Issyk-Kul Lake is 182 kilometres (113 mi) long, up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) wide and its surface area is 6,236 square kilometres (2,408 sq mi). It is the second-largest mountain lake in the world behindLake Titicaca inSouth America. It is at an altitude of 1,607 metres (5,272 ft) and reaches 668 metres (2,192 ft) in depth.[8]
The lake's southern shore is dominated by the ruggedly beautifulTeskey Ala-Too Range of theTian Shan mountains. The northern slopes of the range are long and send a considerable flow to Issyk-Kul. Numerous streams taking their rise at the slopes flow together into comparatively large rivers. They deeply dissect the range and flow in wide valleys. On exit from mountains the rivers form large alluvial cones. In eastern part of Issyk-Kul they flow into Jyrgalang river. TheKungey Alatau of theTian Shan runs parallel to the north shore. The southern slopes of the Kungey Alatau are comparatively short. Therefore, the rivers rising on them are relatively small and do not have a chance to flow together to form larger hydrographic systems. As a result, they separately empty either into Issyk-Kul or into Tüp river flowing along the range.[11]
The lake water'ssalinity is approx. 0.6% – compared to 3.5% salinity of typicalseawater – and, although the lake level is still currently some 8 metres (26 ft) higher than in medieval times, its level now drops by approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) per year due to water diversion.[12]
Administratively, the lake and the adjacent land are withinIssyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan.
During theSoviet era, the lake became a popular vacation resort, with numeroussanitoria, boarding houses and vacation homes along its northern shore, many concentrated in and around the town ofCholpon-Ata. These fell on hard times after the break-up of the USSR, but now hotel complexes are being refurbished and simple private bed-and-breakfast rentals are being established for a new generation of health and leisure visitors.[citation needed]
Issyk kul Lake
The city ofKarakol (formerly Przhevalsk, after the Russian explorerPrzhevalsky, who died there) is the administrative seat ofIssyk-Kul Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is near the east tip of the lake and is a good base for excursions into the surrounding area. Its small old core contains an impressive woodenmosque, built without metal nails by theDungan people and a woodenOrthodox church that was used as a stable during Soviet times.[citation needed]
Many historians believe that the lake was the point of origin for theBlack Death that plagued Europe and Asia during the early and mid-14th century.[13] In 2022, researchers reported on the analysis of preserved genetic material from seven individuals buried in two cemeteries near Issyk-Kul and determined that the Black Death was present there in 1338 or 1339.[14] The plague first infected people in a small, nearby settlement of traders eight years before it devastated Eurasia, killing 60 percent of the population, having traveled along trade routes.[15] The lake's status as a byway for travelers allowed the plague to spread across these continents via medieval merchants who unknowingly carried infestedvermin along with them.
Croped image of the 1375Catalan Atlas depicting the lake (North on the top). The inscription says: "The place is named Ysicol. In this place is a monastery of Armenian brothers, which say, in here isMatthew the apostle and evangelist"
The lake level is some 8 metres (26 ft) higher than in medieval times. Divers have found the remains of submerged settlements in shallow areas around the lake.
Articles identified as the world's oldest extant coins were found underwater, with gold wire rings used as small change and a large hexahedral goldpiece. Also found was a bronzecauldron with a level of craftsmanship that is today achieved by using aninert gas environment.[16][17]
In 1916 the monastery at Issyk-Kul was attacked by Kyrgyz rebels, and seven monks were killed.[18]
The first nature reserve in Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul State Reserve was established in 1948 to protect unique nature landscapes andwaterfowl at Issyk-Kul. In 1975, it was acknowledged as aRamsar site. Biosphere Reserve Issyk-Kul covered byUNESCOWorld Network of Biosphere Reserves was established in year 2000 within the administrative borders ofIssyk-Kul Region.[19]
The lake contains highlyendemic fish biodiversity, and some of the species, including four endemics, are seriously endangered. In recent yearsyields of all fish species have declined markedly, due to a combination ofoverfishing, heavy predation by two of theintroducedinvasive species (thepike perch and therainbow trout), and the cessation of lakerestocking withjuvenile fish fromhatcheries. At least four commercially targeted endemic fish species are sufficiently threatened to be included in the Red Book of the Kyrgyz Republic —Schmidt's dace (Leuciscus schmidti),Issyk-Kul dace (Leuciscus bergi),Ili marinka (Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis issykkulensis), and sheer or naked osman (Gymnodiptychus dybowskii). Five other indigenous species —Issyk-kul minnow (Phoxinus issykkulensis),Issykul gudgeon (Gobio gobio latus),spotted thicklip loach (Triplophysa strauchii ulachilicus),grey stone loach (Triplophysa dorsalis),asp (Leuciscus aspius iblioides) — are almost certainly threatened asbycatch or are indirectly impacted by fishing activity and changes to the ecological structure and balance of the lake's fish population.
Sevan trout, a fish endemic toLake Sevan inArmenia, was introduced into Issyk-Kul in the 1970s. While this fish is anendangered species in its native waters, it has a much better chance to survive in Lake Issyk-Kul where it has actively predated on other species, but is limited in habitat for reproduction and in food.[20]
There is a small lake below the water level of Issyk Kul at the south-west side of the lake. This lake is called Tyz köl (salt lake) in Kyrgyz due to its very high saline content and swimming in the Issyk Kul salt lake is a very different experience from less salty water. The lake receives its water from small cold springs at the beach which lead the cold, less heavy water to the top of the lake and often the salty, heavy water below is oddly more warm than the water on the surface.[23]
During theSoviet period, theSoviet Navy operated an extensive facility at the lake's east end, where submarine and torpedo technology was evaluated.[24] In March 2008, Kyrgyz newspapers reported that 866 hectares (2,140 acres) around theKarabulan Peninsula on the lake would be leased for an indefinite period to theRussian Navy, which is planning to establish new naval testing facilities as part of the 2007 bilateral Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation, Mutual Help, and Protection of Secret Materials. The Russian military will pay $4.5 million annually to lease the area.[25]India also plans to invest in the facility to test all types of torpedoes such as heavy weight torpedoes and those that have thermal navigation system. Another advantage that works for the testing center is that the torpedoes fired can also be recovered allowing scientists to make physical verification of a torpedo structure for further study. India is also planning to use the torpedo test facility to test theautonomous underwater vehicle being developed byNSTL. For this, India has proposed to engage local companies with know-how in torpedo technology to further co-develop the facility.[26]
^abcdefghSavvaitova, K.; Petr, T. (December 1992), "Lake Issyk-Kul, Kirgizia",International Journal of Salt Lake Research,1 (2):21–46,doi:10.1007/BF02904361
^abcdHofer, Markus; Peeters, Frank; Aeschbach-Hertig, Werner; Brennwald, Matthias; Holocher, Johannes; Livingstone, David M.; Romanovski, Vladimir; Kipfer, Rolf (11 July 2002), "Rapid deep-water renewal in Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan) indicated by transient tracers",Limnology and Oceanography,4 (47):1210–1216,doi:10.4319/lo.2002.47.4.1210
^Kodayev, G.V. (1973), "Морфометрия озера Иссык-Куль" [Morphometry of Lake Issyk-Kul],News of the All-Union Geographic Society (Izvestiya VGO) (in Russian)
^V. V.Romanovsky, "Water level variations and water balance of Lake Issyk-Kul", in Jean Klerkx, Beishen Imanackunov (2002), p.52
^Sapozhnikov, D. G.; A. I. Tsvetkov (1959). "[Precipitation of hydrous calcium carbonate on the bottom of Lake Issyk-Kul]".Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR.24:131–133.
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