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Ivan Papanin | |
|---|---|
Иван Папанин | |
 Papanin in 1950 | |
| Born | Ivan Dmitriyevich Papanin (1894-11-26)26 November 1894 |
| Died | 30 January 1986(1986-01-30) (aged 91) |
| Nationality | Soviet Union |
| Occupation(s) | Polar explorer, scientist, security officer |
Ivan Dmitriyevich Papanin (Russian:Иван Дмитриевич Папанин; 26 November [O.S. 14 November] 1894 – 30 January 1986) was aSoviet polar explorer, scientist,Counter Admiral, and twiceHero of the Soviet Union, who was awarded nineOrders of Lenin.
Papanin was born inSevastopol into the family of a sailor ofRussian Greek origin. In 1909 he graduated Zemskaya elementary school.
In 1914 he was conscripted into theImperial Russian Navy. He took part in theRussian Civil War on theBolshevik side, fighting inUkraine. In 1920 he was sent toCrimea to organize a guerrilla movement against the forces of theWhite movement leader, BaronPyotr Wrangel.
In November 1920, after the Bolshevik takeover of Crimea, Papanin was appointed prosecutor and commandant of the Crimean branch of the Soviet secret police, theCheka.Rosalia Zemlyachka, organizer of thepartisan movement in Crimea, is reported to have been his superior and friend.[1][2] In 1922 he received his first Soviet award, the order of the Red Banner for exemplary performing a task in liquidation of counterrevolutionaries in Crimea, Kharkiv, and other places.
In 1923, he worked for theNarkomat of Communications. In 1929 Papanin finished theOsoaviakhim special courses. In 1931-1932 he graduated from thePeople's Commissariat for Posts and Telegraphs higher courses in communications and the first course of the Planning Academy department of communications. In 1931, he took part in the expedition of theicebreakerMalygin toFranz Josef Land. Between 1932 and 1933, he was the head of a polar expedition onTikhaya Bay on Franz Josef Land. In 1934-1935 he was in command of a polar station onCape Chelyuskin.
In 1937, he was in charge of the famousNorth Pole-1 expedition.[3][4] Four researchers, Ivan Papanin,Ernst Krenkel,Yevgeny Fyodorov andPyotr Shirshov, landed on the drifting ice-floes in an airplane flown byMikhail Vodopyanov. For 234 days, Papanin's team carried out a wide range of scientific observations in the near-polar zone, until they were taken back by the two icebreakersMurman andTaimyr. It was the first expedition of its kind in the world. All members of the expedition received the title ofHero of the Soviet Union, which was extremely rare beforeWorld War II. All members also received a science degree of Doctor of Geographic Sciences (without dissertation,thesis) and were admitted to theGeographical Society of the USSR. Upon returning from the expedition he publishedLife on an ice floe: Diary of Ivan Papanin.[5]
In 1939-1946 Papanin was the successor toOtto Schmidt as head of theGlavsevmorput' (Glavniy Severniy Morskoy Put') - an establishment that oversaw all commercial operations on theNorthern Sea Route. In 1940 he received a second Hero of the Soviet Union title for organizing the expedition that saved theSedov. DuringWorld War II he was the representative of the State Defence Committee (Gosudarstvennij Komitet Oborony) responsible for all transportation by theNorthern Sea Route. Between 1941 and 1952, he was a member of the Central Revision Commission of the Communist Party.
Between 1948 and 1951, he was the deputy director of Institute for Oceanology of theAcademy of Sciences of the Soviet Union and from 1951 until his death in 1986, he was the Head of the Academy's Department of Maritime Expeditions. Until 1972, he was also the director of the Institute for the Biology of Inland Waters (Bilogii Vnutrennikh Vod).
Papanin's name has been given to a cape on theTaymyr Peninsula, a mountain inAntarctica, and an underwater mountain in thePacific Ocean. His name was also given to an ice-class cargo and research ship (call sign: UCJE) built in 1990 that operates in both Arctic seas and the Antarctic. In October 2019, Russia unveiled an 8,500-tonne, 300-foot-longicebreaking patrol ship named after him at the Admiralty Shipyard in St. Petersburg.[6]
other medals and foreign decorations.
