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Isotopes of lithium

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Isotopes oflithium (3Li)
Main isotopes[1]Decay
Isotopeabun­dancehalf-life(t1/2)modepro­duct
6Li[1.9%, 7.8%]stable
7Li[92.2%, 98.1%]stable
Significant variation occurs in commercial samples because of the wide distribution of samples depleted in6Li.
Standard atomic weightAr°(Li)

Naturally occurringlithium (3Li) is composed of two stable isotopes, lithium-6 (6Li) and lithium-7 (7Li), with the latter being far more abundant on Earth. Radioisotopes are short-lived: the particle-bound ones,8Li,9Li, and11Li, have half-lives of 838.7, 178.2, and 8.75 milliseconds respectively.

Both of the naturalisotopes have anomalously lownuclear binding energy pernucleon (5332.3312(3) keV for6Li and5606.4401(6) keV for7Li) when compared with the adjacent lighter and heavier elements,helium (7073.9156(4) keV for helium-4) andberyllium (6462.6693(85) keV for beryllium-9), and so their synthesis requires non-equilibrium conditions.

Both7Li and6Li were produced in theBig Bang, with7Li estimated to be5×10−10 of all primordial matter,[4] and6Li around 10−14 (undetectable). This difference is significant because both isotopes of lithium are efficiently destroyed byprotons, while beryllium-7 is not and subsequently decays to lithium. A portion of7Li is also known to be formed in certain stars (red giants), called theCameron–Fowler mechanism; while beryllium-7 is anormal product of nuclear burning, it can only contribute to lithium production if it is convected to the surface before it decays. Thus, it is considered that almost all6Li, like much7Li, iscosmogenic and produced by spallation.[5]

The isotopes of lithium separate somewhat during a variety ofgeological processes, including mineral formation (chemical precipitation andion exchange) – for example, lithium ions replacemagnesium oriron in certainoctahedral locations inclays, and6Li is sometimes preferred over7Li, resulting in enrichment of the clays. It is considered that an accurate relative atomic mass for samples of lithium cannot be measured for all sources of lithium.[6]

Innuclear physics,6Li is an important isotope, because when it is exposed to slowneutrons,tritium is produced with nearly 100% yield; contrarily,7Li is almost unreactive with slow neutrons.

Both6Li and7Li isotopes shownuclear magnetic resonance, despite being quadrupolar (with nuclear spins of 1+ and 3/2−).6Li has sharper lines, but due to its lower abundance requires a more sensitive NMR-spectrometer.7Li is more abundant, but has broader lines because of its larger nuclear spin and quadrupole. The range of chemical shifts is the same of both nuclei and lies within +10 (forLiNH2 in liquid NH3) and −12 (for Li+ infulleride).[7]

List of isotopes

[edit]
Nuclide
[n 1]		ZNIsotopic mass(Da)[8]
[n 2][n 3]		Half-life[1]

[resonance width]		Decay
mode[1]
[n 4]		Daughter
isotope
[n 5]		Spin and
parity[1]
[n 6][n 7]		Natural abundance(mole fraction)
Excitation energyNormal proportion[1]Range of variation
3
Li[n 8]		303.03078(215)#p ?[n 9]2
He ?		3/2−#
4
Li		314.02719(23)91(9) ys
[5.06(52) MeV]		p3
He		2−
5
Li		325.012540(50)370(30) ys
[1.24(10) MeV]		p4
He		3/2−
6
Li[n 10]		336.0151228874(15)Stable1+[0.019,0.078][9]
6m
Li		3562.88(10) keV56(14) asIT6
Li		0+
7
Li[n 11]		347.016003434(4)Stable3/2−[0.922,0.981][9]
8
Li		358.02248624(5)838.7(3) msβ−8
Be[n 12]		2+
9
Li		369.02679019(20)178.2(4) msβ−n (50.5(1.0)%)8
Be[n 13]		3/2−
β− (49.5(1.0)%)9
Be
10
Li		3710.035483(14)2.0(5) zs
[0.2(1.2) MeV]		n9
Li		(1−, 2−)
10m1
Li		200(40) keV3.7(1.5) zsIT10
Li		1+
10m2
Li		480(40) keV1.35(24) zs
[0.350(70) MeV]		IT10
Li		2+
11
Li[n 14]		3811.0437236(7)8.75(6) msβ−n (86.3(9)%)10
Be		3/2−
β− (6.0(1.0)%)11
Be
β−2n (4.1(4)%)9
Be
β−3n (1.9(2)%)8
Be[n 15]
β−α (1.7(3)%)7
He
β−d (0.0130(13)%)9
Li
β−t (0.0093(8)%)8
Li
12
Li		3912.05378(107)#< 10 nsn ?[n 9]11
Li ?		(1−, 2−)
13
Li		31013.061170(80)3.3(1.2) zs
[0.2(9.2) MeV]		2n11
Li		3/2−#
This table header & footer:
  1. ^mLi – Excitednuclear isomer.
  2. ^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ^Modes of decay:
    IT:Isomeric transition
    n:Neutron emission
    p:Proton emission
  5. ^Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  6. ^( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  7. ^# – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  8. ^Discovery of this isotope is unconfirmed
  9. ^abDecay mode shown is energetically allowed, but has not been experimentally observed to occur in this nuclide.
  10. ^One of the few stableodd-odd nuclei
  11. ^Produced inBig Bang nucleosynthesis and bycosmic ray spallation
  12. ^Immediately decays into twoα-particles for a net reaction of8Li → 24He + e−
  13. ^Immediately decays into two α-particles for a net reaction of9Li → 24He +1n + e−
  14. ^Has 2halo neutrons
  15. ^Immediately decays into two4He atoms for a net reaction of11Li → 24He + 31n + e−

Isotope separation

[edit]

Colex separation

[edit]
Main article:COLEX process

Lithium-6 has a greater affinity than lithium-7 for theelementmercury. When an amalgam of lithium and mercury is added to solutions containinglithium hydroxide, the lithium-6 becomes more concentrated in the amalgam and the lithium-7 more in the hydroxide solution.

The COLEX (columnexchange) separation method makes use of this by passing a counter-flow of amalgam and hydroxide through a cascade of stages. Thefraction of lithium-6 is preferentially drained by the mercury, and the lithium-7 retained with the hydroxide. At the bottom of the column, the lithium (enriched with lithium-6) is separated from the amalgam, and the mercury is recovered to be reused with freshraw material. At the top, the lithium hydroxide solution iselectrolyzed to liberate the lithium-7 fraction. The enrichment obtained with this method varies with the column length and the flow speed.

Other methods

[edit]

In the vacuum distillation technique, lithium is heated to a temperature of about550 °C in avacuum. Lithium atoms evaporate from the liquid surface and are collected on a cold surface positioned a few centimetres above the liquid surface.[10] Since lithium-6 atoms have a higher velocity at the same temperature (due to lower mass), they evaporate preferentially and, if no gaseous collisions occur, are collected in the same ratio (i.e. themean free path should be large compared to the distance). The theoretical separation efficiency of this method is about 8.0 percent, the square root of the mass ratio. A multistage process may be used to obtain higher degrees of separation.

The isotopes of lithium, in principle, can also be separated through electrochemical methods or distillation chromatography, which are currently under research.[11]

Lithium-5

[edit]
Fusion cross sections of major reactions. Without the resonance in lithium-5, theD–3He reaction would have a far lower cross-section.

Lithium-5 is very short-lived (< 10−21 s), decaying into a proton and helium-4. It is formed as an intermediate in the fusion ofdeuterium andhelium-3:

2D+3He⟶5Li∗⟶4He+p+18.4 MeV{\displaystyle {}^{2}\mathrm {D} +{}^{3}\mathrm {He} \longrightarrow {}^{5}\mathrm {Li} ^{*}\longrightarrow {}^{4}\mathrm {He} +\mathrm {p} +18.4\ \mathrm {MeV} }

The reaction is greatly enhanced by the existence of a resonance. Lithium-5, which has a natural spin state of −3/2 at the 0 MeV ground state, has a +3/2 excited spin state at 16.66 MeV. Because the reaction creates lithium-5 nuclei with an energy level close to this state, it happens more frequently. A symmetrical resonance in thehelium-5 nucleus makes thedeuterium–tritium fusion reaction the most favourable known.[12]

Lithium-6

[edit]

Lithium-6 is valuable as the source material for the production oftritium (hydrogen-3) through absorption of neutrons. Between 1.9% and 7.8% of terrestrial lithium consists of lithium-6, with the rest being lithium-7. Large amounts of lithium-6 have been separated out for use inthermonuclear weapons.[citation needed]

Thedeuterium–tritium fusion reaction has been investigated as a possible energy source, as it is currently the only fusion reaction with sufficient energy output for feasible implementation. In this scenario, lithium enriched in lithium-6 would be required to generate the necessary quantities of tritium. Mineral and brine lithium resources are a potential limiting factor in this scenario, but lithium could be extracted from seawater if necessary.[13]Pressurized heavy-water reactors such as theCANDU produce small quantities of tritium in their coolant/moderator from neutron absorption, and this is sometimes extracted, presenting an alternative to the use of lithium-6 for small quantities of tritium.[citation needed]

Lithium-6 is one of only three stable isotopes with aspin of 1, the others beingdeuterium andnitrogen-14, and has the smallest nonzero nuclear electricquadrupole moment of any stable nucleus.[14]

In 2025, researchers fromETH Zürich andTexas A&M University introduced a mercury-free method for isolating lithium-6, providing an alternative to theCOLEX process, which employs mercury. This technique was discovered by accident duringwater purification research and utilized ζ-V2O5 to selectively trap lithium-6 ions, which could be a crucial step in scaling up the production of fusion-grade lithium-6, potentially unlocking more cost-effective and safer ways to isolate lithium for nuclear fusion reactors.[15]

Lithium-7

[edit]

Lithium-7 is the most abundant isotope of lithium, making up between 92.2% and 98.1% of all terrestrial lithium. A lithium-7 atom contains three protons, four neutrons, and three electrons. Because of its nuclear properties, lithium-7 is less common thanhelium,carbon,nitrogen, oroxygen in the Universe, even though the latter three all have heaviernuclei. TheCastle Bravo thermonuclear test greatly exceeded its expected yield due to incorrect assumptions about the nuclear properties of lithium-7.

The industrial production of lithium-6 results in a waste product which is enriched in lithium-7 and depleted in lithium-6. This lithium has been sold commercially, and some of it has been released into the environment. A relative abundance of lithium-7 as much as 35 percent greater than the natural value has been measured in the ground water in a carbonate aquifer underneath the West Valley Creek inPennsylvania, which is downstream from a lithium processing plant.

Lithium-7 is used as a part of the moltenlithium fluoride inmolten-salt reactors:liquid-fluoridenuclear reactors. The largeneutron absorption cross section of lithium-6 (about 940barns[16])as compared with the very small neutron cross section of lithium-7 (about 45millibarns) makes high separation of lithium-7 from natural lithium a strong requirement for the possible use in lithium fluoride reactors.

Lithium-7 hydroxide is used for alkalizing of the coolant inpressurized water reactors.[17]

Some lithium-7 has been produced, for a few picoseconds, which contains alambda particle in its nucleus, whereas an atomic nucleus is generally thought to contain only neutrons and protons.[18][19]

Lithium-8

[edit]

Lithium-8 undergoes beta decay to an unbound state of beryllium-8 with a half-life of 828.9 ms. This has been proposed as a source of unusually high-energy electronantineutrinos, with a maximum energy of 13.0 MeV and an average of 6.7 MeV.[20] The ISODARparticle physics collaboration describes a scheme to generate lithium-8 for this purpose, largely by neutron capture on lithium-7, the intense neutron beam required to be made by high-energy bombardment of beryllium using acyclotronparticle accelerator.[21]

Lithium-11

[edit]

Lithium-11 (half-life 8.75 ms) is ahalo nucleus consisting of a lithium-9 core surrounded by two loosely-bound neutrons; both neutrons must be present in order for this system to be bound, which has led to the description as a "Borromean nucleus".[22] While the protonroot-mean-square radius of11Li is2.18+0.16
−0.21 fm, its neutron radius is much larger at3.34+0.02
−0.08 fm; for comparison, the corresponding figures for9Li are2.076±0.037 fm for the protons and2.4±0.03 fm for the neutrons.[23] It usually decays bybeta and neutron emission to10
Be, but can also emit other particles, or no particle, after its decay; there are a total of six other ways that have been measured, given in the table above.

Having amagic number of 8 neutrons, lithium-11 sits on the first of five knownislands of inversion, which explains its longer half-life compared to adjacent nuclei.[24]

Decay chains

[edit]

While β− decay intoisotopes of beryllium (often combined with single- or multiple-neutron emission) is predominant in heavier isotopes of lithium,10
Li and12
Li decay via neutron emission into9
Li and11
Li respectively due to their positions beyond the neutrondrip line. Lithium-11 has also been observed to decay by seven different beta-decay reactions. Isotopes lighter than6
Li decay exclusively by proton emission intoisotopes of helium, as they are beyond theproton drip line.

Li34→91 ysHe23+H11Li35→370 ysHe24+H11Li38→838.7 msBe48+e−Li39→178.2 msBe48+n01+e−Li39→178.2 msBe49+e−Li310→2 zsLi39+n01Li311→8.75 msBe410+n01+e−Li311→8.75 msBe411+e−Li311→8.75 msBe49+2n01+e−Li311→8.75 msBe48+3n01+e−Li311→8.75 msHe27+He24+e−Li311→8.75 msLi38+H13+e−Li311→8.75 msLi39+H12+e−Li312⟶Li311+n01{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}{}\\{\ce {^{4}_{3}Li->[91~{\ce {ys}}]{^{3}_{2}He}+{^{1}_{1}H}}}\\{\ce {^{5}_{3}Li->[370~{\ce {ys}}]{^{4}_{2}He}+{^{1}_{1}H}}}\\{\ce {^{8}_{3}Li->[838.7~{\ce {ms}}]{^{8}_{4}Be}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{9}_{3}Li->[178.2~{\ce {ms}}]{^{8}_{4}Be}+{^{1}_{0}n}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{9}_{3}Li->[178.2~{\ce {ms}}]{^{9}_{4}Be}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{10}_{3}Li->[2~{\ce {zs}}]{^{9}_{3}Li}+{^{1}_{0}n}}}\\{\ce {^{11}_{3}Li->[8.75~{\ce {ms}}]{^{10}_{4}Be}+{^{1}_{0}n}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{11}_{3}Li->[8.75~{\ce {ms}}]{^{11}_{4}Be}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{11}_{3}Li->[8.75~{\ce {ms}}]{^{9}_{4}Be}+2{^{1}_{0}n}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{11}_{3}Li->[8.75~{\ce {ms}}]{^{8}_{4}Be}+3{^{1}_{0}n}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{11}_{3}Li->[8.75~{\ce {ms}}]{^{7}_{2}He}+{^{4}_{2}He}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{11}_{3}Li->[8.75~{\ce {ms}}]{^{8}_{3}Li}+{^{3}_{1}H}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{11}_{3}Li->[8.75~{\ce {ms}}]{^{9}_{3}Li}+{^{2}_{1}H}+e^{-}}}\\{\ce {^{12}_{3}Li->{^{11}_{3}Li}+{^{1}_{0}n}}}\\{}\end{array}}}

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^abcdeKondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021)."The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"(PDF).Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030001.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  2. ^"Standard Atomic Weights: Lithium".CIAAW. 2009.
  3. ^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022)."Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)".Pure and Applied Chemistry.doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603.ISSN 1365-3075.
  4. ^Fields, Brian D. (2011)."The Primordial Lithium Problem".Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science.61 (1):47–68.arXiv:1203.3551.Bibcode:2011ARNPS..61...47F.doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445.S2CID 119265528.
  5. ^The Evolution of6Li in Standard Cosmic-Ray Nucleosynthesis
  6. ^Coplen, Tyler B.; Hopple, J. A.; Böhlke, John Karl; Peiser, H. Steffen; Rieder, S. E.; Krouse, H. R.; Rosman, Kevin J. R.; Ding, T.; Vocke, R. D., Jr.; Révész, K. M.; Lamberty, A.; Taylor, Philip D. P.; De Bièvre, Paul; "Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents",U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4222 (2002). As quoted inT. B. Coplen; et al. (2002)."Isotope-Abundance Variations of Selected Elements (IUPAC technical report)"(PDF).Pure and Applied Chemistry.74 (10):1987–2017.doi:10.1351/pac200274101987.S2CID 97223816. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved29 October 2012.
  7. ^"(Li) Lithium NMR".
  8. ^Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*".Chinese Physics C.45 (3) 030003.doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  9. ^ab"Atomic Weight of Lithium".ciaaw.org. Retrieved21 October 2021.
  10. ^Katal'nikov, S. G.; Andreev, B. M. (1 March 1962). "The separation factor of lithium isotopes during vacuum distillation".The Soviet Journal of Atomic Energy.11 (3):889–893.doi:10.1007/BF01491187.ISSN 1573-8205.S2CID 96799991.
  11. ^Badea, Silviu-Laurentiu; Niculescu, Violeta-Carolina; Iordache, Andreea-Maria (April 2023)."New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods".Materials.16 (10): 3817.Bibcode:2023Mate...16.3817B.doi:10.3390/ma16103817.ISSN 1996-1944.PMC 10222844.PMID 37241444.
  12. ^Barker, FC; Woods, CL (1985)."States of 5He and 5Li".Australian Journal of Physics.38 (4). CSIRO Publishing: 563.doi:10.1071/ph850563.ISSN 0004-9506. Retrieved10 April 2025.
  13. ^Bradshaw, A.M.; Hamacher, T.; Fischer, U. (2010)."Is nuclear fusion a sustainable energy form?"(PDF).Fusion Engineering and Design.86 (9):2770–2773.doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.11.040.hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0026-E9D2-6.S2CID 54674085.
  14. ^Chandrakumar, N. (2012).Spin-1 NMR. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 5.ISBN 978-3-642-61089-9.
  15. ^Luis Carrillo, J.; et al. (20 March 2025). "Electrochemical 6Li isotope enrichment based on selective insertion in 1D tunnel-structured V2O5".Cell.doi:10.1016/j.chempr.2025.102486.
  16. ^Holden, Norman E. (January–February 2010)."The Impact of Depleted6Li on the Standard Atomic Weight of Lithium".Chemistry International.International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Retrieved6 May 2014.
  17. ^Managing Critical Isotopes: Stewardship of Lithium-7 Is Needed to Ensure a Stable Supply, GAO-13-716 //U.S. Government Accountability Office, 19 September 2013;pdf
  18. ^Emsley, John (2001).Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 234–239.ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
  19. ^Brumfiel, Geoff (1 March 2001). "The Incredible Shrinking Nucleus".Physical Review Focus. Vol. 7.doi:10.1103/PhysRevFocus.7.11.
  20. ^Can be found from ENSDF atNational Nuclear Data Center."NuDat 3.0 database".Brookhaven National Laboratory.
  21. ^Bungau, Adriana; Alonso, Jose; Bartoszek, Larry; Conrad, Janet (May 2018). "Optimizing the8Li yield for the IsoDAR Neutrino Experiment".Journal of Instrumentation.14 (3): 03001.arXiv:1805.00410.doi:10.1088/1748-0221/14/03/P03001.S2CID 55756525.
  22. ^"A new particle accelerator aims to unlock secrets of bizarre atomic nuclei". 15 November 2021.
  23. ^Moriguchi, T.; Ozawa, A.; Ishimoto, S.; Abe, Y.; Fukuda, M.; Hachiuma, I.; Ishibashi, Y.; Ito, Y.; Kuboki, T.; Lantz, M.; Nagae, D.; Namihira, K.; Nishimura, D.; Ohtsubo, T.; Ooishi, H.; Suda, T.; Suzuki, H.; Suzuki, T.; Takechi, M.; Tanaka, K.; Yamaguchi, T. (16 August 2013)."Density distributions of 11 Li deduced from reaction cross-section measurements".Physical Review C.88 (2) 024610.Bibcode:2013PhRvC..88b4610M.doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.88.024610.
  24. ^Brown, B. Alex (13 December 2010)."Islands of insight in the nuclear chart".Physics.3 (25): 104.arXiv:1010.3999.doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.252501.PMID 21231582.S2CID 43334780.

External links

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Group12 3456789101112131415161718
PeriodHydrogen and
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