The Isle of Anglesey has an area of 275 square miles (712 km2) and had a population of 69,097 in 2024.[2] After Holyhead, located on Holy Island, the largest settlements are Llangefni in the centre of Anglesey andAmlwch on the northern coast. The economy of the county is mostly based on agriculture, energy, and tourism, the latter especially on the coast. Holyhead is also a major ferry port forDublin, Ireland.[5] The county has the second-highest percentage ofWelsh speakers in Wales, at 57.2%, and is considered aheartland of the language.[6] The Isle of Anglesey is part of thepreserved county of Gwynedd.
The island of Anglesey, at 261 square miles (676 km2), is thelargest in Wales and theIrish Sea and theseventh largest in Britain. The northern and eastern coasts of the island are rugged, and the southern and western coasts are generally gentler; the interior is gently undulating. In the north of the island isLlyn Alaw, a reservoir with an area of 1.4 square miles (4 km2), which supplies drinking water to the northern half of the island.Holy Island, located off the west coast of Anglesey, has a similar landscape, with a rugged north and west coast and beaches to the east and south. The two larger islands are surrounded by smaller islands; several, includingSouth Stack andPuffin Island, are home to seabird colonies. Large parts of the county's coastline have been designated anArea of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
Hand-drawn map of Anglesey and Caernarfonshire by Christopher Saxton from 1578
Ordnance Survey map of Anglesey
The English name for Anglesey might be derived from theOld Norse, eitherǪngullsey "Hook Island"[7] orǪnglisey "Ǫngli's Island".[7][8] No record of such an Ǫngli survives,[9] but the place name was used byViking raiders as early as the 10th century and later adopted by the Normans during theirinvasions of Gwynedd.[10] The traditionalfolk etymology reading the name as the "Island of theAngles (English)"[11][12] may account for its Norman use but has no merit;[8] theAngles' name itself is probably cognate with the shape of theAngeln peninsula. All of them ultimately derive from the proposedProto-Indo-European root*ank- ("to flex, bend, angle").[13] Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries and into the 20th, it was usually speltAnglesea in documents,[14] a spelling that is still occasionally used today.
Ynys Môn, the island and county'sWelsh name, first appeared in theLatinMona of various Roman sources.[15][16][17] It was likewise known to theSaxons asMonez.[18] TheBrittonic original was in the past taken to have meant "Island of the Cow".[11][19]
The name is probably cognate with the Gaelic name of theIsle of Man,Mannin[20] (Manaw in Welsh), usually derived from a Celtic word for 'mountain' (reflected in Welshmynydd, Bretonmenez and Scottish Gaelicmonadh),[21][20] from a Proto-Celtic*moniyos.
Poetic names for the island of Anglesey include theOld WelshYnys Dywyll (Shady or Dark Isle) for itsformer groves andYnys y Cedairn (Isle of the Brave) for its royal courts;[12]Gerald of Wales'Môn Mam Cymru ("Môn, Mother of Wales") for its agricultural productivity;[22] andY fêl Ynys (Honey Isle).[23]
The history of the settlement of the local people of Anglesey starts in theMesolithic period. Anglesey and Great Britain were uninhabitable until after the previousice age. It was not until 12,000 years ago that the island ofGreat Britain became hospitable.[24] The oldest excavated sites on Anglesey includeTrwyn Du (Welsh:Black nose) at Aberffraw. The Mesolithic site located atAberffraw Bay (Porth Terfyn) was buried underneath a Bronze Age 'kerb cairn' which was constructedc. 2000 BC. Thebowl barrow (kerb cairn) covered a material deposited from the early Mesolithic period; the archeological find dates to 7000 BC.[25][26] After millennia ofhunter-gather civilisation in theBritish Isles, the first villages were constructed from 4000 BC. Neolithic settlements were built in the form oflong houses, on Anglesey is one of the first villages in Wales, it was built atLlanfaethlu.[27] Also an example permanent settlement on Anglesey is of aBronze Age builtburial mound,Bryn Celli Ddu (English:Dark Grove Hill). The mound started as ahenge enclosure around 3000 BC and was adapted several times over a millennium.[28][29]
There are numerousmegalithic monuments andmenhirs in the county, testifying to the presence of humans inprehistory.Plas Newydd is near one of 28cromlechs that remain on uplands overlooking the sea. TheWelsh Triads claim that the island of Anglesey was once part of the mainland.[11]
During the Iron Age the Celts built dwellingshuts, also known asroundhouses. These were established near the previous settlements. Some huts with walled enclosures were discovered on the banks of the river (Welsh:afon) Gwna near. An example of a well-preserved hut circle is over theCymyran Strait onHoly Island. TheHolyhead Mountain Hut Circles (Welsh:Tŷ Mawr / Cytiau'r Gwyddelod, Big house / "Irishmen's Huts") were inhabited by ancient Celts and were first occupied before the Iron Age,c. 1000 BC. The Anglesey Iron Age began after 500 BC. Archeological research discoveredlimpet shells which were found from 200 BC on a wall at Tŷ Mawr andRoman-era pottery from the 3rd to 4th centuries AD. Some of these huts were still being used for agricultural purposes as late as the 6th century.[38][39][40][41] The first excavation of Ty Mawr was conducted byWilliam Owen Stanley ofPenrhos, Anglesey (son ofBaron Stanley of Alderley).[42][43]
Historically, Anglesey has long been associated with thedruids. TheRoman conquest of Anglesey began in 60 AD when the Roman generalGaius Suetonius Paulinus, determined to break the power of the druids, attacked the island using his amphibiousBatavian contingent as a surprisevanguard assault[44] and then destroyed the shrine and thenemeta (sacred groves). News ofBoudica's revolt reached him just after his victory, causing him to withdraw his army before consolidating his conquest. The island was finally brought into the Roman Empire byGnaeus Julius Agricola, theRoman governor of Britain, in 78 AD. During the Roman occupation, the area was notable for the mining ofcopper. The foundations ofCaer Gybi, a fort inHolyhead, are Roman, and the present road from Holyhead toLlanfairpwllgwyngyll was originally aRoman road.[11] The island was grouped byPtolemy withIreland ("Hibernia") rather than with Britain ("Albion").[45]
During the 9th century, KingRhodri Mawr unified Wales and separated the country into at least 3 provinces between his sons. He gave Gwynedd to his son,Anarawd ap Rhodri, who founded themedieval Welshdynasty, TheHouse of Aberffraw on Anglesey. The island had a good defensive position, and soAberffraw became the site of theroyal court (Welsh:Llys) of theKingdom of Gwynedd. Apart from devastatingDanish raids in 853 and 968 in Aberffraw, it remained the capital until the 13th, after Rhodri Mawr had moved hisfamily seat fromCaernarfon and built a royalpalace at Aberffraw in 873.[47][48][49][50] This is when improvements to the English navy made the location indefensible. Anglesey was also briefly the most southerly possession of theNorwegian Empire.[citation needed]
After the Irish, the island was invaded byVikings—some raids were noted in famoussagas (seeMenai Strait History) such as theJómsvíkinga—and bySaxons, andNormans, before falling toEdward I of England in the 13th century. The connection with the Vikings can be seen in the name of the island. In ancient times it was called "Maenige" and received the name "Ongulsey" or Angelsoen, from where the current name originates.[49][51]
Anglesey (with Holy Island) is one of the 13historic counties of Wales.[52] In medieval times, before the conquest of Wales in 1283,Môn often had periods of temporary independence, when frequently bequeathed to the heirs of kings as a sub-kingdom ofGwynedd, an example of this wasLlywelyn ap Iorwerth (Llywelyn I, the Great c. 1200s) who was styled thePrince of Aberffraw.[53] After theNorman invasion of Wales was one of the last times this occurred a few years after 1171, after the death ofOwain Gwynedd,[54] when the island was inherited byRhodri ab Owain Gwynedd,[55] and between 1246 and about 1255 when it was granted toOwain Goch as his share of the kingdom.[56] After the conquest of Wales byEdward I, Anglesey became a county under the terms of theStatute of Rhuddlan of 1284.[57] Hitherto it had been divided into thecantrefi ofAberffraw,Rhosyr andCemaes.[58][59]
During 1294 as a rebellion of the former house of Aberffraw, PrinceMadog ap Llywelyn had attacked King Edward I's castles inNorth Wales. As a direct response,Beaumaris Castle was constructed to control Edward's interests in Anglesey, but by the 1320s the build was abandoned and never complete. The castle was besieged byOwain Glyndŵr in the early 15th century. It was ruinous by 1609; however, the6th Viscount Bulkeley purchased the castle from the Crown in 1807 and it has been open to the public under the guardianship ofthe Crown ever since 1925.[60][61]
Due to its geographic proximity, Anglesey (and particularlyHolyhead) enjoyed close cultural ties with Ireland throughout the later parts of this period. A 2023 study inThe Welsh History Review by historian Adam N. Coward highlights the interconnectedness oflanded gentry families in Ireland and Anglesey between the 17th and 20th centuries, with connections ranging from close geographical proximity and shared transport networks to marriage and family ties. One example, the article notes, is that in 1663 theDuke of Ormonde wrote from Dublin Castle to Lord Bulkley of Baron Hill, Anglesey, who had been created Viscount Bulkeley of Cashel in 1644, about bringingpartridges from Anglesey to Ireland for a hunt.[62]
TheShire Hall in Llangefni was completed in 1899.[63] During theFirst World War, the Presbyterian minister and celebrity preacher, John Williams, toured the island as part of an effort to recruit young men as volunteers.[64] The island's location made it ideal for monitoringGerman U-Boats in theIrish Sea, with half a dozen airships based atMona.[64] GermanPOWs were kept on the island.[64] By the end of the war, some 1,000 of the island's men had died on active service.[64]
In 1936 theNSPCC opened its first branch on Anglesey.[65]
In 1974, Anglesey became a district of the newcounty ofGwynedd known under the name “Anglesey-Ynys Môn”. Until 1974, Anglesey was divided intocivil parishes for the purpose of local government; these in large part equated toecclesiastical parishes (see the table below), most of which still exist as part of the Church in Wales.[67]
TheLocal Government (Wales) Act 1994 abolished the 1974 county and the five districts on 1 April 1996, and Anglesey became a separateunitary authority. In 2011, theWelsh Government appointed a panel of commissioners to administer the council, which meant the elected members were not in control. The commissioners remained until anelection was held in May 2013, restoring an elected Council. Before the period of direct administration, there had been a majority of independent councillors. Though members did not generally divide along party lines, these were organised into five non-partisan groups on the council, containing a mix of party and independent candidates. The position has been similar since the election, although theLabour Party has formed a governing coalition with the independents.
Anglesey is a low-lying island with low hills spaced evenly over the north. The highest six areHolyhead Mountain, 220 metres (720 ft);Mynydd Bodafon, 178 metres (584 ft);Mynydd Eilian, 177 metres (581 ft);Mynydd y Garn, 170 metres (560 ft);Bwrdd Arthur, 164 metres (538 ft); and Mynydd Llwydiarth, 158 metres (518 ft). To the south and south-east, the island is divided from the Welsh mainland by theMenai Strait, which at its narrowest point is about 250 metres (270 yd) wide. In all other directions the island is surrounded by theIrish Sea. At 676 km2 (261 sq mi), it is the52nd largest island of Europe and just five km2 (1.9 sq mi) smaller than the main island ofSingapore.
There are a few natural lakes, mostly in the west, such asLlyn Llywenan, the largest on the island, Llyn Coron, and Cors Cerrig y Daran, but rivers are few and small. There are two large water supply reservoirs operated byWelsh Water. These areLlyn Alaw to the north of the island andLlyn Cefni in the centre of the island, which is fed by the headwaters of theAfon Cefni.
The climate is humid (though less so than neighbouring mountainousGwynedd) and generally equable thanks to theGulf Stream. The land is of variable quality and has probably lost some fertility. Anglesey has the northernmostolive grove in Europe and presumably in the world.[70]
The coast of the Isle of Anglesey is more populous than the interior. The largestcommunity isHolyhead, which is located on Holy Island and had a population of 12,103 at the2021 United Kingdom census. It is followed byAmlwch (3,697),Llanfair-Mathafarn-Eithaf (3,085), andMenai Bridge (3,046), all located on the coast of the island of Anglesey. The largest community in the interior of Anglesey isLlangefni (5,500), the county town; the next-largest isLlanfihangel Ysgeifiog (1,711).[71]
Beaumaris (Welsh:Biwmares) in the east featuresBeaumaris Castle, built byEdward I during hisBastide campaign inNorth Wales. Beaumaris is ayachting centre, with boats moored in the bay or off Gallows Point. The village ofNewborough (Welsh:Niwbwrch), in the south, created when townsfolk of Llanfaes were relocated for the building of Beaumaris Castle, includes the site ofLlys Rhosyr, another court of medieval Welsh princes featuring one of the United Kingdom's oldest courtrooms. The centrally localtedLlangefni is the island's administrative centre. The town ofMenai Bridge (Welsh:Porthaethwy) in the south-east, expanded to accommodate workers and construction when the first bridge to the mainland was being built. Hitherto Porthaethwy had been one of the main ferry ports for the mainland. A short distance from the town liesBryn Celli Ddu, aStone Age burial mound.
Tourism is now the major economic activity. Agriculture comes second, with local dairies being some of the most productive in the region.[74][75]
Major industry is restricted to Holyhead (Caergybi), which until 30 September 2009 supported analuminium smelter, and theAmlwch area, once a copper mining town. Nearby stoodWylfa Nuclear Power Station and a formerbromine extraction plant. With construction starting in 1963, the two Wylfa reactors began producing power in 1971. One reactor was decommissioned in 2012, the other in 2015.
Anglesey has three wind farms on land.[76] There were plans to install tidal-flow turbines nearThe Skerries off the north coast,[77] and for a majorbiomass plant onHoly Island (Ynys Gybi). Developing such low-carbon-energy assets to their full potential forms part of the Anglesey Energy Island project.[78][79]
When the aluminium smelter closed in September 2009, it cut its workforce from 450 to 80, in a major blow to the island's economy, especially to Holyhead. TheRoyal Air Force station RAF Valley (Y Fali) holds the RAF Fast Jet Training School and 22 Sqn Search and Rescue Helicopters, both units providing employment to about 500 civilians.RAF Valley is now the 22 Sqn Search and Rescue headquarters.
The range of smaller industries is mostly in industrial[80] and business parks such asLlangefni[81] andGaerwen.[82] The island is on one of the main road routes from Britain to Ireland, viaferries fromHolyhead on Holy Island toDún Laoghaire andDublin Port.
TheAnglesey Sea Zoo is a local attraction offering looks at local marinewildlife fromcommon lobsters tocongers. All fish andcrustaceans on display are caught round the island and placed in habitat reconstructions. The zoo also breeds lobsters commercially for food andoysters for pearls, both from local stocks. Sea salt (Halen Môn, from local sea water) is produced in a facility nearby, having formerly been made at the Sea Zoo site.
Plans were offered in 2013 byHorizon, a subsidiary ofHitachi, to start production in the 2020s.[83] Though enthusiastically endorsed by Anglesey Council and Welsh Assembly members, protesters raised doubts about its economic and safety claims,[84] and in January 2019 Hitachi announced it was putting development on hold.[85]
On 17 January 2019, Hitachi-Horizon Nuclear Power announced it was abandoning plans to build a nuclear plant on the Wylfa Newydd site in Anglesey. There had been concern that the start might have involved too much public expenditure, but Hitachi-Horizon say the decision to scrap has cost the company over £2 billion.[86][87][88][89]
Much of Anglesey is used for relatively intensive cattle and sheep farming, but several importantwetland sites have protected status and the lakes all have significant ecological interest, including a wide range of aquatic and semi-aquatic bird species. In the west, theMalltraeth Marshes are believed to support an occasional visitingbittern, and the nearby estuary of theAfon Cefni has a bird population made famous internationally by the paintings ofCharles Tunnicliffe, who lived and died atMalltraeth on the Cefni estuary. TheRAF airstrip at Mona is a nesting site forskylarks. The sheer cliff faces atSouth Stack nearHolyhead provide nesting sites for large numbers ofauks, includingpuffins,razorbills andguillemots, along withchoughs andperegrine falcons. Anglesey holds several tern species, including theroseate tern on three breeding sites – seeAnglesey tern colonies.
Almost the whole coastline of Anglesey is designated as anArea of Outstandng Natural Beauty (AONB) to protect the aesthetic appeal and variety of the island's coastal landscape and habitats from inappropriate development. The coastal zone of Anglesey was classed as an AONB in 1966 and confirmed as such in 1967. The AONB is predominantly coastal, covering most of Anglesey's 125 miles (201 km) coastline, but includes Holyhead Mountain and Mynydd Bodafon. Large areas of other land protected by the AONB form the backdrop to the coast. The AONB is about 221 sq. m (85 sq mi) and is the largest in Wales, covering a third of the island.[93]
A number of Anglesey habitats gain still greater protection through UK and European designations of their nature conservation value. These include:
The AONB takes in three sections of open, undeveloped coastline designated as Heritage Coast. These non-statutory designations complement the AONB and cover about 31 miles (50 km) of the coastline. The sections are:
North Anglesey 28.6 km (17.8 mi)
Holyhead Mountain 12.9 km (8.0 mi)
Aberffraw Bay 7.7 km (4.8 mi)
Popular recreations include sailing, angling, cycling, walking, wind surfing and jet skiing. They place pressures and demands on the AONB, while stoking the local economy.[94]
The annual Anglesey Show is held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday of August. Farmers from around the country compete in livestock–rearing contests, including sheep and cattle. Other events include Gottwood, an electronic music and arts festival held each summer at the Carreglwyd estate.
In 2017 filming took place for theNetflix TV seriesFree Rein. Scenes were used in all three series. Locations includedNewborough Warren andBeaumaris Pier.[96] In 2018, theBBC began a three-part series entitledAnglesey: Island Lives, detailing the lives of several residents of the island. In the first episode, Kris Hughes, a noted companion of the Druid community and theAnglesey Druid Order, was followed as the order marked the Summer Solstice.[97]
Anglesey is a stronghold of theWelsh language. According to the 2011 census it was the local authority with the second highest proportion of Welsh speakers. The earlier percentages were these:
Today, Welsh is less widely used, but remains the dominant language in some areas, particularly in the centre, includingLlangefni and some parts of the south coast. The island's five secondary schools vary widely in the proportions of their pupils from predominantly Welsh-speaking homes, and in those who can speak Welsh:
The geology of Anglesey is complex and frequently targeted for geologyfield trips by schools and colleges. Younger strata in Anglesey rest upon a foundation of oldPrecambrian rocks that appear at the surface in four areas:
These rocks areschists andphyllites, often contorted and disturbed. The general line of strike of the formations in the island is from north-east to south-west.[11] A belt ofgranitic rocks lies just north-west of the central Precambrian mass, reaching fromLlanfaelog near the coast to the vicinity ofLlanerchymedd. Between this granite and the Precambrian of Holyhead is a narrow tract ofOrdovician slates and grits with Llandovery beds in places, spreading out in the north of the island betweenDulas Bay and Carmel Point.[102] A small patch of Ordovician strata lies on the northern side of Beaumaris. In parts, these Ordovician rocks are much folded, crushed and metamorphosed, and associated with schists and altered volcanic rocks which are probably Precambrian. Between the eastern and central Precambrian massesCarboniferous rocks are found.Carboniferous Limestone occupies a broad area south ofLligwy Bay and Pentraeth, and sends a narrow spur in south-westwards byLlangefni toMalltraeth Sands. It is underlain on the north-west by a red basement conglomerate and yellowsandstone (sometimes considered ofOld Red Sandstone age). Limestone occurs again on the north coast aroundLlanfihangel andLlangoed; and in the south-west round Llanidan near theMenai Strait.Puffin Island is made of Carboniferous Limestone.Malltraeth Marsh is occupied byCoal Measures, and a small patch of the same formation appears near Tal-y-foel Ferry on the Menai Strait. A patch ofrhyolitic/felsitic rocks formsParys Mountain, where copper and iron ochre have been worked.Serpentine (Mona Marble) is found nearLlanfair-yn-Neubwll and upon the opposite shore in Holyhead.[103] Anglesey is the only onshore part of the UK to have sediments dated to the EarlyMiddle Miocene (?Langhian).[104]
Hywel Gwynfryn – radio and TV personality (Llangefni, 1942)
Max Horton - British submariner during the First World War and commander-in-chief of theWestern Approaches in the later half of the Second World War, responsible for British participation in theBattle of the Atlantic (Rhosneigr, 1883)
Aled Jones – singer and television presenter (Llandegfan, 1970)
John Jones – amateur astronomer (Bryngwyn Bach, Dwyran 1818 – Bangor 1898); a.k.a. Ioan Bryngwyn Bach and Y Seryddwr
William Jones – mathematician (Llanfihangel Tre'r Beirdd, 1675)
Julian Lewis Jones – actor, known for his portrayal of Karl Morris on the Sky 1 comedyStella (Anglesey, 1968)
Anglesey Airport, until 2020, had a twice-daily scheduled service toCardiff Airport. The route was subsidised by theWelsh government and suspended due to theCOVID-19 pandemic. After a 2022 review, the Welsh government announced that it would not reinstate the flights;[108] travel betweenCardiff and Anglesey now takes over four hours by road or rail.
The ferry port of Holyhead handles over two million passengers a year.Stena Line andIrish Ferries sail toDublin (previously toDún Laoghaire), forming the main surfacetransport link from central and northern England and Wales to Ireland.
Anglesey made an unsuccessful bid for the 2009 games, led by Ynys Môn MPAlbert Owen, in the hope of more than £3m of spending if it had hosted the event. However, Anglesey lacks two needful facilities: a six-lane competition swimming pool and an athletics track.[111]
Several precursors to the modern football codes were popular in Anglesey. They had few rules and were quite violent. Rhys Cox at the turn of the 18th century described a game inLlandrygan ending with "numbers of players... left here and there on the road, some having limbs broken in the struggle, others severely injured, and some carried on biers to be buried in the churchyard nearest to where they had been mortally injured." William Bulkeley, in his April 1734 diary, records that the violence of such games left no hard feelings, with both sides parting "as good friends as they came, after they had spent half an hour together cherishing their spirits with a cup of ale... having finished Easter Holydays innocently and merrily."[112]
This arrived in the 1870s and met with local resistance for its perceived associations with drunkenness and rowdiness and the lower classes. One critic called it an "un-Christian practice". An Anglesey League of teams fromAmlwch,Beaumaris,Holyhead,Menai Bridge,Llandegfan, andLlangefni was formed in the 1895–96 season.[113] This gave way in 2020 to theNorth Wales Coast West Football League.
TheYnys Môn football team represents Anglesey at the biannualIsland Games, winning gold in 1999. In 2018, the island was chosen to host the2019 Inter Games Football Tournament, where the men's team won gold and the women's team won silver.
Every September the Anglesey Festival of Running includes a marathon, a half-marathon, 10-km and 5-km races, and children's contests. Its slogan isRun the Island. There are at present no 400-metre, all-weather, synthetictracks on the island, the nearest being betweenBangor and theBritannia Bridge on the mainland.
TheAnglesey Circuit (Welsh: Trac Môn) is a licensed MSA and ACU championship racing circuit that opened in 1997. It hosts many events all year round and is a popular track.
The Beaumaris Cricket Club formed in 1858. Clubs atHolyhead,Amlwch andLlangefni formed in the following decade, but not until the 1880s was the sport popular outside the upper classes.Bodedern Cricket Club was formed in 1947.[113]
The Menai Strait hosts two annual open-water contests: the Menai Strait Swim from Foel to Caernarfon (1 mile), and the Pier to Pier Open Water Swim, betweenBeaumaris andGarth Pier, Bangor. There is a 25-metre pool at Plas Arthur Leisure Centre inLlangefni.
^C. Michael Hogan (2011)."Irish Sea". In P. Saundry; C. Cleveland (eds.).Encyclopedia of Earth.Washington, D. C.: National Council for Science and the Environment.
^abLena Peterson; et al. (May 2001),Nordiskt runnamnslexikon [Dictionary of Names from Runic Inscriptions](PDF), p. 116, archived fromthe original(PDF) on 26 April 2012, retrieved6 June 2012
^A Years' Work of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Annual Report for 1936-1937, adopted by the Council and Corporation, May 28, 1937, London, p. 12.
Lile, Emma (2005). "Fox Hunting (Wales)". In Collins, Tony; Martin, John; Vamplew, Wray (eds.).Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports. Sports Reference series. Routledge. p. 125.ISBN978-0-415-35224-6.
Lile, Emma (2005), "Football (Wales)", in Collins, Tony; Martin, John; Vamplew, Wray (eds.),Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports, Sports Reference series, Routledge, pp. 120–121,ISBN978-0-415-35224-6
Pretty, David A. (2005),Anglesey: The Concise History,Vol. 1, Histories of Wales, University of Wales Press, p. 111,ISBN978-0708319437
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