit to be divine and bade it to grow in the land of the living to help people in need. When Izanami herself came in pursuit of him, Izanagi sealed the entrance to Yomi using a huge boulder. Izanami then pronounced a curse, vowing to kill a thousand people each day, to which Izanagi replies that he would then beget a thousand and five hundred people everyday to thwart her.[17][18][19]
Izanagi, feeling contaminated by his visit to Yomi, went to "[the plain of] Awagihara (i.e. a plain covered withawagi) by the river-mouth of Tachibana inHimuka in [the island of]Tsukushi" andpurified himself by bathing in the river; various deities came into existence as he stripped off his clothes and accouterments and immersed himself in the water. The three most importantkami, the "Three Precious Children" (三貴子mihashira no uzu no miko orsankishi) – the sun goddessAmaterasu Ōmikami, the moon deityTsukuyomi-no-Mikoto, and the storm godSusanoo-no-Mikoto – were born when Izanagi washed his left eye, his right eye, and his nose, respectively.[20][21]
Izanagi divides the world among his three children: Amaterasu was allottedTakamagahara (高天原, the "Plain of High Heaven"), Tsukuyomi the night, and Susanoo the seas.[22] Susanoo did not perform his appointed task and instead kept crying and howling "until his beard eight hands long extended down over his chest," causing the mountains to wither and the rivers to dry up. After he told his father that he wished to go to his mother's land,Ne-no-Katasu-Kuni (根堅州国, the 'Land of Roots'), a furious Izanagi expelled Susanoo "with a divine expulsion," after which he disappears from the narrative.[23][24]
While the first generations ofkami including Izanagi and Izanami are implied in theKojiki and theNihon Shoki's main narrative to have manifested independent of each other, one variant cited in theShoki instead describes them as the offspring of Aokashikine-no-Mikoto (青橿城根尊), another name for the goddess Ayakashikone-no-Mikoto, of the sixth of the first seven generations of gods. Another variant meanwhile portrays Izanagi as the offspring of a deity named Awanagi-no-Mikoto (沫蕩尊) and the fifth-generation descendant of the primordial deityKuninotokotachi-no-Mikoto.[25]
In theShoki's main narrative, the couple first begets the following eight islands after performing the marriage ceremony (in the following order):
Both Ōshima and Kibi-no-Kojima are not reckoned among the eight great islands in theKojiki, instead being identified as being born after them. The other remaining islands, such as Tsushima (対馬島) and Iki (壱岐島), are said to have been produced by the coagulation of thefoam in sea water (or freshwater).[26]
InTenrikyo, Izanagi-no-Mikoto is one of theTen Aspects of God's Providence (十全の守護,jūzen no shugo).[27]
| Kuni-no-Tokotachi | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Toyokumo [ja] | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Uhibi [ja] | Suhiji [ja] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tsunugi [ja] | Ikugu [ja] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ihodonoji [ja] | Otonobe [ja] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Omodaru [ja] | Ayakashikone [ja] | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Izanagi | Izanami | ||||||||||||||||||||
Media related toIzanagi at Wikimedia Commons| Mythic texts |   | |
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| Izumo mythology | ||
| Hyūga mythology | ||
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