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Isotopes of selenium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Main isotopes^[1]			Decay
	abundance	half-life(t_1/2)	mode	product
⁷²Se	synth	8.4 d	ε	⁷²As
⁷⁴Se	0.860%	stable
⁷⁵Se	synth	119.8 d	ε	⁷⁵As
⁷⁶Se	9.23%	stable
⁷⁷Se	7.60%	stable
⁷⁸Se	23.7%	stable
⁷⁹Se	trace	3.27×10⁵ y	β⁻	⁷⁹Br
⁸⁰Se	49.8%	stable
⁸²Se	8.82%	8.76×10¹⁹ y	β⁻β⁻	⁸²Kr

Standard atomic weightA_r°(Se)

78.971±0.008^[2]
78.971±0.008 (abridged)^[3]

Selenium has six naturalisotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope⁷⁹Se, which occurs in minute quantities inuranium ores. Five of these isotopes arestable:⁷⁴Se,⁷⁶Se,⁷⁷Se,⁷⁸Se, and⁸⁰Se. The last three also occur asfission products, along with⁷⁹Se, which has ahalf-life of 327,000 years,^[4]^[5] and⁸²Se, which has a very long half-life (~10²⁰ years, decaying viadouble beta decay to⁸²Kr) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. There are 23 other unstable isotopes that have been characterized, the longest-lived being⁷⁹Se with a half-life 327,000 years,⁷⁵Se with a half-life of 120 days, and⁷²Se with a half-life of 8.40 days. Of the other isotopes,⁷³Se has the longest half-life, 7.15 hours; most others have half-lives not exceeding 38 seconds.

List of isotopes

[edit]

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass(Da)^[6] ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy			Half-life^[1] ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode^[1] ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}	Spin and parity^[1] ^{[n 8]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion^[1]	Range of variation
⁶³Se	34	29	62.98191(54)#	13.2(39) ms	β⁺,p (89%)	⁶²Ge	3/2−#
					β⁺ (11%)	⁶³As
					2p? (<0.5%)	⁶¹Ge
⁶⁴Se	34	30	63.97117(54)#	22.6(2) ms	β⁺?	⁶⁴As	0+
⁶⁴Se	34	30	63.97117(54)#	22.6(2) ms	β⁺, p?	⁶³Ge	0+
⁶⁵Se	34	31	64.96455(32)#	34.2(7) ms	β⁺, p (87%)	⁶⁴Ge	3/2−#
⁶⁵Se	34	31	64.96455(32)#	34.2(7) ms	β⁺ (13%)	⁶⁵As	3/2−#
⁶⁶Se	34	32	65.95528(22)#	54(4) ms	β⁺	⁶⁶As	0+
⁶⁶Se	34	32	65.95528(22)#	54(4) ms	β⁺, p?	⁶⁵Ge	0+
⁶⁷Se	34	33	66.949994(72)	133(4) ms	β⁺ (99.5%)	⁶⁷As	5/2−#
⁶⁷Se	34	33	66.949994(72)	133(4) ms	β⁺, p (0.5%)	⁶⁶Ge	5/2−#
⁶⁸Se	34	34	67.94182524(53)	35.5(7) s	β⁺	⁶⁸As	0+
⁶⁹Se	34	35	68.9394148(16)	27.4(2) s	β⁺ (99.95%)	⁶⁹As	1/2−
⁶⁹Se	34	35	68.9394148(16)	27.4(2) s	β⁺, p (.052%)	⁶⁸Ge	1/2−
^69m1Se	38.85(22) keV			2.0(2) μs	IT	⁶⁹Se	5/2−
^69m2Se	574.0(4) keV			955(16) ns	IT	⁶⁹Se	9/2+
⁷⁰Se	34	36	69.9335155(17)	41.1(3) min	β⁺	⁷⁰As	0+
⁷¹Se	34	37	70.9322094(30)	4.74(5) min	β⁺	⁷¹As	(5/2−)
^71m1Se	48.79(5) keV			5.6(7) μs	IT	⁷¹Se	(1/2−)
^71m2Se	260.48(10) keV			19.0(5) μs	IT	⁷¹Se	(9/2+)
⁷²Se	34	38	71.9271405(21)	8.40(8) d	EC	⁷²As	0+
⁷³Se	34	39	72.9267549(80)	7.15(9) h	β⁺	⁷³As	9/2+
^73mSe	25.71(4) keV			39.8(17) min	IT (72.6%)	⁷³Se	3/2−
^73mSe	25.71(4) keV			39.8(17) min	β⁺ (27.4%)	⁷³As	3/2−
⁷⁴Se	34	40	73.922475933(15)	Observationally Stable^{[n 9]}			0+	0.0086(3)
⁷⁵Se	34	41	74.922522870(78)	119.78(3) d	EC	⁷⁵As	5/2+
⁷⁶Se	34	42	75.919213702(17)	Stable			0+	0.0923(7)
⁷⁷Se^{[n 10]}	34	43	76.919914150(67)	Stable			1/2−	0.0760(7)
^77mSe	161.9223(10) keV			17.36(5) s	IT	⁷⁷Se	7/2+
⁷⁸Se^{[n 10]}	34	44	77.91730924(19)	Stable			0+	0.2369 (22)
⁷⁹Se^{[n 11]}	34	45	78.91849925(24)	3.27(28)×10⁵ y	β⁻	⁷⁹Br	7/2+
^79mSe	95.77(3) keV			3.900(18) min	IT (99.94%)	⁷⁹Se	1/2−
^79mSe	95.77(3) keV			3.900(18) min	β⁻ (0.056%)	⁷⁹Br	1/2−
⁸⁰Se^{[n 10]}	34	46	79.9165218(10)	Observationally Stable^{[n 12]}			0+	0.4980(36)
⁸¹Se^{[n 10]}	34	47	80.9179930(10)	18.45(12) min	β⁻	⁸¹Br	1/2−
^81mSe^{[n 10]}	103.00(6) keV			57.28(2) min	IT (99.95%)	⁸¹Se	7/2+
^81mSe^{[n 10]}	103.00(6) keV			57.28(2) min	β⁻ (0.051%)	⁸¹Br	7/2+
⁸²Se^{[n 10]}^{[n 13]}	34	48	81.91669953(50)	8.76(15)×10¹⁹ y	β⁻β⁻	⁸²Kr	0+	0.0882(15)
⁸³Se	34	49	82.9191186(33)	22.25(4) min	β⁻	⁸³Br	9/2+
^83mSe	228.92(7) keV			70.1(4) s	β⁻	⁸³Br	1/2−
⁸⁴Se	34	50	83.9184668(21)	3.26(10) min	β⁻	⁸⁴Br	0+
⁸⁵Se	34	51	84.9222608(28)	32.9(3) s	β⁻	⁸⁵Br	(5/2)+
⁸⁶Se	34	52	85.9243117(27)	14.3(3) s	β⁻	⁸⁶Br	0+
⁸⁶Se	34	52	85.9243117(27)	14.3(3) s	β⁻,n?	⁸⁵Br	0+
⁸⁷Se	34	53	86.9286886(24)	5.50(6) s	β⁻ (99.50%)	⁸⁷Br	(3/2+)
⁸⁷Se	34	53	86.9286886(24)	5.50(6) s	β⁻, n (0.60%)	⁸⁶Br	(3/2+)
⁸⁸Se	34	54	87.9314175(36)	1.53(6) s	β⁻ (99.01%)	⁸⁸Br	0+
⁸⁸Se	34	54	87.9314175(36)	1.53(6) s	β⁻, n (0.99%)	⁸⁷Br	0+
⁸⁹Se	34	55	88.9366691(40)	430(50) ms	β⁻ (92.2%)	⁸⁹Br	5/2+#
⁸⁹Se	34	55	88.9366691(40)	430(50) ms	β⁻, n (7.8%)	⁸⁸Br	5/2+#
⁹⁰Se	34	56	89.94010(35)	210(80) ms	β⁻	⁹⁰Br	0+
⁹⁰Se	34	56	89.94010(35)	210(80) ms	β⁻, n?	⁸⁹Br	0+
⁹¹Se	34	57	90.94570(47)	270(50) ms	β⁻ (79%)	⁹¹Br	1/2+#
					β⁻, n (21%)	⁹⁰Br
					β⁻, 2n?	⁸⁹Br
⁹²Se	34	58	91.94984(43)#	90# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻?	⁹²Br	0+
					β⁻, n?	⁹¹Br
					β⁻, 2n?	⁹⁰Br
^92mSe	3072(2) keV			15.7(7) μs	IT	⁹²Se	(9−)
⁹³Se	34	59	92.95614(43)#	130# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻?	⁹³Br	1/2+#
					β⁻, n?	⁹²Br
					β⁻, 2n?	⁹¹Br
^93mSe	678.2(7) keV			420(100) ns	IT	⁹³Se
⁹⁴Se	34	60	93.96049(54)#	50# ms [>300 ns]	β⁻?	⁹⁴Br	0+
					β⁻, n?	⁹³Br
					β⁻, 2n?	⁹²Br
^94mSe	2430.0(6) keV			680(50) ns	IT	⁹⁴Se	(7−)
⁹⁵Se	34	61	94.96730(54)#	70# ms [>400 ns]	β⁻?	⁹⁵Br	3/2+#
					β⁻, n?	⁹⁴Br
					β⁻, 2n?	⁹³Br
⁹⁶Se^[7]	34	62
⁹⁷Se^[7]	34	63
This table header & footer: view

^^mSe – Excitednuclear isomer.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
^Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer thanage of universe.
^^a ^b# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
^Modes of decay:
EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
n: Neutron emission
p: Proton emission
^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
^Theoretically capable of β⁺β⁺ decay to⁷⁴Ge; half-life is above2.3×10¹⁸ y.
^^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^fFission product
^Long-lived fission product
^Theoretically capable of β⁻β⁻ decay to⁸⁰Kr
^Primordial radionuclide

Use of radioisotopes

[edit]

The isotope selenium-75 hasradiopharmaceutical uses. For example, it is used in high-dose-rate endorectalbrachytherapy, as an alternative toiridium-192.^[8]

In paleobiogeochemistry, the ratio in amount of selenium-82 to selenium-76 (i.e, the value of δ^82/76Se) can be used to track down theredox conditions on Earth during theNeoproterozoic era in order to gain a deeper understanding of therapid oxygenation that trigger the emergence of complex organisms.^[9]^[10]

References

[edit]

^^a ^b ^c ^d ^eKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3): 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^"Standard Atomic Weights: Selenium".CIAAW. 2013.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
^The half-life of⁷⁹Se Archived September 27, 2011, at theWayback Machine
^Jorg, Gerhard; Buhnemann, Rolf; Hollas, Simon; Kivel, Niko; Kossert, Karsten; Van Winckel, Stefaan; Gostomski, Christoph Lierse v. (2010). "Preparation of radiochemically pure⁷⁹Se and highly precise determination of its half-life".Applied Radiation and Isotopes.68 (12):2339–51.doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.05.006.PMID 20627600.
^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3): 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
^^a ^bShimizu, Y.; Kubo, T.; Sumikama, T.; Fukuda, N.; Takeda, H.; Suzuki, H.; Ahn, D. S.; Inabe, N.; Kusaka, K.; Ohtake, M.; Yanagisawa, Y.; Yoshida, K.; Ichikawa, Y.; Isobe, T.; Otsu, H.; Sato, H.; Sonoda, T.; Murai, D.; Iwasa, N.; Imai, N.; Hirayama, Y.; Jeong, S. C.; Kimura, S.; Miyatake, H.; Mukai, M.; Kim, D. G.; Kim, E.; Yagi, A. (8 April 2024). "Production of new neutron-rich isotopes near the N = 60 isotones Ge 92 and As 93 by in-flight fission of a 345 MeV/nucleon U 238 beam".Physical Review C.109 (4).doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.109.044313.
^Shoemaker T; Vuong T; Glickman H; Kaifi S; Famulari G; Enger SA (2019). "Dosimetric Considerations for Ytterbium-169, Selenium-75, and Iridium-192 Radioisotopes in High-Dose-Rate Endorectal Brachytherapy".Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.105 (4):875–883.doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.07.003.PMID 31330175.S2CID 198170324.
^Pogge von Strandmann, Philip A. E.; Stüeken, Eva E.; Elliott, Tim; Poulton, Simon W.; Dehler, Carol M.; Canfield, Don E.; Catling, David C. (2015-12-18)."Selenium isotope evidence for progressive oxidation of the Neoproterozoic biosphere".Nature Communications.6 (1): 10157.doi:10.1038/ncomms10157.ISSN 2041-1723.PMC 4703861.PMID 26679529.
^Stüeken, Eva E."Selenium isotopes as a biogeochemical proxy in deep time"(PDF).core.ac.uk.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003),"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties",Nuclear Physics A,729:3–128,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- de Laeter, John Robert; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, Paul; Hidaka, Hiroshi; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Taylor, Philip D. P. (2003)."Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.75 (6):683–800.doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006)."Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.78 (11):2051–2066.doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
"News & Notices: Standard Atomic Weights Revised".International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 19 October 2005.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean;Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003),"The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties",Nuclear Physics A,729:3–128,Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A,doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001
- National Nuclear Data Center."NuDat 3.0 database".Brookhaven National Laboratory.

- Holden, Norman E. (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". In Lide, David R. (ed.).CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.).Boca Raton, Florida:CRC Press.ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

Isotopes of thechemical elements

Group	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
Period	Hydrogen and alkali metals	Alkaline earth metals													Pnictogens	Chalcogens	Halogens	Noble gases
①	Isotopes § List H 1																	Isotopes § List He 2
②	Isotopes § List Li 3	Isotopes § List Be 4											Isotopes § List B 5	Isotopes § List C 6	Isotopes § List N 7	Isotopes § List O 8	Isotopes § List F 9	Isotopes § List Ne 10
③	Isotopes § List Na 11	Isotopes § List Mg 12											Isotopes § List Al 13	Isotopes § List Si 14	Isotopes § List P 15	Isotopes § List S 16	Isotopes § List Cl 17	Isotopes § List Ar 18
④	Isotopes § List K 19	Isotopes § List Ca 20	Isotopes § List Sc 21	Isotopes § List Ti 22	Isotopes § List V 23	Isotopes § List Cr 24	Isotopes § List Mn 25	Isotopes § List Fe 26	Isotopes § List Co 27	Isotopes § List Ni 28	Isotopes § List Cu 29	Isotopes § List Zn 30	Isotopes § List Ga 31	Isotopes § List Ge 32	Isotopes § List As 33	Isotopes § List Se 34	Isotopes § List Br 35	Isotopes § List Kr 36
⑤	Isotopes § List Rb 37	Isotopes § List Sr 38	Isotopes § List Y 39	Isotopes § List Zr 40	Isotopes § List Nb 41	Isotopes § List Mo 42	Isotopes § List Tc 43	Isotopes § List Ru 44	Isotopes § List Rh 45	Isotopes § List Pd 46	Isotopes § List Ag 47	Isotopes § List Cd 48	Isotopes § List In 49	Isotopes § List Sn 50	Isotopes § List Sb 51	Isotopes § List Te 52	Isotopes § List I 53	Isotopes § List Xe 54
⑥	Isotopes § List Cs 55	Isotopes § List Ba 56	Isotopes § List Lu 71	Isotopes § List Hf 72	Isotopes § List Ta 73	Isotopes § List W 74	Isotopes § List Re 75	Isotopes § List Os 76	Isotopes § List Ir 77	Isotopes § List Pt 78	Isotopes § List Au 79	Isotopes § List Hg 80	Isotopes § List Tl 81	Isotopes § List Pb 82	Isotopes § List Bi 83	Isotopes § List Po 84	Isotopes § List At 85	Isotopes § List Rn 86
⑦	Isotopes § List Fr 87	Isotopes § List Ra 88	Isotopes § List Lr 103	Isotopes § List Rf 104	Isotopes § List Db 105	Isotopes § List Sg 106	Isotopes § List Bh 107	Isotopes § List Hs 108	Isotopes § List Mt 109	Isotopes § List Ds 110	Isotopes § List Rg 111	Isotopes § List Cn 112	Isotopes § List Nh 113	Isotopes § List Fl 114	Isotopes § List Mc 115	Isotopes § List Lv 116	Isotopes § List Ts 117	Isotopes § List Og 118
⑧	Isotopes § List Uue 119	Isotopes § List Ubn 120

			Isotopes § List La 57	Isotopes § List Ce 58	Isotopes § List Pr 59	Isotopes § List Nd 60	Isotopes § List Pm 61	Isotopes § List Sm 62	Isotopes § List Eu 63	Isotopes § List Gd 64	Isotopes § List Tb 65	Isotopes § List Dy 66	Isotopes § List Ho 67	Isotopes § List Er 68	Isotopes § List Tm 69	Isotopes § List Yb 70
			Isotopes § List Ac 89	Isotopes § List Th 90	Isotopes § List Pa 91	Isotopes § List U 92	Isotopes § List Np 93	Isotopes § List Pu 94	Isotopes § List Am 95	Isotopes § List Cm 96	Isotopes § List Bk 97	Isotopes § List Cf 98	Isotopes § List Es 99	Isotopes § List Fm 100	Isotopes § List Md 101	Isotopes § List No 102