Israeli Labor Party מפלגת העבודה הישראלית | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leader | Levi Eshkol(first) Yair Golan(last) |
| Founded | 23 January 1968 (1968-01-23) |
| Dissolved | 12 July 2024 (2024-07-12) (de facto) |
| Merger of | Mapai Ahdut HaAvoda Rafi |
| Merged into | The Democrats |
| Headquarters | Tel Aviv |
| Youth wing | Israeli Young Labor |
| Membership(2024) | 48,288[1] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-left[2][3][4] |
| National affiliation |
|
| European affiliation | Party of European Socialists (observer) |
| International affiliation | Progressive Alliance Socialist International (until 2018) |
| Colours | Red,blue |
| Most MKs | 49 (1969–1973) |
| Fewest MKs | 3 (2020–2021) |
| Election symbol | |
| אמת أمت [5] | |
| Website | |
havoda | |
TheIsraeli Labor Party (Hebrew:מפלגת העבודה הישראלית,romanized: Mifleget HaAvoda HaYisraelitⓘ), commonly known in Israel asHaAvoda (Hebrew:העבודה,lit. 'The Labor'), was aLabor Zionist andsocial democratic political party inIsrael.[6][7] It was established in 1968 through the merger of three Labor Zionist political parties:Mapai,Ahdut HaAvoda andRafi. Until 1977, all Israeli prime ministers were affiliated with the Labor Party or its predecessors.[8]
The party supported thewelfare state and maintained close links with Israelitrade unions.[7] It was associated with advocating for anIsraeli–Palestinian peace process based on atwo-state solution,[9] pragmaticforeign policy positions, and social-democratic economic policies.[10] The party was also characterized assecular andprogressive.[7][11][12][13] The party was a member ofSocialist International until July 2018,[14][15][16] after which it joined theProgressive Alliance. The party was also an observer member of theParty of European Socialists.[17][18]
On 30 June 2024, under the leadership ofYair Golan, who had been elected party leader on 28 May 2024, the party agreed to merge withMeretz to form a new political party,The Democrats. The merger agreement provided for one Meretz representative in every four positions on the new party’s electoral list and party bodies, with additional representation for Meretz’s municipal factions.[19] The merger was ratified by delegates of both Labor and Meretz on 12 July 2024. Under the terms of the agreement, Labor and Meretz continue to function as separate corporate and budgetary entities, and their factions in theHistadrut, municipal councils, and other bodies outside theKnesset remain distinct while cooperating.[20]
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The foundations for the Israeli Labor Party were established shortly before the1965 Knesset elections, whenMapai—the largest political party in Israel and the dominant partner in every government since the state’s founding in 1948—and its affiliatedArab satellite lists formed an alliance withAhdut HaAvoda, another Labor Zionist party.[21] The alliance was intended to strengthen Mapai’s electoral position following the departure of eight Knesset members led by former prime ministerDavid Ben-Gurion, who established the new partyRafi after disputes including Mapai’s refusal to support a change in the electoral system that he had favored.
The alliance between Mapai and Ahdut HaAvoda, known as theLabor Alignment (or retrospectively theFirst Alignment), won 45 seats in the 1965 elections. It formed a governing coalition with theNational Religious Party,Mapam, theIndependent Liberals,Poalei Agudat Yisrael,Progress and Development andCooperation and Brotherhood. Following theSix-Day War in 1967, Rafi andGahal also joined the coalition.
On 23 January 1968, Mapai, Ahdut HaAvoda, and Rafi (excluding Ben-Gurion, who established theNational List in protest) merged to create the Israeli Labor Party.[22][23] On 28 January 1969, the party entered into an alliance with Mapam, which also came to be known as the Alignment.
As the larger faction in the second Alignment, Labor became the dominant partner. Although Mapam left the Alignment during the eighth Knesset, it later rejoined.[citation needed] During the 1970s, successive Alignment-led governments expanded the welfare state.[24][25] This included increases inpension benefits[26] and the introduction of new social security schemes such asdisability insurance andunemployment insurance (1970), children’s insurance (1975), and vacation pay for adopting parents (1976).[27] Other initiatives included a Family Allowance for Veterans (1970), a benefit for Prisoners of Zion (1973), and mobility and volunteer benefits (1975).[28] Between 1975 and 1976, a limited housing rehabilitation program was introduced in several older neighborhoods,[29] and the Sick Leave Compensation Law of 1976 was enacted to provide compensation for employees absent from work due to illness.[30]
Following the1977 Israeli legislative election, the Labor Party entered the opposition for the first time. After the1984 election, in which theIndependent Liberals participated as part of the Alignment, the Alignment joined a national unity government withLikud, theNational Religious Party,Agudat Yisrael,Shas,Morasha,Shinui, andOmetz. Under the coalition agreement, the office of prime minister alternated between the Alignment and Likud. During the eleventh Knesset, Mapam left the Alignment in opposition toShimon Peres’s decision to join the unity government with Likud.
On 7 October 1991, the Alignment formally dissolved, with all factions merged into the Labor Party. At this time, the Likud-led government elected in 1988 faced several challenges, including economic difficulties, the integration of large numbers of immigrants from the formerSoviet Union, strained relations with the administration of U.S. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush,[31] and internal divisions.
Led again byYitzhak Rabin, Labor won the1992 elections and formed a government withMeretz and Shas. The Labor-led government introduced a range of social policy measures. These included expanded provisions forsingle parents[32] and people withdisabilities,[33] liberalization of income support entitlements,[34] and the 1994 Law to Reduce Poverty and Income Inequality, extended a year later, which increased income maintenance grants to low-income families.[35] In 1995, a nationalhealth insurance policy was enacted.[36] Other measures included reforms to make national insurance contributions more progressive,[37] the introduction of a maternity grant for adopting mothers,[38] old-age insurance forhousewives,[39] a minimum unemployment allowance,[40] and a partial injury allowance.[41] Additional investments were made in development projects,[42] whileaffirmative action programs were implemented to increase the employment of Palestinian citizens in the public sector. The Ministry of Interior increased funding for Arab local councils, and the Ministry of Education expanded budgets for Arab education.[43]
The party’s subsequent role was closely linked to theOslo Accords. The accords were approved by the Knesset in a vote of confidence that passed 61–50, with eight abstentions. Several members of the governing coalition declined to support the agreement, but it was secured with the backing of Palestinian-Arab parties in the Knesset. The government proceeded to implement the accords. Rabin’s decision to advance negotiations with the Palestinians and sign the Oslo Accords led tohis assassination in 1995 by right-wing Jewish extremistYigal Amir.
Following Rabin’s assassination,Shimon Peres became prime minister and calledearly elections in 1996 to seek a mandate for advancing the peace process. Although Labor won the most seats in the Knesset, Peres lost the direct election for prime minister toBenjamin Netanyahu, after a series ofsuicide bombings byHamas. Netanyahu and Likud subsequently formed the government.
In 1999, as his coalition weakened, Netanyahu calledearly elections. Labor, now led byEhud Barak, formed an electoral alliance withMeimad andGesher under the nameOne Israel. Barak won the prime minister election, while One Israel won 26 Knesset seats. He established a coalition of 75 members with Shas, Meretz,Yisrael BaAliyah, the National Religious Party, andUnited Torah Judaism. The coalition with religious parties (NRP, Shas, and UTJ) caused tensions with thesecularist Meretz, who quit the coalition after a disagreement with Shas over the authority of the Deputy Education Minister. Other parties subsequently left before the2000 Camp David summit.
Following theOctober 2000 protests in Israel and the outbreak of theSecond Intifada, Prime Minister Barak resigned in December 2000. In a subsequentspecial election for prime minister, he was defeated by Likud leaderAriel Sharon. Labor remained in Sharon’s coalition, which included Likud, Shas, Yisrael BaAliyah, and United Torah Judaism, and received two key cabinet positions: Shimon Peres was appointedMinister of Foreign Affairs andBinyamin Ben-Eliezer becameDefense Minister. Labor supportedOperation Defensive Shield against Palestinians in theWest Bank in April 2002. Amid criticism that Peres and Ben-Eliezer were subordinate to Sharon and not advancing peace efforts, Labor withdrew from the government in 2003.[citation needed]
Ahead of the2003 elections,Amram Mitzna led the party on a platform that included unilateral withdrawal from theGaza Strip. Labor won 19 seats, its lowest result to that point, while Likud won 38. Following internal opposition, Mitzna resigned as leader and was succeeded by Peres.[44] Labor later joined Sharon’s coalition to support the plan forIsraeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip, after theNational Union and National Religious Party had left the government.[citation needed]
On 8 November 2005, Shimon Peres was replaced as the leader of the Labor party by the election of left-wing Histadrut union leaderAmir Peretz in an internal Labor party ballot. Critics of Labor have argued that, over the years, the party had abandoned itssocialist heritage in favor of economic and business elites, and had passed the mantle of custodian of the underprivileged to right-wing and religious parties.[45] Peretz stated his intention to reassert Labor's traditional socialist policies, and took the party out of the government. This prompted Sharon to resign and call for newelections in March 2006. Prior to the election, the political map had been redrawn, as Sharon and the majority of Likud's MKs, together with a number of Labor MKs, including Shimon Peres, and some from other parties, had formed the new political partyKadima. In the elections Labor won 19 seats, making it the second largest party after Kadima. It joinedEhud Olmert's Kadima-led government, with Peretz appointed Defense Minister. Labor's main coalition demand and campaign promise was raising the minimum wage.[46]
On 28 May 2007, aleadership election resulted in Ehud Barak and Ami Ayalon defeating Peretz who was pushed into third place. In therun-off election (required as neither Barak nor Ayalon received over 40% of the vote), Barak was re-elected as party chairman. Despite stating that he would withdraw the party from the government unless Olmert resigned,[47] Barak remained in government and took over as Defense Minister. Prior to the2009 elections Labor and Meimad ended their alliance, with Meimad ultimately running a joint list with theGreen Movement (which did not pass the electoral threshold). Several prominent members left the party, includingAmi Ayalon, andEfraim Sneh (who formedYisrael Hazaka). In the elections, Labor was reduced to just 13 seats, making it the fourth largest party behind Kadima, Likud andYisrael Beiteinu.[citation needed]
Analysing the downfall of the once dominant political party in Israel, Efraim Inbar of theBegin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies points to several factors. By forfeiting identification with the establishment and building of the State of Israel, symbolised by a predilection for military service and by the settling of the land of Israel, Labor lost its most important asset. Deserting the Zionist symbol of Jerusalem, by showing willingness to cede part of it to the Palestinians was an ill-fated move. Their association with theOslo Accords meant that they could not avoid being discredited by its failure. Demographic factors have worked against Labor, as the growingSefardi population, as well as the recent Russian-Jewish immigrants, have largely voted for other parties. Attempts to gain the support of theIsraeli Arab voters have damaged the image of the party, and yielded no harvest.[45]
On 17 January 2011, disillusionment with party leader Ehud Barak, over his support for coalition policies, especially regarding the peace process, led to Barak's resignation from the Labor Party with four other Knesset members to establish a new "centrist, Zionist and democratic" party,Independence. Following this move, all Labor Party government ministers resigned. Two days after the split, a group of prominent members of Israel's business, technology, and cultural communities includingJerusalem Venture Partners founderErel Margalit founded the "Avoda Now" movement calling for a revival of the Labor Party. The movement launched a public campaign calling the people to support the Labor Party, with the aim of renewing its institutions, restore its social values, and choose new dynamic leadership.[48]
Shelly Yachimovich waselected leader in 2011 saying "I promise that we will work together. This is just the beginning of a new start for Israeli society." She was congratulated by many in the party including her one-time rival Amir Peretz.[49] Yachimovich was replaced as leader byIsaac Herzog in2013. In the2013 legislative election held on 22 January 2013, Labor received 11.39% of the national vote, winning 15 seats.[50]
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On 10 December 2014, party leader Isaac Herzog andTzipi Livni, leader and founder of theHatnuah party, announced anelectoral alliance to contest the upcoming legislative election.[51] In the2015 legislative election on 7 March 2015, the joint listZionist Union received 24 seats in the Knesset, of which 19 belong to the Labor Party. Both parties remained independent parties while both represented by theZionist Union faction in the Knesset. The partnership continued after Avi Gabbay waselected chairman of the party on 10 July 2017, until 1 January 2019, when Gabbay announced the dissolution of the union unilaterally.[52] On 10 July 2018, the Labor Party suspended its membership of theSocialist International after the international adopted a policy ofBDS towards Israel.[53]
Labor's support collapsed in theApril 2019 legislative election, being reduced to only 4.43% of votes and 6 seats, marking it as the worst result in the party's history. Anger at Gabbay intensified, with poor election results, and negotiating with the right to join a Netanyahu-led government. Longtime party member Peretz criticized Gabbay, tweeting "We will not enter or sit in his [Netanyahu] government. Every other option is a violation of everything we promised to the public".[54] Gabbay resigned in June.[55] In July 2019, Amir Peretz waselected as the new leader of the Labor party.[56] A few weeks later, on 18 July 2019, ahead of theSeptember 2019 election, Amir Peretz merged the party with theGesher party, giving Gesher multiple spots on Labor's candidate list.[57]
On 12 January 2020, Labor announced that it was negotiating a joint list withMeretz to prevent the possibility of either party not making the electoral threshold and not entering the Knesset.[58] Labor and Meretz announced a joint run on 13 January 2020,[59] with the Labor party central committee voting in favor of ratification of the alliance the following day.[60] Meretz approved the alliance on 14 January.[61] The alliance submitted its list on 15 January under the name Labor-Gesher-Meretz.[62] In March 2020, Gesher's only MKOrly Levy announced that she was splitting from the union due to their support ofBenny Gantz's efforts to set up aminority government with theJoint List, with him as prime minister.[63] Gantz later abandoned that effort and instead joined a "national unitycoronavirus government" headed byBenjamin Netanyahu. After repeatedly promising not to join a government headed by Netanyahu,[64][54][65] Peretz decided to bring Labor into that coalition headed by Netanyahu to "promote social justice" along with Gantz.[66]
On 22 April 2020, it was announced that Labor Party leaderAmir Peretz would serve as Israel's Economic Minister as a result of a coalition agreement which was made following the2020 Israeli legislative election and will coordinate with Blue and White on parliamentary matters and policy issues.[67][68][69] Despite agreeing to join the new government, Peretz also stated that he and other Labor MKs will still vote against aproposed West Bank annexation plan.[70] On 26 April 2020, 64.2% of the Labor Party's 3,840 central committee members approved of Peretz's decision to join the new government.[71][72] During the coalition talks, the party was under negotiations withBlue and White to implement a merger.[73] On 17 May 2020, Peretz was officially sworn in at the new Israeli economic minister.[74] Labor memberItzik Shmuli also joined the Israeli government after being sworn in as Israel's Minister of Welfare.[74]
Peretz decided to not run for re-election in the2021 election and also resigned as leader. In the consequentleadership election,Merav Michaeli (who did not join theNetanyahu government) was elected leader. Labor, which was struggling to cross the threshold in polls taken before Michaeli became leader, increased their share of seats to 7. The party subsequently joined thenew government.[75][76] Michaeli was re-elected leader ahead of the2022 election. This was the first time the party re-elected its leader since primaries were held starting in 1992.[77] In the2022 elections the party was reduced to four seats and winning 3.69% of the votes.[78] In December 2023, Michaeli announced her intention to step down as Labor leader.[79] The following February, aleadership election was called for 28 May,[80] whichYair Golan won on a platform of merging the party with the rivalMeretz party.[81] On 30 June 2024, an agreement between Labor and Meretz was signed to merge the parties and formThe Democrats,[19] which was approved by the newly elected party delegates on 12 July.[82]
Despite the merger, members of The Democrats are identified in the 25th Knesset as members of theLabor Party, following an unsuccessful attempt to rename the Knesset faction.[83]
| Part ofa series on |
| Socialism in Israel |
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Historical parties |
Mapai evolved from thesocialistPoale Zion movement and adhered to theSocialist Zionist ideology promulgated byNahum Syrkin andBer Borochov. Under Ben-Gurion's leadership (1930–1954), Mapai focused mainly on aZionist agenda, as establishing ahomeland for the Jewish people was seen as the most urgent issue.
After the founding of thestate of Israel, Mapai engaged in nation building—the establishment of theIsrael Defense Forces (while dismantling every other armed group), the establishment of many settlements, the settling of more than 1,000,000 Jewish immigrants and the desire to unite all the inhabitants of Israel under a new Zionist Jewish Israeli culture (an ideology known as the "Melting pot" כור היתוך).
Labor in the past was morehawkish on security and defense issues than it is now. During its years in office, Israel fought the1956 Sinai War, theSix-Day War and theYom Kippur War.
While originally ademocratic socialist party, Labor evolved into a programme that supported amixed economy with strongsocial welfare programmes. In November 2005,Amir Peretz, leader of the social-democraticOne Nation which had merged into Labor after a split in 1999,[84] was elected chairman of the party, defeatingShimon Peres. Under Peretz, especially in the2006 electoral campaign, the party took a significant ideological turn, putting social and economic issues on top of its agenda, and advocating asocial democratic approach (including increases in minimum wage and social security payments), in sharp contrast to theeconomically liberal policies led by former Finance MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu. In the post–Cold War era, the party's foreign policy retained a strong orientation toward theUnited States (especially theDemocratic Party), and its security policy maintained that a permanent peace with the Palestinians can only be based on agreements that are enforceable.[85] Labor supported atwo-state solution and the creation of an independent, demilitarized Palestinian state.[9]
On social issues, Labor supportedsame-sex marriage, the legalisation ofcannabis, advancing surrogacy rights for gay couples and organized public transportation onShabbat.[9] Labor was committed to the continued existence of Israel as aJewish and democratic state. It believed in maintaining a strong defense force and also supports the promotion of individual human rights. It supported mostSupreme Court decisions on the latter issue, as well as the adoption of a written constitution that would entrench human rights.[85] The party opposed theNation State Bill in 2018, and after its passing pledged to adding a clause emphasising equality for all citizens.[9]
| No. | Image | Leader | Took office | Left office | Prime ministerial tenure | Knesset elections | Elected/reelected as leader |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Levi Eshkol | 1968 | 1969 | 1963–1969 | 1965(as leader of Mapai) | 1965(Mapai) |
| 2 |  | Golda Meir | 1969 | 1974 | 1969–1974 | 1969,1973 | 1969 |
| 3 | .jpg) | Yitzhak Rabin | 1974 | 1977 | 1974–1977 | 1974,1977 (Feb) | |
| 4 | .jpg) | Shimon Peres | 1977 | 1992 | 1984–1986 | 1977,1981,1984,1988 | 1977 (Apr),1980,1984 |
| (3) | | Yitzhak Rabin | 1992 | 1995 | 1992–1995 | 1992 | 1992 |
| (4) |  | Shimon Peres | 1995 | 1997 | 1995–1996 | 1996 | 1995[86] |
| 5 | .jpg) | Ehud Barak | 1997 | 2001 | 1999–2001 | 1999 | 1997[86] |
| 6 | _(1).jpg) | Binyamin Ben-Eliezer | 2001 | 2002 | 2001[87] | ||
| 7 |  | Amram Mitzna | 2002 | 2003 | 2003 | 2002[88] | |
| (4) |  | Shimon Peresinterim[89] | 2003 | 2005 | 2003[89] | ||
| 8 | .jpg) | Amir Peretz | 2005 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005[90] | |
| (5) |  | Ehud Barak | 2007 | 2011 | 2009 | 2007 | |
| 9 |  | Shelly Yachimovich | 2011 | 2013 | 2013 | 2011 | |
| 10 |  | Isaac Herzog | 2013 | 2017 | 2015 | 2013 | |
| 11 | .jpg) | Avi Gabbay | 2017 | 2019 | 2019 (Apr) | 2017 | |
| (8) |  | Amir Peretz | 2019 | 2021 | 2019 (Sep),2020 | 2019 | |
| 12 |  | Merav Michaeli | 2021 | 2024 | 2021,2022 | 2021,2022 | |
| 13 | .jpg) | Yair Golan | 2024 | 2024 | 2024 |
The rules adopted in 1963 by the preceding Mapai party for electing leaders saw the party's leader elected by a vote of its Central Committee. This initially remained the case with the Labor Party when it succeeded Mapai.[86] Beginning with the 1977 leadership election, the party shifted to electing its leaders by a vote of the party's convention delegates.[86] Following Rabin's resignation, only months after the February 1977 leadership election, the party opted against holding another convention vote, and instead selected Peres as its new leader by a vote of its Central Committee.[86] A vote of convention delegates was again used in the 1980 leadership election.[86]
The party's 5th convention adopted a rule change that shifted the election of party leaders to a vote of the party's general membership.[86] As a result, since 1992, Labor Party leaders have been chosen through party membership votes, aside from exceptional circumstances.[86] Exceptional circumstances arose after the November 1995assassination of Rabin, which saw the a vote of the party's Central Committee used to install Peres as the party's new leader.[86] Exceptional circumstances again arose in 2003, when an internal vote of the party's Central Committee was used to select Shimon Peres to serve as they party's interim leader until a later vote for a new permanent leader.[89]
Prominent former members include:
| Election | Leader | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1969 | Golda Meir | Part ofAlignment | 49 / 120 | Coalition | ||
| 1973 | 44 / 120 |  5 | Coalition | |||
| 1977 | Shimon Peres | 28 / 120 | 16 | Opposition | ||
| 1981 | 40 / 120 |  12 | Opposition | |||
| 1984 | 37 / 120 | 3 | Coalition | |||
| 1988[a] | 685,363 | 30.02 (#2) | 39 / 120 | 2 | Coalition(1988–1990) | |
| Opposition(1990–1992) | ||||||
| 1992 | Yitzhak Rabin | 906,810 | 34.65 (#1) | 44 / 120 | 5 | Coalition |
| 1996 | Shimon Peres | 818,741 | 26.83 (#1) | 34 / 120 | 10 | Opposition |
| 1999 | Ehud Barak | Part ofOne Israel | 23 / 120 | 11 | Coalition(1999–2002) | |
| Opposition(2002–2003) | ||||||
| 2003[b] | Amram Mitzna | 455,183 | 14.46 (#2) | 18 / 120 | 5 | Opposition(2003–2005) |
| Coalition(2005) | ||||||
| Opposition(2005–2006) | ||||||
| 2006[b] | Amir Peretz | 472,366 | 15.06 (#2) | 18 / 120 |  | Coalition |
| 2009 | Ehud Barak | 334,900 | 9.93 (#4) | 13 / 120 | 5 | Coalition(2009–2011) |
| Opposition(2011–2013) | ||||||
| 2013 | Shelly Yachimovich | 432,118 | 11.39 (#3) | 15 / 120 | 2 | Opposition |
| 2015 | Isaac Herzog | Part ofZionist Union | 19 / 120 | 4 | Opposition | |
| Apr 2019 | Avi Gabbay | 190,870 | 4.43 (#6) | 6 / 120 | 13 | Snap election |
| Sep 2019[c] | Amir Peretz | 212,782 | 4.80 (#9) | 5 / 120 | 1 | Snap election |
| 2020 | Part ofLabor-Gesher-Meretz | 3 / 120 | 2 | Coalition[d] | ||
| 2021 | Merav Michaeli | 268,737 | 6.09 (#6) | 7 / 120 | 4 | Coalition |
| 2022 | 175,922 | 3.69 (#10) | 4 / 120 | 3 | Opposition | |
| Election | Candidate | Votes | % | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Shimon Peres | 1,471,566 | 49.5 (#2) | Lost |
| 1999 | Ehud Barak | 1,791,020 | 56.1 (#1) | Won |
| 2001 | Ehud Barak | 1,023,944 | 37.6 (#2) | Lost |
| Knesset | Members | Total |
|---|---|---|
| 7 (1969–1974) | Aharon Becker,Eliyahu Sasson,Ze'ev Sherf,Ya'akov Shimshon Shapira,Yitzhak Ben-Aharon,Mordechai Ben-Porat,Mordechai Bibi,Shimon Peres,Mordechai Ofer (replaced byMoshe Shahal 1 September 1971),Pinchas Sapir,Avraham Ofer,Yitzhak Navon,Moshe Dayan,Reuven Barkat,Yigal Allon,Yosef Almogi,Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino,Moshe Baram,Menachem Cohen,David Coren,Yitzhak Coren,Adiel Amorai,Ari Ankorion,Abba Eban,Aryeh Eliav,Ada Feinberg-Sireni,Yisrael Galili,Uzi Feinerman,Zina Harman,Ze'ev Herring,Shlomo Hillel,Yisrael Kargman,Shalom Levin,Zvi Dinstein,Moshe Carmel,Yisrael Yeshayahu,Gad Yaacobi,Haim Yosef Zadok,Avraham Zilberberg,Mathilda Guez,Zvi Guershoni,Yizhar Harari,Mordechai Zar,Aharon Yadlin,Ben-Zion Halfon,Golda Meir,Haim Gvati,Mordechai Surkis,Yehonatan Yifrah,Moshe Wertman | 50 (part ofAlignment) |
| 8 (1973–1977) | Yigal Allon, Yosef Almogi, Adiel Amorai, Ari Ankorion, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino, Moshe Baram, Yitzhak Ben-Aharon, Mordechai Ben-Porat (Left party to sit as an independent), Moshe Carmel, David Coren, Moshe Dayan, Abba Eban, Aryeh Eliav (Left party to sit as an independent, before establishingYa'ad – Civil Rights Movement and then forming theIndependent Socialist Faction), Uzi Feinerman (replaced byAmos Hadar 8 April 1974), Yisrael Galili,Avraham Givelber, Zvi Guershoni (replaced bySenetta Yoseftal 1 September 1976), Mathilda Guez,Menachem Hacohen, Ben-Zion Halfon,Michael Harish,Esther Herlitz, Shlomo Hillel, Yisrael Kargman,Nuzhat Katzav, Shalom Levin, Golda Meir (replaced byJacques Amir 10 June 1974),Eliyahu Moyal,Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon, Avraham Ofer (replaced byYehiel Leket 3 January 1977), Shimon Peres,Yitzhak Rabin, Pinchas Sapir (replaced byYa'akov Frank 12 August 1975),Yossi Sarid, Moshe Shahal, Moshe Wertman, Gad Yaacobi, Aharon Yadlin,Aviad Yafeh,Aharon Yariv (replaced byZvi Alderoti 16 May 1977), Yisrael Yeshayahu, Haim Yosef Zadok, Avraham Zilberberg,Haviv Shimoni (replacedAbd el-Aziz el-Zoubi of theMapam, 14 February 1974) | 44 (part of Alignment) |
| 9 (1977–1981) | Yigal Allon (replaced byYehuda Hashai 29 February 1980), Jacques Amir, Adiel Amorai, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino,Haim Bar-Lev,Uzi Baram, Moshe Dayan (Left party to sit as an independent before establishingTelem), Abba Eban,Tamar Eshel, Menachem Hacohen, Amos Hadar, Michael Harish, Shlomo Hillel,Yeruham Meshel, Eliyahu Moyal, Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon (replaced byAvraham Katz-Oz 18 April 1978), Shimon Peres,Yitzhak Rabin,Yehoshua Rabinovitz (replaced byEsther Herlitz 14 August 1979),Daniel Rosolio, Yossi Sarid, Moshe Shahal,Eliyahu Speiser, Gad Yaacobi, Aharon Yadlin (replaced byZe'ev Katz 12 January 1979),Yehezkel Zakai, Haim Yosef Zadok (replaced byEmri Ron of Mapam) | 28 (part of the Alignment) |
| 10 (1981–1984) | Jacques Amir, Adiel Amorai,Nava Arad, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino, Haim Bar-Lev,Michael Bar-Zohar, Uzi Baram,Dov Ben-Meir,Naftali Blumenthal, Abba Eban,Rafael Edri, Tamar Eshel,Ya'akov Gil,Mordechai Gur, Menachem Hacohen,Aharon Harel,Moshe Harif (replaced byEdna Solodar 16 January 1982), Michael Harish,Yehuda Hashai,Chaim Herzog (replaced byNahman Raz 22 March 1983), Shlomo Hillel, Avraham Katz-Oz,Hamad Khalaily Yeruham Meshel,Aharon Nahmias,Ra'anan Naim, Ora Namir,Aryeh Nehemkin, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Daniel Rosolio (replaced byHaim Ramon 16 March 1983), Yossi Sarid,Uri Sebag, Moshe Shahal, Eliyahu Speiser,Rafael Suissa,Ya'akov Tzur,Shevah Weiss, Gad Yaacobi, Yehezkel Zakai | 40 (part of Alignment) |
| 11 (1984–1988) | Jacques Amir, Adiel Amorai (replaced byUri Sebag 31 October 1988), Nava Arad, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino,Yitzhak Artzi, Haim Bar-Lev, Uzi Baram, Dov Ben-Meir,Abdulwahab Darawshe (Left party to sit as an independent, before forming theArab Democratic Party),Simcha Dinitz (replaced by Ya'akov Gil 13 March 1988), Abba Eban, Rafael Edri, Mordechai Gur, Menachem Hacohen, Aharon Harel (replaced byAvraham Shochat 10 May 1988), Michael Harish, Shlomo Hillel, Avraham Katz-Oz,Yisrael Kessar,David Libai,Amnon Linn, Aharon Nahmias, Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon, Aryeh Nehemkin, Shimon Peres,Yitzhak Peretz, Yitzhak Rabin, Haim Ramon, Nahman Raz, Yossi Sarid (Left party to joinRatz), Moshe Shahal,Efraim Shalom, Edna Solodar, Eliyahu Speiser, Ya'akov Tzur, Shevah Weiss, Gad Yaacobi | 38 (as part of the Alignment,Mapam leaves Alignment following election) |
| 12 (1988–1992) | Nava Arad, Shoshana Arbeli-Almozlino, Haim Bar-Lev, Michael Bar-Zohar, Uzi Baram,Yossi Beilin,Binyamin Ben-Eliezer,Eli Ben-Menachem,Avraham Burg,Ra'anan Cohen,Eli Dayan, Rafael Edri, Aryeh Eliav,Gedalia Gal,Micha Goldman,Efraim Gur (Left party to establish theUnity for Peace and Immigration, which merged into Likud), Mordechai Gur, Michael Harish, Shlomo Hillel, Avraham Katz-Oz (replaced byPini Shomer 28 May 1996), Yisrael Kessar, David Libai,Nawaf Massalha,Hagai Meirom, Ora Namir, Yitzhak Navon, Shimon Peres,Amir Peretz, Yitzhak Rabin, Haim Ramon, Moshe Shahal,Shimon Shetreet, Avraham Shochat, Edna Solodar, Ya'akov Tzur, Shevah Weiss,Ezer Weizman, Gad Yaacobi,Emanuel Zisman | 39 (Alignment dissolved and renamed Labor Party) |
| 13 (1992–1996) | Shmuel Avital, Uzi Baram, Yossi Beilin, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Eli Ben-Menachem,Shlomo Bohbot, Avraham Burg (replaced byHaneh Hadad 5 July 1995), Ra'anan Cohen, Eli Dayan,Yael Dayan, Rafael Edri,Rafi Elul, Gedalia Gal, Micha Goldman,Eli Goldschmidt, Mordechai Gur (replaced by Avraham Katz-Oz 16 July 1995), Michael Harish,Dalia Itzik,Avigdor Kahalani (Left party to establish theThird Way),Yossi Katz, Yisrael Kessar,Yoram Lass, David Libai,Masha Lubelsky, Nawaf Massalha, Hagai Meirom, Ora Namir,Ori Orr, Shimon Peres, Amir Peretz, Yitzhak Rabin (replaced byNava Arad 5 November 1995, left Labor to sit as Independent in 1996), Haim Ramon,Gideon Sagi, Moshe Shahal,Ya'akov Shefi, Shimon Shetreet, Avraham Shochat,Efraim Sneh,Salah Tarif,Yosef Vanunu, Shevah Weiss,Avraham Yehezkel, Emanuel Zisman (Left party to establish theThird Way),Nissim Zvili | 44 |
| 14 (1996–1997) | Adisu Massala (Left party to establishOne Nation), Amir Peretz (Left party to establishOne Nation), Avraham Shochat, Avraham Yehezkel, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Dalia Itzik, David Libai (Replaced byEitan Cabel on 15 October 1996),Efi Oshaya, Efraim Sneh,Ehud Barak, Eli Ben-Menachem, Eli Goldschmidt, Hagai Meirom (Left party to establishCentre Party), Haim Ramon, Micha Goldman, Moshe Shahal (Replaced byRafik Haj Yahia on 20 March 1998), Nawaf Massalha, Nissim Zvili (Left party to establishCentre Party),Ophir Pines-Paz, Ori Orr, Ra'anan Cohen, Rafael Edri, Rafi Elul, Saleh Tarif,Shalom Simhon, Shevah Weiss, Shimon Peres,Shlomo Ben-Ami,Sofa Landver, Uzi Baram, Yael Dayan,Yona Yahav, Yossi Beilin, Yossi Katz | 34 |
| 15 (1999–2003) | Ehud Barak (Resigned from Knesset and replaced by Eitan Cabel on 9 March 2001), Shimon Peres, Shlomo Ben-Ami (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byOrit Noked on 11 August 2002), Yossi Beilin (Resigned from Knesset and replaced by Eli Ben-Menachem on 17 November 1999),Matan Vilnai (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byColette Avital on 17 November 1999), Avraham Burg, Ra'anan Cohen (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byTzali Reshef on 21 August 2002), Uzi Baram (Resigned from Knesset and replaced by Efi Oshaya on 15 February 2001), Dalia Itzik, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Haim Ramon, Eli Goldschmidt (Resigned from Knesset and replaced byMordechai Mishani ofGesher on 15 February 2001), Avraham Shochat, Yael Dayan, Ophir Pines-Paz, Efraim Sneh, Nawaf Massalha, Avraham Yehezkel, Sofa Landver, Salah Tarif, Shalom Simhon, Yossi Katz,Weizman Shiri | 22 (as part ofOne Israel) |
| 16th (2003–2006) | Amram Mitzna (Replaced by Salah Tarif on 23 February 2005, who was replaced byRonen Tzur on 22 January 2006), Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, Shimon Peres (Replaced byWizman Shiry on 17 January 2006 when he left to joinKadima), Matan Vilnai, Avraham Burg (Replaced byRaleb Majadele on 28 June 2004), Dalia Itzik (Replaced by Avraham Yehezkel on 17 January 2006 when she left to joinKadima and thenDani Koren on 28 January 2006), Ophir Pines-Paz, Efraim Sneh,Yuli Tamir,Isaac Herzog, Haim Ramon (Replaced by Efi Oshaya on 18 January 2006 when he left to joinKadima and then byTova Ilan of Meimad on 21 January 2006),Danny Yatom, Eitan Cabel, Avraham Shochat (Replaced by Sofa Landver on 11 January 2006 and thenOrna Angel on 8 February 2006 and thenNeta Dobrin on 15 February 2006), Colette Avital, Shalom Simhon, Orit Noked, Eli Ben-Menachem | 18 (as part of Labor-Meimad) |
| 17 (2006–2009) | Amir Peretz, Isaac Herzog, Ophir Pines-Paz,Avishay Braverman, Yuli Tamir,Ami Ayalon (Joined Meimad in November 2008), Eitan Cabel, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer,Shelly Yachimovich, Matan Vilnai, Colette Avital,Nadia Hilou, Shalom Simhon, Orit Noked,Yoram Marciano, Raleb Majadele, Efriam Sneh (replaced byShakhiv Shana'an on 28 May 2008 when he left the Knesset to form his own party), Danny Yatom (replaced byLeon Litinetsky on 30 June 2008) | 18 (as part of Labor-Meimad) |
| 18 (2009–2013) | Shelly Yachimovich, Isaac Herzog, Avishay Braverman, Eitan Cabel, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer,Daniel Ben-Simon, Raleb Majadele, Yoram Marciano, Ophir Pines-Paz (replaced byEinat Wilf on 10 January 2010. Wilf resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Ehud Barak (resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party) Matan Vilnai resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Shalom Simhon (resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Orit Noked resigned from Labor in January 2011 to form theIndependence Party), Amir Peretz (replaced by Yoram Marciano on 9 December 2012 when Peretz resigned to joinHatnua) | 13 (as Labor) |
| 19 (2013–2015) | Shelly Yachimovich, Isaac Herzog, Eitan Cabel,Merav Michaeli,Yehiel Bar,Omer Bar-Lev,Stav Shaffir, Avishay Braverman,Erel Margalit,Itzik Shmuli,Mickey Rosenthal,Michal Biran,Nachman Shai,Moshe Mizrahi, Binyamin Ben-Eliezer (replaced by Raleb Majadele 14 December 2014) | 15 |
| 20 (2015–2019) | Isaac Herzog (replaced byRobert Tiviaev ofHatnua 31 July 2018), Shelly Yachimovich, Stav Shaffir, Itzik Shmuli, Omer Bar-Lev, Yehiel Bar, Amir Peretz (rejoined the Labor Party from Hatnua), Merav Michaeli, Eitan Cabel, Mickey Rosenthal,Revital Swid,Eitan Broshi, Michal Biran, Nachman Shai,Ayelet Nahmias-Verbin,Yossi Yona,Saleh Saad (replacedManuel Trajtenberg on 3 October 2017),Leah Fadida (replaced Erel Margalit 6 October 2017),Zouheir Bahloul (replaced by Moshe Mizrahi 18 October 2018),Danny Atar (replaced byYael Cohen Paran of Hatnua on 25 November 2015) | 19 (as part ofZionist Union) |
| 21 (April–September 2019) | Avi Gabbay,Tal Russo, Itzik Shmuli, Shelly Yachimovich, Amir Peretz, Merav Michaeli (replaced by Stav Shaffir 1 August 2019) | 6 (as Labor) |
| 22 (September 2019 – 2020) | Amir Peretz, Itzik Shmuli, Merav Michaeli, Omer Bar-Lev, Revital Swid | 5 (as part ofLabor-Gesher) |
| 23 (2020–2021) | Amir Peretz (replaced byIlan Gilon ofMeretz 28 January 2021), Itzik Shmuli, Merav Michaeli | 3 (as part ofLabor-Gesher-Meretz) |
| 24 (2021–2022) | Merav Michaeli,Emilie Moatti,Gilad Kariv,Efrat Rayten,Ram Shefa,Ibtisam Mara'ana, Omer Bar-Lev (replaced byNaama Lazimi 22 June 2021 underNorwegian Law) | 7 (as Labor) |
| 25 (2022–present) | Merav Michaeli, Naama Lazimi, Gilad Kariv, Efrat Rayten | 4 (as Labor) |
העבודה היא מפלגת שמאל ציוני מתונה
מיכאלי היא גם שגרירתו האותנטית של השמאל המתקדם, ה"פרוגרסיב", על המפלגות בישראל.
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