TheItalian refugees from Libya were theItalian settlers and their descendants who were forced out of Libya after the end ofWWII.[1] Most took refuge inItaly, mainly after their expulsion in 1970, ordered byMuammar Gaddafi.[2]
The era of internationaldecolonization led to an exodus ofItalians from what used to be the colony ofItalian Libya, especially after Libya became independent in the 1950s. Nearly half of the Italian colonists[3] who arrived when governorItalo Balbo brought to Libya his "Ventimilli" in 1938-1939,[4] went away in the late 1940s:[5] this first wave of refugees moved to Italy; soon afterwards, in the early 1950s, most of them emigrated to the Americas (mainly toCanada,Venezuela,Argentina and theUnited States) and to western Europe (France,Benelux, etc.).
After several years under British mandate, on December 24, 1951 Libya declared its independence as theUnited Kingdom of Libya (a constitutional, hereditary monarchy underKing Idris). In 1952 the exodus of most of the remaining Italian colonial settlers started, mainly those in areas away from the main cities.
Although in the late 1950s most of the 110,000 Italians living in 1940Italian Libya[6] had already left the former colony, some thousands remained (primarily farmers and craftsmen) and some even tried to participate in the political life of the new Libya.[7] King Idris was a relatively tolerant monarch, and generally treated the Italian population well: in 1964 Libya there still were 27000 Italians, of which 24000 lived in the metropolitan area ofTripoli.
| Year | Italians | Percentage | Libya inhabitants | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1939 | 108,419 | 12.37% | 876,563 | Guida Breve d'Italia Vol. III, C.T.I. Milano, 1939 |
| 1962 | 35,000 | 2.1% | 1,681,739 | Enciclopedia Motta, Vol. VIII, Motta Editore. Milano, 1969 |
| 1982 | 1,500 | 0.05% | 2,856,000 | Atlante Geografico Universale, Fabbri Editori. Bologna, 1988 |
| 2012 | 624 | 0.01% | 3,400,000 | Ministero Interni-"AIRE". Roma, 2013 |
But after 1970 the Italian population almost disappeared when ColonelMuammar Gaddafi ordered the expulsion of all Italians colonists, settlers andJews from Libya.[8] Already in 1967, as a consequence of theSix-Day War, through an airlift and the aid of several ships, theItalian Navy helped evacuate more than 6,000 Libyan Jews toRome in one month.[9] These Jewish evacuees were forced to leave their homes, their businesses and most of their possessions behind: of these 6,000, about 4,000 soon emigrated toIsrael or theUnited States, while the ones who remained stayed inRome, because they all spoke Italian and had been fully integrated with the Italian way of life since 1911. Out of the approximately 15,000 Roman Jews, around 4,000 are of Libyan descent, and constitute an influential part of the community.
Indeed in 1970, after the advent of the Libyan revolution, more than twenty thousand Italian colonists settlers in Libya were suddenly expelled from the country and, like the Jews in 1967, suffered the confiscation of all property. This was in violation of the treaty between Italy and Libya signed in 1956: this treaty was concluded on the basis of aUN Resolution of 1950, which linked the creation of the independent Libyan monarchy to the respect the rights and interests of the minorities living in the country. Some Italians of Libya wanted to organize a "resistance" political group to protect their past hegemony.[10]
The value of the assets lost by the Italians expelled has been calculated in 1970 by the Italian government in 200 billion lire based on real estate property value alone. Including bank deposits and various entrepreneurial activities, this figure exceeds 400 billion lire that equals about 3 billion euro or dollars of 2006.
The Confiscation of 1970 was justified by Qaddafi (then president-dictator of Libya) as partial relief for the damages resulting from colonization.
Regarding "Visas" in Libya, after the initial enthusiasm following the visit of the then Italian Prime MinisterSilvio Berlusconi to Gaddafi in 2004, in which the problem seemed to be overcome, nearly nothing was done: up to 2011 Italian citizens repatriated in 1970 could not return to the country until after the age of 65, through an organized trip and with the entry documents authorized both in Italian and Arabic. Even those born in Libya were denied access, as was the case of international actressRossana Podestà who complained to have been denied the possibility of returning to her "Italian Tripoli" birthplace after 1970.
In 2014 the Italian embassy in Tripoli was one of the fewWestern embassies still active in Libya during thePost-civil war violence in Libya due to the fact that Italy was the most important trade partner for Libya and that there were 624 Italians working in Italian companies in the country.[11][12]
Few Italians remain in Libya. Italian refugees from Libya maintain their own organization calledAssociazione Italiani Rimpatriati dalla Libia (AIRL).[13][14]
