ThePalestine Liberation Organization (PLO) recruited militants in Lebanon from among thePalestinian refugees who had been expelled or fled after the creation of Israel in 1948.[8][9] After the PLO leadership and itsFatah brigade wereexpelled from Jordan in 1970–71 for fomenting a revolt, they entered southern Lebanon, resulting in an increase of internal and cross-border violence. Meanwhile,demographic tensions over the LebaneseNational Pact led to theLebanese Civil War (1975–1990).[10] PLO actions were one of the key factors in the eruption of the Lebanese Civil War and its bitter battles with Lebanese factions caused foreign intervention. Israel's1978 invasion of Lebanon pushed the PLO north of theLitani River, but the PLO continued their campaign against Israel. This invasion led to the deployment ofUnited Nations peacekeepers in southern Lebanon.Israel invaded Lebanon again in 1982 and, in alliance with the ChristianLebanese Forces, forcibly expelled the PLO. In 1983, Israel and Lebanon signed theMay 17 Agreement providing a framework for the establishment of normal bilateral relations between the two countries, but relations were disrupted withtakeover of Shia and Druze militias in early 1984. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1985, but kept control of a 19-kilometre (12-mile)[11]security buffer zone, held with the aid of proxy militants in theSouth Lebanon Army (SLA).
In 1985,Hezbollah, a LebaneseShia Islamist movement sponsored byIran,[12] called for armed struggle to end the Israeli occupation of Lebanese territory.[13] Itfought a guerrilla war against the IDF and SLA in south Lebanon. Israel launched two major operations in southern Lebanon during the 1990s:Operation Accountability in 1993 andOperation Grapes of Wrath in 1996. Fighting with Hezbollah weakened Israeli resolve and led to a collapse of the SLA and an Israeli withdrawal in 2000 to their side of theUN designated border.[14]
Citing Israeli control of theShebaa farms, Hezbollah continued cross-border attacks intermittently over the next six years. Hezbollah now sought the release ofLebanese citizens in Israeli prisons and successfully used the tactic of capturing Israeli soldiers as leverage for aprisoner exchange in 2004.[15][16] The capturing of two Israeli soldiers by Hezbollah ignited the2006 Lebanon War, which saw cross-border attacks and another Israeli invasion of the south.[17] Itsceasefire called for the disarmament of Hezbollah and the respecting of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Lebanon by Israel. Hostilities were suspended on 8 September.
After the 2006 war the situation became relatively calm, despite both sides violating the ceasefire agreements; Israel by making near-daily flights over Lebanese territory, and Hezbollah by not disarming. There was an increase in violence during theApril 2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings.
The largelyChristian enclave of the French Mandate became theFrench-controlledLebanese Republic in 1926. Lebanon became independent in 1943 as France was under German occupation, though French troops did not completely withdraw until 1946.
The rise ofanti-Semitism inEurope, culminating in theHolocaust duringWorld War II, had meant an increase ofJewish immigrants to a minority Jewish, majorityArab Mandate.[20] During the1936–39 Arab revolt and thereafter the British increasingly came to rely onJewish police forces to help maintain order.[21] Eventually, the resultant rise in ethnic tensions and violence between the Arabs and Jews due to Jewish immigration andcollaboration would force the British to withdraw in 1947. (The area of theirmandate east of theJordan river had already become the independent state ofJordan in 1946.) TheUnited Nations General Assembly developed agerrymandered1947 UN Partition Plan,[22] to attempt to give both Arabs and Jews their own states from the remains of the British Mandate; however, this was rejected by the Arabs, and the situation quickly devolved into a full-fledged civil war.
In 1948, the Lebanese army had by far the smallest regional army, consisting of only 3,500 soldiers.[23] At the prompting of Arab leaders in the region, Lebanon agreed to join the other armies that were being assembled around the perimeter of the British Mandate territory of Palestine for the purpose of invading Palestine.[citation needed] Lebanon committed 1,000 of these soldiers to the cause. The Arab armies waited for the end of the Mandate and the withdrawal of British forces, which was set for 15 May 1948.
Israeldeclared its independence on 14 May 1948. The next day, the British Mandate officially expired and, inan official cablegram, the seven-memberArab League, including Lebanon, publicly proclaimed their aim of creating a democratic "United State of Palestine" in place of theUnited Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. The League soon entered the conflict on the side of the Palestinian Arabs, thus beginning the international phase of the1948 Arab–Israeli War.Egypt,Lebanon,Syria,Transjordan, andIraq declared war on the new state of Israel. They expected an easy and quick victory in what came to be called the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Lebanese army joined the other Arab armies in the invasion. It crossed into the northernGalilee. By the end of the conflict, however, it had been repulsed by Israeli forces, which occupiedSouth Lebanon. Israel signedarmistice agreements with each of its invading neighbors. The armistice with Lebanon was signed on 23 March 1949.[24] As part of the agreement with Lebanon, Israeli forces withdrew to the international border.
By the conclusion of that war, Israel had signedceasefire agreements with all of the neighbouring Arab countries.[25] The territory it now controlled went well beyond what had been allocated to it under theUnited Nations Partition Plan, incorporating much of what had been promised to the Palestinian Arabs under the Plan. However, it was understood by all the state parties at the time that the armistice agreements were not peace treaties with Israel, nor the final resolution of the conflict between them, including the borders.
With the exception of two camps in theBeirut area, the camps were mostlyMuslim.[29] LebaneseChristians feared that the Muslim influx would affect their political dominance and theirassumed demographic majority.[29] Accordingly, they imposed restrictions on the status of the Palestinian refugees. The refugees could not work, travel, or engage in political activities. Initially the refugees were too impoverished to develop a leadership capable of representing their concerns.[29] Less democratic regimes also feared the threat the refugees posed to their own rule, but Lebanon would prove too weak to maintain a crackdown.[8]
Despite sharing in the ongoing border tensions over water,[30] Lebanon rejected calls by other Arab governments to participate in the 1967Six-Day War.[31] Militarily weak in the south, Lebanon could not afford conflict with Israel.[31]
Nevertheless, the loss of additional territory radicalized the Palestinians languishing in refugee camps hoping to return home.[8] The additional influx of refugees turned Palestinian camps throughout the Middle East into centers ofguerrilla activity.[8]
The PLO, from its inception in 1964 byAhmed Shukeri, began executing numerous terror attacks on Israeli civilians in attempt to fulfill its mission charter's vow to pursue in "the path of holy war (al-jihad)" until the establishment of aPalestinian State in place of the State of Israel. The series of attacks (such as the 1966 bombings inRomema, Jerusalem) drove theIsraeli Defense Forces (IDF) to strike in return, instigating the long and still unresolved struggle between the PLO and the IDF.
The unarmed citizenry could not expel the armed foreigners, while the Lebanese army was too weak militarily and politically.[32] The Palestinian camps came under Palestinian control after a series of clashes in 1968 and 1969 between the Lebanese military and the emerging Palestinian guerrilla forces.[29] In 1969 theCairo Agreement guaranteed refugees the right to work, to form self-governing committees, and to engage in armed struggle.[29] "The Palestinian resistance movement assumed daily management of the refugee camps, providing security as well as a wide variety of health, educational, and social services."[29]
In 1970, the PLO attempted to overthrow a reigning monarch, KingHussein of Jordan, and following his quashing of the rebellion in what Arab historians callBlack September, the PLO leadership and their troops fled fromJordan[33] toSyria and finally Lebanon, where cross-border violence increased.
With headquarters now inBeirut, PLO factions recruited new members from the Palestinian refugee camps.[9] South Lebanon was nicknamed "Fatahland" due to the predominance there ofYasser Arafat'sFatah organization. With its own army operating freely in Lebanon, the PLO had created a state within a state.[34] By 1975, more than 300,000 Palestiniandisplaced persons lived in Lebanon.[35]
In 1974 the PLO altered its focus to include political elements, necessary for a dialogue with Israel. Those who insisted on a military solution left to form theRejectionist Front, andYassir Arafat took over the PLO leadership role.[36]
TheLebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a complex conflict in the form of various factions and shifting alliances between and among LebaneseMaronite Catholics, Lebanese Muslims, Palestinian Muslims, Lebanese Druze, and other non-sectarian groups. Governmental power had been allotted among the different religious groups by theNational Pact based partially on the results of the1932 census.Changes in demographics and increased feelings of deprivation by certain ethnic groups, as well as Israeli–Palestinian clashes in the south of the county all contributed to the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War.[10]
Israeli support to Lebanese Forces
Beginning in May 1976, Israel supplied the Maronite militias, including theLebanese Forces, led byBachir Gemayel, with arms, tanks, and military advisers.[37][38] The border between Israel and Lebanon was at this time was nicknamed theGood Fence.
Fearing loss of commercial access to the port ofBeirut, in June 1976Syria intervened in the civil war to support the Maronite dominated government,[39] and by October had 40,000 troops stationed within Lebanon.
Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1976: Dark Green – controlled by Syria: Purple – controlled by Maronite groups; Light Green – controlled by Palestinian militias
On 11 March 1978, eleven PLO militants made a beach landing 30 km. south ofHaifa, Israel, where they seized a bus,[40] full of people, killing those on board in what is known as theCoastal Road massacre. By the end of the incident, nine hijackers[41] and 38 Israeli civilians (including 13 children) were dead.[40]
In response, on 14 March 1978, Israel launchedOperation Litani occupying southern Lebanon, except for the city ofTyre,[42] with 25,000 troops. The objective was to push the PLO away from the border and bolster a Lebanese Christian militia allied with Israel, theSouth Lebanese Army (SLA).[40] However, the PLO concluded from the name of the operation that the invasion would halt at theLitani River and moved their forces north, leaving behind a token force of a few hundred men.[43] As a result, the casualties were almost all civilians.[43]
On 19 March 1978, theUnited Nations Security Council passedResolution 425, which called for Israel's immediate withdrawal and the establishment of aUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.[44] When Israel forces withdrew later in 1978, they turned over its positions in Lebanon to the South Lebanon Army which would continue fighting as a proxy for Israel against the PLO until Israel drove the PLO out of Lebanon in 1982.
On 22 April 1979,Samir Kuntar and three other members of thePalestinian Liberation Front, a faction of the PLO, landed inNahariya, Israel fromTyre, Lebanon by boat. After killing a police officer who had discovered their presence, they took a father and his daughter hostage in an apartment building. After fleeing with the hostages from police back to the beach, a shootout killed one policeman and two of the militants. Kuntar then executed the hostages before he and the remaining invader were captured.
In April 1981, the United States brokered a cease-fire in southern Lebanon among Israel, Syria and the PLO.
Israeli troops in the Lebanese port city ofSidon, August 1982
The1982 Lebanon war began on 6 June 1982,[45] when Israel invaded again for the purpose of attacking thePalestine Liberation Organization. The Israeli armylaid siege to Beirut. During the conflict, according to Lebanese sources, between 15,000 and 20,000 people were killed, mostly civilians.[6][7] According to American military analyst Richard Gabriel, between 5,000 and 8,000 civilians were killed.[5] Fighting also occurred between Israel andSyria. The United States, fearing a widening conflict and the prestige the siege was giving PLO leaderYasser Arafat, got all sides to agree to a cease-fire and terms for the PLO's withdrawal on 12 August. TheMultinational Force in Lebanon arrived to keep the peace and ensure PLO withdrawal. The PLO leadership retreated from Beirut on 30 August 1982 and moved toTunisia.
Map showing power balance in Lebanon, 1983: Green – controlled bySyria, purple – controlled by Christian groups, yellow – controlled byIsrael, blue – controlled by the UN
In 1983, the United States brokered theMay 17 Agreement, a peace treaty between Israel and Lebanon in all but name. The agreement called for a staged Israeli withdrawal over the next eight to twelve weeks and the establishment of a "security zone" to be patrolled by the Lebanese army in southern Lebanon,[46] but was conditional on Syrian withdrawal as well. In August 1983, as Israel withdrew from the areas southeast of Beirut to theAwali River,[47] Lebanese factions clashed for control of the freed territory.[48]
In February 1984, the Lebanese Army collapsed, with many units forming their own militias.Shia and Druze militias took over much of Beirut in early 1984 and consolidated power. The National Assembly of Lebanon, under pressure from Syria and Muslim militias, cancelled the 17 May Agreement on 5 March 1984.[48]
On 16 February 1985,Shia Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin declared amanifesto[13] in Lebanon, announcing aresistance movement calledHezbollah, whose goals included combating the Israeli occupation. During theSouth Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) the Hezbollah militia waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon and theirSouth Lebanon Army proxies. "Throughout the period of 1985–92, there were very few limited exchanges between Israeli and Hezbollah or Amal forces in southern Lebanon", and "with the exception of 1988, during which twenty-one Israeli soldiers were killed, the number of Israeli fatalities per year over this period was in the single-digit figure".[50]
By the end of 1990, theLebanese Civil War was effectively over. In March 1991, theNational Assembly of Lebanon passed an amnesty law that pardoned all political crimes prior to its enactment, and in May 1991, the militias—with the important exceptions of Hezbollah and the SLA—were dissolved, and theLebanese Armed Forces began to slowly rebuild themselves as Lebanon's only major non-sectarian institution.
Security belt conflict
From 1985 through 2000, Israel continued to fund the South Lebanon Army. In 1992, Hezbollah won ten out of 128 seats in the LebaneseNational Assembly.
On 25 July 1993, Israel launchedOperation Accountability, known in Lebanon as the Seven-Day War. The given reason was to retaliate for the death of IDF soldiers in the"security zone", which Israel had created in 1985 in southern Lebanon to protect its northern borders from both Hezbollah and thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command. On 10 July Hezbollah undertook an operation in which 5 Israeli soldiers were killed; a further attack on 19 July caused several further casualties to the IDF, and on the 23rd. another Israeli soldier was killed. Cross-border raids were frequent from both sides, and Operation Accountability arose from the escalation in hostilities.[51] Thousands of buildings were bombed, resulting in 120 dead and 500,000 displaced civilians. Israeli forces also destroyed infrastructure such as power stations and bridges. According to Michael Brecher, the aim of Operation Accountability was to precipitate a large flight of Lebanese refugees from the south towards Beirut and thereby put the Lebanese government under pressure to rein in Hezbollah.[51] Hezbollah retaliated with rocket attacks on Israeli villages, though inflicting significantly fewer casualties. After Lebanon complained to the UN, theSecurity Council called on Israel to withdraw its occupying forces from Lebanese territory. A truce agreement brokered by the US secured an Israeli undertaking to stop attacks north of its security zone in Lebanon, and a Hezbollah agreement to desist from firing rockets into Israel.[51]
On 11 April 1996, Israel initiatedOperation Grapes of Wrath, known in Lebanon as the April War, which repeated the pattern of Operation Accountability.,[51] which was triggered by Hezbollah Katyusha rockets fired into Israel in response to the killing of two Lebanese by an IDF missile, and the killing of Lebanese boy by a road-side bomb. Israel conducted massive air raids and extensive shelling in southern Lebanon. 106 Lebanese died in theshelling of Qana, when a UN compound was hit in an Israeli shelling. The conflict ended on 26 April 1996 with theIsraeli-Lebanese Ceasefire Understanding[52] in which both Hezbollah and Israel agreed to, respect the "rules of the game" and forgo attacks on civilians.[51]
In January 2000, Hezbollah assassinated the man responsible for day to day SLA operations, Colonel Akel Hashem.[53][54] The Israeli Air Force, in apparent response, on 7 February struck Lebanon's civilian infrastructure, including power stations atBaalbek, Deir Nbouh and Jambour. Eighteen people were reported to have been injured.[55]
Following its declaration of intent to implementUNSC Resolution 425 on 1 April 1998, and after the collapse of the South Lebanon Army in the face of a Hezbollah onslaught, Israel declared 24 May 2000 that they would withdraw to their side of the UN designated border,[14] theBlue Line, 22 years after the resolution had been approved. The South Lebanon Army's equipment and positions largely fell into the hands of Hezbollah. Lebanon celebrates 25 May,Liberation Day, as a national holiday.
Border clashes and assassinations (September 2000 – July 2006)
In September 2000, Hezbollah forged an electoral coalition with theAmal movement. The ticket swept all 23 parliamentary seats allotted for south Lebanon in that region's first election since 1972.[56]
On 7 October 2000, threeIsraeli soldiers – Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham, and Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaidwere – were abducted byHezbollah across theIsraeli–Lebanese border.[57] The soldiers were killed either during the attack or in its immediate aftermath.[16]
After Hezbollah killed an Israeli soldier in an attack on an armored bulldozer that had crossed the border to clear bombs on 20 January 2004, Israel bombed two of the group's bases.[58]
On 29 January 2004, in a German-mediated prisoner swap, one timeAmal security headMustafa Dirani, who had been captured by Israeli commandos in 1994, and 22 other Lebanese detainees, about 400 Palestinians, and 12 Israeli-Arabs were released from Israeli prisons in exchange for Israeli businessmanElchanan Tenenbaum, who had been captured by Hezbollah in October 2000. The remains of 59 Lebanese militants and civilians and the bodies of the three Israeli soldiers captured on 7 October 2000 were also part of the exchange. Hezbollah requested that maps showing Israeli mines in South Lebanon be included in the deal.[15][16]
In May 2004, Hezbollah militiamen killed an Israeli soldier along the border within the Israeli held Shebaa Farms.
Between July and August 2004, there was a period of more intense border conflict. Hezbollah said the clash began when Israeli forces shelled its positions, while Israel said that Hezbollah had started the fighting with a sniper attack on a border outpost.
On 2 September 2004,Resolution 1559 was approved by the United Nations Security council, calling for the disbanding of all Lebanese militia. An armed Hezbollah was seen by the Israeli government as a contravention of the resolution.[59] The Lebanese government differed from this interpretation.[60][61]
Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon in April 2005.[11]
On 10 June 2006, the Lebanese army arrested members of an alleged Israeli spy ring, includingMahmoud Rafeh, his wife, and two children.[63] Police discovered bomb-making materials, code machines and other espionage equipment in his home.[63] Rafeh reportedly confessed to the Majzoub killings and to working forMossad,[64] and admitted that his cell had assassinated two Hezbollah leaders in 1999 and 2003 andthe son of Ahmed Jibril, leader of thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command, in 2002.[65] Former Lebanese MinisterWalid Jumblatt, an outspoken critic of Hezbollah, suspected that the exposure of the spy ring was a Hezbollah fabrication.[63]
On 12 July 2006, in an incident known asZar'it-Shtula incident, the Hezbollah initiated diversionary rocket attacks on Israeli military positions near the coast and near the Israeli border village ofZar'it,[17] while another Hezbollah group crossed from Lebanon into Israel and ambushed two Israeli Army vehicles, killing three Israeli soldiers and seizing two.[66][67]
Heavy fire between the sides was exchanged across the length of theBlue Line, with Hezbollah targeting IDF positions near Israeli towns.[17]
Thus began the2006 Lebanon War. Israel responded with massive airstrikes and artillery fire on targets throughout Lebanon, an air and naval blockade, and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon. In Lebanon the conflict killed over 1,100 people, including combatants,[69][70][71][72][73][74] severely damaged infrastructure, and displaced about one million people. Israel suffered 42 civilian deaths as a result of prolonged rocket attacks being launched into northern Israel causing the displacement of half a million Israelis.[75] Normal life across much of Lebanon and northern Israel was disrupted, in addition to the deaths in combat.
AUnited Nations-brokered ceasefire went into effect on 14 August 2006. The blockade was lifted on 8 September.[76]
Isolated incidents (August 2006–October 2023)
Israel–Lebanese military border incidents
On 7 February 2007, there was an exchange of gunfire nearAvivim between theLebanese Armed Forces and theIsrael Defense Forces, culminating in the firing of two IDF tank shells over the border. There were no injuries on either side.[77] The UN Secretary-General stated it was first armed incident since the end of the last war and that the first fire was by the Lebanese army without any provocation since the IDF was operating inside Israeli territory.[78]
On 3 August 2010, IDF forcesclashed with the Lebanese army. The clash began when the Lebanese army attacked an IDF post with sniper fire, killing an Israeli officer and wounding another. IDF troops at the scene returned fire, and Israel retaliated with air and artillery strikes at Lebanese army positions, killing two Lebanese soldiers and wounding five. A Lebanese journalist was also killed, and one was wounded. The Lebanese claimed they were responding to an Israeli violation of their sovereignty when Israeli troops crossed the border and began cutting down a tree that was in Lebanese territory. The Israelis denied violating Lebanese sovereignty and claimed the tree was in their territory. TheUnited Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) confirmed Israel's position, adding that Israel had informed them of the border work beforehand.[79][80][81]
On 1 August 2011, Israeli soldiers and Lebanese soldiers exchanged fire. At first it was reported that a Lebanese soldier was killed, but UNIFIL later said no one was killed. UNIFIL findings showed that Israeli troops had not crossed the border, and there was no cause for the clash.[82][83]
On 16 December 2013, a Lebanese soldier, acting without orders,fired at a civilian vehicle being driven by an Israeli naval officer along the border, killing him. The soldier then fled the scene and turned himself in to Lebanese authorities. Shortly afterward, IDF troops operating on the Israeli side of the border in the area where the officer was killed fired at what an IDF spokeswoman called "suspicious movement" on the Lebanese side of the border, hitting two Lebanese soldiers.[84]
Israel–Hezbollah border clashes
On 7 August 2013, four Israeli soldiers were wounded in a landmine explosion allegedly by Hezbollah. The Lebanese army said that the soldiers were 400 metres (1,300 ft) into Lebanese territory.[85][86]
On 14 March 2014, after a detonation of an explosive device in the area of Mt. Dov that wounded three soldiers, the Israeli army fired a number of shells at the village of Kafr Kila in southern Lebanon. In retaliation for the detonation of the explosive device, an Israeli armored force attacked a Hezbollah position in the city of Halata near the Shebaa Farms. A few hours after the incident, the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) announced that it was taking responsibility for the attack on the Lebanese border.[87][88]
On 1 September 2019, Hezbollah launched rockets from Lebanon into Israel, targeting[91] a military base and an IDF vehicle. Hezbollah claimed Israeli casualties.[92] AnIDFvehicle first identified as armored jeep painted with a red Jewish star, later clarified as a vehicle used as an ambulance at the moment[91] was targeted[91] by an anti-tank missile fired by Hezbollah. There were conflicting reports, some stating that the missiles hit, or even destroyed[91] the IDF vehicle and others sources indicating it missed the target.[93] Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu said no Israelis were wounded.[91] Two IDF servicemen apparently wounded were sent to Haifa'sRambam Medical Center, but released without getting any medical treatment according to Israel.[94][91]
On 27 July 2020, there was an exchange of fire between Israeli soldiers and four Hezbollah members.[95][96][97][98]
Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel
On 17 June 2007, an unknown militant group fired two rockets from Lebanon into northern Israel, an action which the UN condemned as a serious violation of the ceasefire.Hezbollah denied involvement in the incident, andIsrael emphasized that it would restrain itself from responding by force.Saniora pledged that "The state ... will spare no effort in uncovering those who stand behind this incident."[99] Citing its intelligence and military sources,Debkafile claimed that the shelling was carried out by an order of the Syrian military intelligence by an unknown extremist Palestinian organization called Ansar Allah, and that the launching point was determined by Hezbollah intelligence officers who maintain operational ties and provide weapons to the Ansar Allah fighters.[100]
On 11 September 2009, at approximately 15:45, there were explosions in the Nahariya area and the western Galilee without an alarm. Two rockets fell in open areas, and no injuries or damage were reported. The IDF responded by firing at the launching sites in southern Lebanon.[100]
On 29 November 2011, rockets were fired from Lebanon into Israeli territory and exploded in the western Galilee without causing casualties, but property was damaged. In response, the IDF responded by firing at the sources of the fire in Lebanon. Israeli firefighters took control of the fire that broke out in one of the centers. Israel estimated that the rockets were fired by a Palestinian organization.[101]
On 25 April 2022, a rocket is fired fromLebanon intoMatzuva,Israel. Israel responds by firing at targets in Lebanon.[102]
Between 4–6 of August, Israeli military launched air strikes in South Lebanon following rocket attacks from Hezbollah. This was the first time the IDF used its warplanes on Lebanon since2006.[103]
Israeli airstrikes in Lebanon
On 24 February 2014, the official Lebanese news agency reported that Israeli warplanes carried out two attacks near the Syrian-Lebanese border in the Nabi Sheet area. The Voice of Lebanon radio reported that the target of the attack was Hezbollah convoys, which transferred very advanced rocket weapons from Syria to the organization's bunker in the northern Lebanon Valley. Al-Arabiya reported that the target of the attack was Hezbollah facilities inside Lebanon, near the border and that several Hezbollah members were killed in the attack.[104][105][106][107]
On 21 June 2015,Al Jazeera reported that Israeli jets attacked targets in the mountainous areas near the town of Saghbine. However, Hezbollah-affiliatedAl-Manar reported that an Israeli drone crashed in the area, and that later an Israeli aircraft fired on it and destroyed the downed drone.[108]
On 10 May 2016, Israeli Air Force attacked a Hezbollah convoy which included six vehicles near the village ofAnjar as it made its way from Syria to Lebanon in the Qalamoun Mountains on the border with Syria.[109]
On 25 March 2018, Arabic media outlets reported that Israeli jets struck a number of Hezbollah positions near the town ofBaalbek along the Syrian border. Lebaneseal-Jadeed news reported the loud sounds heard by residents of the area were not explosions, but Israeli planes breaking the sound barrier, causing sonic booms. Hezbollah-affiliatedAl Manar denied the reports and said that neither Hezbollah or the Syrian army were attacked by Israeli forces.[110]
On 27 May 2019, Lebanese-based Al Mayadeen said that an Israeli drone struck a surveillance system in southern Lebanon. An additional report said the Lebanese army was at the scene investigating the device, which is said to be Israeli.[111]
On 25 August 2019,Lebanese andHezbollah officialsreported that, two Israelidrones crashed into theDahieh district ofBeirut,Lebanon. According to Lebanese officials[112][113][114] Israeli drones attacked Beirut; one crashed into the roof of the Hezbollah Media Center, about 45 minutes before the second exploded in the air and damaged the building. Hezbollah denied exploding or targeting them.[115] It was the first such incident between Israel and Lebanon since the2006 Lebanon War.[116][115]
On 26 August 2019, Arabic media claimed Israeli aircraft had carried out an airstrike on a base belonging thePopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (PFLP-GC), a Syria-based Palestinian militant group. The base is located in the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon, near the border with Syria.[117]
On 11 July 2015, an IsraeliHermes 450 drone crashed near Tripoli port, the drone was located 8 meters below the waterline and was retrieved by the Lebanese Army.[119][120]
On 31 March 2018, an IsraeliHermes 450 drone crashed due to a technical failure. An additional Israeli drone bombed the crashed drone. The Lebanese Army issued a statement saying that the crashed drone was found to be equipped with four unexploded ordnance. A technical unit of the Lebanese Army detonated it.[121]
On 31 October 2019, an Israeli drone was targeted by anti aircraft missile fired by Hezbollah in Southern Lebanon, officials in both countries said. According to Hezbollah the drone was shot down, a claim denied by Israel.[122]
On 26 July 2020, an Israeli drone crashed in Lebanon amid fears of an escalation with Hezbollah.[123]
On 22 August 2020, Hezbollah said it shot down an Israeli drone in Ayta ash Shab Southern Lebanon. Later the IDF acknowledged that a drone was lost and fell in Hezbollah hands.[124]
On 18 February 2022, Israel'sIron Dome fails to intercept aHezbollah-operatedmilitary drone fromLebanon that penetrated seventy kilometers into Israeli airspace. The drone flew for forty minutes before returning to Lebanon. Israeli jets fly at very low altitude overBeirut in response to the incident.[125][126]
On 5 September 2014, the official Lebanese news agency reported that an Israeli surveillance device was detonated in the area of the village ofAadloun, in theSidon area. According to the report, the device was planted in the garden and Hezbollah was the one who detonated it, with increased security measures in the background. On the Lebanese news website "Al-Nashra", however, it was claimed that an Israeli drone had detonated the device after it was discovered. Hezbollah-affiliated channelsAl Mayadeen andAl-Manar claimed that asurveillance aircraft detonated the device from a distance.[129]
On 6 April 2023, dozens of rockets werefired from Lebanon into Israel, wounding 3 Israeli civilians.[130]
On 8 October 2023, Hezbollah launched guided rockets and artillery shells at Israeli-occupied positions in Shebaa Farms during the 2023Gaza war. Israel retaliated with drone strikes and artillery fire on Hezbollah positions near the Golan Heights–Lebanon border, since then aconflict has broken out betweenmilitants,[a] andIsrael on theborder.[131][132][133]
On April 2025, Hezbollah signaled willingness to discuss disarmament with President Joseph Aoun, on the condition that Israel withdraws from five southern hilltop positions and halts its strikes. Aoun, under rising pressure, seeks to bring all weapons under state control. The group, weakened by the 2024 conflict, insists Israel must act first before any transfer of arms.[136][137]
On 5 July 2025, Israel carried out four drone attacks on cities in southern Lebanon resulting in one death and several injuries.[138] Lebanon’sMinistry of Public Health said that an “Israeli enemy drone attack on a vehicle” in the Saf al-Hawa area in the city ofBint Jbeil “killed one person and wounded two others.”; a second attack on the same area was conducted following this.[138] The Ministry also reported that another Israeli drone attack wounded one person inShebaa earlier that morning.[138] Another drone attack was made on the town ofChaqra, in theBint Jbeil District, wounding two people.[138]
On 30 October, Israeli troops stormed a municipal hall inBlida,Marjayoun District, in southern Lebanon and killed an employee who was asleep. In response, Lebanese presidentJoseph Aoun ordered theArmed Forces to repel any Israeli incursions, marking a possible new front to the conflict.[139]
The most frequent breaches are overflights by Israeli war planes and drones; such violations have occurred since the inception of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, and have happened continuously and almost daily since the2006 Lebanon war, being the source of much conflict between Lebanon and Israel.[143] Reporting estimates over 22,000 Israeli incursions into Lebanese airspace have occurred since 2007.[144][145][146] Israeli warplanes sometimes stage mock attacks on Lebanese cities, and emitsonic booms that frighten civilians.[147][148]
In 2007 the Lebanese government complained that Israeli planes had flown into Lebanese airspace 290 times within four months, and that Israeli troops had crossed the border 52 times.[149]
In 2006 French Defense MinisterMichele Alliot-Marie stated: "I remind that the violations of the airspace are extremely dangerous, they are dangerous first because they may be felt as hostile by forces of the coalition that could be brought to retaliate in cases of self defense and it would be a very serious incident."[150] US officials on visit in Israel also demanded that Israel stop the overflights since they undermined the standing of Lebanese Prime MinisterFouad Siniora.[151]
On 19 August 2010, the Lebanese military reported that 12 aircraft belonging to the IDF entered into Lebanese territory, which they claim is a violation ofResolution 1701. In the three incidents, the IDF planes made circle maneuvers, fired no shots and left Lebanese airspace soon after.[152]
TheUN has continuously protested the repeated Israeli overflights.[153][154] Lebanese officials fear the escalation in overflights heighten tensions and could lead to war.[155][156]
Israel rejects such criticism, and claim the overflights are necessary.[157][158] In spite of this, a leaked US cable shows that Israel offered to stop such violations.[159]
On land, theBlue Line is often crossed,[160] as well as incursions into theShebaa Farms (which Israel considers Israeli territory as part ofGolan Heights, which it captured from Syria in 1967, but which Lebanon claims is Lebanese territory).[161] The2010 Israel–Lebanon border clash was also performed on the basis of claims of such violations.[162]
At sea, Israeli gunboats have shot into Lebanese territorial waters, and there have been Lebanese claims that Israel is breaching thelaw of the sea and might lay claim on Lebanese natural resources through theTamar gas field.[163][164][165][166]
Hezbollah uses such violations as justification for the legitimacy of their continued armed resistance against Israel.[167]
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PLO(1968–1982)
Syria(1982)
Hezbollah(from 1985)
Iran
Israel
South Lebanon Army(1978–2000)
Lebanese Forces(1970s–1986)
Kataeb Regulatory Forces(1970s)
Tigers Militia(1970s)
Guardians of the Cedars(1970s–1990)
Lebanon
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