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TheIsle of Thanet (/ˈθænɪt/) is apeninsula forming the easternmost part ofKent,England. While in the past it was separated from the mainland by the 600-metre-wide (2,000 ft)Wantsum Channel,[1] it is no longer an island.
Archaeological remains testify to its settlement in ancient times. Today, it is a tourist destination, and has an active agricultural base.
The island of Thanet is mentioned asTonetic (c. AD 150; the TON- of this form was misread as TOΛI-, hence it appears asToliatis in the surviving manuscripts ofPtolemy);Tanat's,[2]Athanatos andThanatos (in various copies of 3rd C AD,Solinus);[3]Tanatos (AD 731);Tenid in 679[2] andTenet (e.g. charters of AD 679, 689 and thereafter); and the Old Welsh formsTanet andDanet, found in theHistoria Brittonum (c. AD 829/30) andArmes Prydein (c. AD 930).[4]
Standard reference works for English place-names (such asEilert Ekwall'sConcise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names) state the nameTanet is known to beBrythonic in origin. Commonly the original meaning of Thanet is thought to be "fire" or "bright island" (tân inModern Welsh andtan in Breton means fire), and this has led to speculation the island was home to an ancient beacon or lighthouse.[5][6][7]
Another theory states thatTanet is a common Europeantoponymic creation of Celtic origin, based on the Celtic word*tanno- meaning "holm oak" (compare Bretontann "sort of oak", Cornishglastannen "holm oak") and the Celtic suffix*-etu, to mean a collection of trees. Thanet would mean "place of the holm oaks", such as the Northern FrenchThenney (Eure,Thaneth ab. 1050);Tennie (Sarthe,Tanida 9th century) or the Italian Tanedo (Lombardy,Tanetum,Tite-Live).[2]A third theory suggests that the origin of the toponym is the name of thePunic goddessTanit.[8]
The 7th-century ArchbishopIsidore of Seville recorded anapocryphal folk-etymology in which the island's name is fancifully connected with the Greek word for death (Thanatos/Θάνατος), stating that Thanet, "an island of the ocean separated from Britain by a narrow channel ... [was] calledTanatos from the death of serpents; for while it has none of its own, soil taken from it to any place whatsoever kills snakes there."[9]
TheHistoria Brittonum, written in the 9th century, states that "Tanet" was the name used for the island by the legendaryJutesHengist and Horsa, while its name inOld Welsh was "Ruoi(c)hin"; this name may be translated as "gift" (rhwych inModern Welsh).[10][11]
Other names used by Britons were "Ruim" and "Ruochim Inis".[3]
Archaeological evidence shows that the area now known as the Isle of Thanet was one of the major areas ofStone Age settlement. A large hoard ofBronze Age implements has been found atMinster-in-Thanet; and severalIron Age settlements have also come to light.[12]
Julius Caesar madetwo attempts to invade Britain, in both 55 and 54 BC. In 2017 archaeologists from theUniversity of Leicester excavated aRoman fort covering up to 49 acres (20 ha) atEbbsfleet, and dated it to around 55–50 BC. They further linked it to Caesar'sinvasion of Britain in 54 BC, and suggested that the invading force arrived in nearbyPegwell Bay.[13][14] Nearly a century later, in 43 AD,Claudius sent four legions to Britain, where the Romans were to remain for the next 400 years. During that time the port ofRichborough, on the opposite side of theWantsum Channel, became one of the chief ports ofRoman Britain.
According to the eighth-century ecclesiastical historianBede,Vortigern,King of the Britons, was under attack from other tribes and called for assistance. Among those who came in 449 were theJutesHengist and Horsa;[15] Vortigern is said to have rewarded them with the Isle of Thanet in return for their services. As the following extract from theHistoria Brittonum (first written sometime shortly after 833) testifies:
Then came three keels, driven into exile from Germany. In them were the brothers Horsa and Hengest ... Vortigern welcomed them, and handed over to them the island that in their language is called Thanet, in British Ruoihm.[16]
This story, however, is possibly an example of non-historicalfounding myths,[17] though one constructed with political objectives in mind. It has been noted that Alfred's version of the Saxon Chronicles omitted the death of Horsa.[18][a] In reality, it appears to have been settled byJutes[b] underVisigothic authority between 476-517 AD,[19][20] though they may have been present earlier asFoederati.[21] These were followed byIngaevones in the sixth century.[22]
Throughout this time the Isle remained an island. The Wantsum Channel allowed ships to sail between the mainland and the island in calm waters. The Saxon Chronicle recounts that in 1052 Earl Godwin after obtaining hostages and provisions from Sandwich sailed through the "Wantsume" towards "Northmuth" and "Lundene".[23][24][a] Gradually this silted up,[23] and the last ship sailed through the Channel in 1672.[25]
In 597Augustine of Canterbury is said, byBede,[26] to have landed with 40 men at Ebbsfleet, in the parish ofMinster-in-Thanet, before founding Britain's secondChristian monastery inCanterbury (the first was founded fifty years earlier byColumba onEileach an Naoimh in theHebrides): a cross marks the spot.[27]
Isidore of Seville wrote c.615-30 A.D. of the Isle of Thanet:
"Tanatos insula Oceani freto Gallico, a Brittania aestuario tenui separata, frumentariis campis et gleba uberi. Dicta autem Tanatos a morte serpentum, quos dum ipsa nesciat, asportata inde terra quoquo gentium vecta sit, angues ilico perimit"[28]
Which translates as:
"Thanet is an island in the Ocean in the Gallic (i.e. English) channel, separated from Britannia by a narrow estuary, with fruitful fields and rich soil. It is named Thanet (Tanatos) from the death of serpents (cf.“death”)"[29]
Following the raids on theIsle of Sheppey commencing in 832,[30] Thanet became a regular target forViking attacks, its vulnerable coastal monasteries providing convenient targets for the invaders.[31] In 851 and again in 854, the Vikings overwintered in Thanet[32][33] and continued their raids in spring.[31] In 853 there was a battle in Thanet against the Vikings and both Elcherel the leader of the men from Kent, and Huda the leader of the men from Surrey were killed.[34][c]
Thanet's monasteries were subsequently used by the Danes as feasting halls or general headquarters.[31]
In 865, theGreat Heathen Army encamped in Thanet and was promised by the people of Kentdanegeld in exchange for peace. Regardless, the Vikings did not abide by this agreement and proceeded to rampage across eastern Kent.[31][35] Some time between 978 and 989 (sources differ) raiders entirely destroyedMinster Abbey by arson together with those sheltering in the abbey.[36]
In 969,King Edgar ordered all of Thanet to be plundered.[37]
In 980, Thanet was over run by the Vikings.[38]
In 1047, those in Thanet successfully resisted a Viking raid of 25 ships that had plundered elsewhere including Sandwich.[39]
The 1085 survey of theDomesday Book revealed that Thanet had as tenants-in-chief the See of Canterbury and the Abbey of St Augustine, separated into the abbey-manors of St. Mildred's (larger) and Monocatune (Monkton, Monks-town).[36] Households of 239villeins, 71 others and 3 knights were mentioned.[40] The land of these two abbey-manors was separated by a strip of land called a balk and known as Cursus Cerve or St Mildred’s Lynch.[41] It is documented on an early map of Thanet and is associated with the hind symbol used in Thanet and the path of a hind that defined the land assigned to St. Mildred's in theKentish Royal Legend.[42]
By 1334–1335 Thanet had the highest population density in Kent according to KingEdward III's laysubsidy rolls. Margate is mentioned in 1349, in a dispute about the land of Westgate Manor.[43] Thanet acted as a granary forCalais, whose governor for Edward III[44] was so assigned to administer. Edward III also required local fortifications to be constructed where boats and ships could land.[45] Documents towards the end of that century refer to turreted walls beneath the cliffs needing maintenance.Coastal erosion has long since destroyed these structures.
Counted households had increased to 532 when reported during the reign ofElizabeth I.[46]
The firstEarl of Thanet was created in 1628.[47]
By 1807 the island roads were deemed to be good infrastructure for the time without turnpikes although one was soon established at Ramsgate.[48] The wheat crop was excellent helped with sea weed fertiliser processes.[48]
Margate was incorporated as amunicipal borough in 1857 and Ramsgate in 1884. Broadstairs and St Peter's Urban District and theIsle of Thanet Rural District covered the rest of the island from 1894 until 1974. By 1974, however, all these boroughs and districts had been abolished, and since that year the Isle of Thanet has formed the major part of theDistrict ofThanet.
The Isle is formed almost wholly ofchalk, a soft pure whitelimestone ofCretaceous age, specifically the Margate Chalk Member (Santonian to Campanian) traditionally referred to simply as the 'Margate Chalk', and sometimes as the ‘Margate Member’. It is a sub-division of the Newhaven Chalk Formation.[49] Beneath this and outcropping around the margins of the Isle is the Seaford Chalk Formation which contains relatively more flint nodules and seams.[50] It has also been referred to as the ‘Broadstairs Member’. The Seaford Chalk is ofConiacian toSantonian age whilst the Margate Chalk is of Santonian toCampanian age. Both were traditionally referred to the ‘Upper Chalk’ but are now classed as parts of the ‘White Chalk Subgroup’ as part of the broaderChalk Group.[51]
Overlying the chalk both within theWantsum Channel and in patches on the surface of the Isle itself are the 100 m (330 ft) thicksands,silts andclays of thePalaeogene age Thanet Formation (formerly the Thanet Beds). The area gives its name to the internationally recognisedThanetian, descriptive of rocks of this particular part of thePalaeocene throughout the world.Brickearthhead deposits lie within many of the shallow chalk valleys and across some areas of flatter ground within the Isle.[52]
The Isle of Thanet formed when sea levels rose after thelast glacial period, around5000 BC. TheNorth Sea encroached on the land which is now the estuary of theRiver Thames, and southwards to reach the higher land of theNorth Downs, leaving behind an island composed of chalk in its wake. Eventually the sea broke through river valleys in the North Downs to the south (Middle Chalk) and finally today'sEnglish Channel was opened up.[12] The proto-River Stour then formed part of the intervening water, with a new tributary, theRiver Wantsum, completing it; it became known as the Wantsum Channel.
The Wantsum Channel gradually narrowed as pebble beaches built up at the southern end of the strait, blocking silt coming down the Stour. There was also previously a stream called the Nethergong on the western side that had its outlet at Northmouth (Yenlade) about 1.8 km (1.1 mi) to the east ofReculver.[53]Bede, in the 8th century, said that the Channel was then threefurlongs wide (660 yards (600 m)). A map of 1414 showed a ferry crossing atSarre.[42][54] The first wooden bridge over the channel was built there in reign ofHenry the Seventh.[55][d] Until the mid 18th century there was a ferry betweenSandwich and the island; in 1755 a wooden drawbridge was built, and the ferry was closed.[57]
Today the Isle is an island no longer and the erstwhile channel is now flat marshland criss-crossed by drainage ditches. Meanwhile, the exposed chalk cliffs are gradually being worn down by the sea, particularly at theNorth Foreland. Much else of the coast is a built-up area. The Wantsum area is still liable to flooding: during theNorth Sea flood of 1953 Thanet was cut off for a few days, but the sea defences have been strengthened since then.
The soil and equable climate of the Isle have always encouraged arable farming.
"... a garden indeed, a county of corn but the labourers' houses all along, beggarly in the extreme. The people dirty, poor-looking, but particularly dirty."
— William Cobbett in 1823 when he rode to the Island[58]
Today there are still farms inland, but the coast is nearly all covered in settlements, most of which have come into being in the 19th and 20th centuries.
As the popularity of theseaside resort grew, so did that of the Isle of Thanet. At first the holidaymakers came by boat from London; after the coming of the railways in the mid-1840s, that became the preferred mode of transport. The population grew, as the following population statistics show:
| Place | Population in 1801 | Population in 1861 |
|---|---|---|
| Ramsgate & St Lawrence | 4,200 | 15,100 |
| Margate | 4,800 | 10,000 |
| Broadstairs &St Peter's | 1,600 | 2,900 |
The principal landmarks on the Isle are the North Foreland, and all the bays around the coastline, the principal ones of which areMinnis Bay,Palm Bay,Botany Bay,Joss Bay, and Pegwell Bay: the latter being part of the estuary of the River Stour. In 2007, seven of those beaches met stringent quality standards and were awarded asBlue Flag beaches: Minnis Bay, Botany Bay (Broadstairs), Margate Main Sands, St Mildreds Bay (Westgate), Stone Bay (Broadstairs), West Bay (Westgate), and Westbrook Bay.[59] In 2008, this had risen to 10 beaches.
The rail connections are via theChatham Main Line through Margate to Ramsgate, and theAshford to Ramsgate (via Canterbury West) Line. A high-speed rail link from London to Thanet began in December 2009, and forms part of the UK's first true high-speed commuter service, according to the South Eastern Railway Company.[60] TheThanet Loop bus service connects Margate, Ramsgate, and Broadstairs. Main road links are theA28, which brings traffic from Canterbury and Ashford; and theA299, north coast route. The Thanet Coastal Path skirts the coast.
There is an airport atManston,[61] formerlyRAF Manston, but since renamed by its commercial operators asManston Airport. The airport is no longer in operation.
Ferry services (predominantly freight and car with passengers) were operated byTranseuropa Ferries toContinental Europe from thePort of Ramsgate but ceased in 2013.[62]
A tramway was once operated by theIsle of Thanet Electric Tramways and Lighting Company from Westbrook to Ramsgate from 1901 to 1937. The tramway had a narrow gauge of3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm).
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