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Island gigantism

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Biological phenomenon

Size comparison of the giantgymnure/moonrat (a type of insective closely related tohedgehogs)*Deinogalerix* from the Late Miocene ofGargano, Italy, next to the relatedEuropean hedgehog (*Erinaceus europaeus*)

Island gigantism, orinsular gigantism, is a biological phenomenon in which the size of an animal species isolated on an island increases dramatically in comparison to its mainland relatives. Island gigantism is one aspect of the more general"island effect" or "Foster's rule", which posits that when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, and large species tend to evolve smaller bodies (insular dwarfism). This is itself one aspect of the more general phenomenon ofisland syndrome which describes the differences inmorphology,ecology,physiology andbehaviour of insular (island) species compared to their continental counterparts. Following the arrival of humans and associated introduced predators (dogs, cats, rats, pigs), many giant as well as other island endemics have becomeextinct (e.g. thedodo andRodrigues solitaire, giant flightless pigeons related to theNicobar pigeon). A similar size increase, as well as increased woodiness, has been observed in some insular plants such as the Mapou tree (Cyphostemma mappia) in Mauritius which is also known as the "Mauritian baobab" although it is member of the grape family (Vitaceae).

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Balearic shrew	Nesiotites hidalgo	Mallorca andMenorca	Extinct (3000-2000 BC)	Red-toothed shrews
Sardinian shrew	Asoriculus similis	Sardinia andCorsica	Extinct (Holocene)
Sicilian shrew	Asoriculus burgioi	Sicily	Extinct (Early Pleistocene)
Deinogalerix	Deinogalerix spp.	Gargano Island	Extinct(Late Miocene)	Moon rats

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative	Insular / mainland length or mass ratio
Blunt-toothed giant hutia	Amblyrhiza inundata	Anguilla andSaint Martin	Extinct(Pleistocene)	Neotropical spiny rats
Larger Jamaican giant hutia	Clidomys osborni	Jamaica	Extinct(Late Pleistocene)
Plate-toothed giant hutia	Elasmodontomys obliquus	Puerto Rico	Extinct(c. 1 AD)
Twisted-toothed mouse	Quemisia gravis	Hispaniola	Extinct
Arboreal giant hutia^[10]	Tainotherium valei	Puerto Rico
Lesser Jamaica giant hutia	Xaymaca fulvopulvis	Jamaica
Majorcan gianthamsters	Apocricetus darderi	Majorca		Apocricetus alberti^[11]
Majorcan gianthamsters	Tragomys macpheei	Majorca		Cricetus kormosi^[12]
Gargano giant hamster	Hattomys gargantua	Gargano Island		Cricetus kormosi^[12]
St Kilda field mouse	Apodemus sylvaticus hirtensis	St Kilda	Least Concern	Wood mouse	MR ≈ 2^[13]
Hensel's field mouse	Rhagamys orthodon	Corsica andSardinia	Extinct(After 1300 BC)	Wood mouse
Tenerife giant rat	Canariomys bravoi	Tenerife	Extinct(Late Pleistocene)	African rufous-nosed rats
Gran Canaria giant rat	Canariomys tamarani	Gran Canaria	Extinct(before AD 1500)	African rufous-nosed rats
Formentera black-tailed garden dormouse	Eliomys quercinus ophiusae	Formentera	Rare (Introduced by humans)^[14]	Garden dormouse and otherLeithiinaedormice
Balearic giant dormice	Hypnomys spp.	Mallorca &Menorca	Extinct (Holocene)
Balearic giant dormice	Hypnomys spp.	Mallorca &Menorca	Extinct (Holocene)
Leithia melitensis Sicilian-Maltese giant dormice	Leithia cartei	Sicily andMalta	Extinct
Leithia melitensis Sicilian-Maltese giant dormice	Leithia melitensis	Sicily andMalta	Extinct
Orkney vole	Microtus arvalis orcadensis	Orkney Islands	Vulnerable	Common vole and othermeadow voles
Gargano giant voles	Mikrotia magna	Gargano Island	Extinct(Early Pliocene)
	M. maiuscula
	M. parva
St Kilda house mouse	Mus musculus muralis	St Kilda	Extinct(c. AD 1930)	House mouse
Flores giant rat	Papagomys armandvillei	Flores	Near Threatened	North African black rat and othertrue rats
Sulawesi giant rat	Paruromys dominator	Sulawesi	Least Concern
Admiralty giant rat	Rattus detentus	Manus Island	Unknown / Likely threatened^[15]
Congreso black rat population^[16]	Rattus rattus	Isla del Congreso	Least Concern
Channel Islands deer mice	Peromyscus anyapahensis	Northern Channel Islands of California	Extinct(c. 6000 BC)	North American deer mouse
Channel Islands deer mice	P. nesodytes	Northern Channel Islands of California	Extinct(c. 6000 BC)	North American deer mouse
Gargano giant dormouse	Stertomys laticrestatus^[17]	Gargano Island	Extinct	Glirinae dormice

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Minorcan giant lagomorph	Nuralagus rex	Minorca	Extinct(Middle Pliocene)	Alilepus (?)
Minorcan giant lagomorph	Nuralagus rex	Minorca	Extinct(Middle Pliocene)	Trischizolagus (?)
	Prolagus imperialis	Gargano Island	Extinct	Pikas
Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus	Corsica,Sardinia andTavolara	Extinct(c. AD 1800)	Pikas

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Hispaniola monkey	Antillothrix bernensis	Hispaniola	Extinct(before AD 1600)	Cheracebus
Haitian monkey	Insulacebus toussaintiana	SouthwesternHaiti	Extinct
Cuban monkeys	Paralouatta marianae^[18]	Cuba	Extinct(Pleistocene)
Cuban monkeys	P. varonai^[18]	Cuba	Extinct(Pleistocene)
Jamaican monkey	Xenothrix mcgregori	Jamaica	Extinct
Gorilla lemur	Archaeoindris fontoynontii	CentralMadagascar	Extinct(c. 350 BC)	Lorisoids
Baboon lemurs	Archaeolemur spp.	Madagascar	Extinct(before AD 1280)
Baboon lemurs	Hadropithecus spp.	Madagascar	Extinct(before AD 1280)
Sloth lemurs	Babakotia spp.	Western and Central Madagascar	Extinct(c. AD 1500)
Sloth lemurs	Palaeopropithecus spp.	Western and Central Madagascar	Extinct(c. AD 1500)
Koala lemurs	Megaladapis edwardsi	Madagascar	Extinct(AD 1280–1420)
	M. grandidieri
	M. madagascariensis

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Sardinian giant otter	Megalenhydris barbaricina	Sardinia	Extinct(Late Pleistocene)	Otters
Fossa	Cryptoprocta ferox	Madagascar	Vulnerable	Mongooses
Giant fossa	Cryptoprocta spelaea	Madagascar	Extinct(before AD 1400)

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Vintana	Vintana sertichi	Madagascar	Extinct(Late Cretaceous)	South American, India, African and Antarctic gondwanatheres.
Adalatherium	Adalatherium hui	Madagascar	Extinct(Late Cretaceous)

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Balaur	B. bondoc	Hațeg Island	Extinct(Late Cretaceous)	Jeholornis^[19]
Gargantuavis	G. philohinos	Ibero-Armorican Island	Extinct(Late Cretaceous)	Patagopteryx (?)

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Kiwis	Apterygidae	New Zealand	Variable	Proapteryx^[b]
Greater elephant birds	Aepyornithidae	Madagascar	Extinct(c. AD 1700)
Lesser elephant birds	Mullerornithidae	Madagascar	Extinct(c. AD 1260)
Giant moas	Dinornithidae	New Zealand	Extinct(c. AD 1450)	Tinamous
Lesser moas	Emeidae		Extinct(c. AD 1460)
Upland moas	Megalapterygidae		Extinct(c. AD 1300)

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
New Zealand musk duck	Biziura delautouri	New Zealand	Extinct(after AD 1500)	Australianmusk duck
New Zealand geese	Cnemiornis calcitrans		Extinct	Cape Barren goose
New Zealand geese	C. gracilis		Extinct	Cape Barren goose
Garganornis	G. ballmanni	Gargano andScontrone islands	Extinct(Late Miocene)	Geese^[21]
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo	Chelychelynechen quassus	Kauai	Extinct(c. AD 1000)	Dabbling ducks
Small-billed moa-nalo	Ptaiochen pau	Maui
Large-billed moa-nalo	Thambetochen chauliodous	Maui Nui
O'ahu moa-nalo	Thambetochen xanion	O'ahu
Giant swan	Cygnus falconeri	Sicily andMalta	Extinct(Middle Pleistocene)	Mute swan
Scarlett's duck	Malacorhynchus scarletti	New Zealand	Extinct(after AD 1500)	Pink-eared duck

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Pile-builder megapode	Megapodius molistructor	New Caledonia andTonga	Extinct(c. 1500 BC)	Scrubfowl
Megavitiornis	Megavitiornis altirostris	Fiji	Extinct	Galliformes
Sylviornis	Sylviornis neocaledoniae	New Caledonia andIsle of Pines	Extinct	Galliformes

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Red rail	Aphanapteryx bonasia	Mauritius	Extinct(c. AD 1700)	Rails
Hawkins' rail	Diaphanapteryx hawkinsi	Chatham Islands	Extinct(c. AD 1900)
Antillean cave rail	Nesotrochis debooyi	Puerto Rico andVirgin Islands	Extinct
Cuban cave rail	Nesotrochis picapicensis	Cuba
Haitian cave rail	N. steganinos	Hispaniola
South Island takahē	Porphyrio hochstetteri	South Island,New Zealand	Endangered
North Island takahē	Porphyrio mantelli	North Island,New Zealand	Extinct(before AD 1900)
Adzebills	Aptornis defossor	New Zealand	Extinct	Madagascar flufftail^[22]
Adzebills	A. otidiformis	New Zealand	Extinct	Madagascar flufftail^[22]
Chatham coot	Fulica chathamensis	Chatham Islands	Extinct(after AD 1500)	Red-knobbed coot and othercoots
Mascarene coot	Fulica newtonii	Mauritius andRéunion	Extinct(c. AD 1700)
New Zealand coot	Fulica prisca	New Zealand	Extinct(after AD 1280)
Réunion swamphen	Porphyrio coerulescens	Plaine des Cafres,Réunion	Extinct(c. AD 1730)	Purple swamphens

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Viti Levu giant pigeon	Natunaornis gigoura	Viti Levu,Fiji	Extinct	Crowned pigeons
Kanaka pigeon	Caloenas canacorum	New Caledonia	Extinct(c. 500 BC)	Nicobar pigeon
Rodrigues solitaire	Pezophaps solitaria	Rodrigues	Extinct(before AD 1778)
Dodo	Raphus cucullatus	Mauritius	Extinct(c. AD 1662)

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Liko Cave golden eagle	Aquila chrysaetos simurgh	Crete	Extinct(Late Pleistocene)	Golden eagle
Giant crab-hawk^[23]	Buteogallus borrasi	Cuba	Extinct	Great black hawk and other hawks
Giant hawk	Gigantohierax sp.	Cuba
Titan-hawk	Titanohierax gloveralleni	Cuba,Hispaniola and theBahamas
Jamaican caracara	Caracara tellustris	Jamaica		Caracaras
Eyles' harrier	Circus eylesi	New Zealand	Extinct(c. AD 1000)	Swamp harrier
Gargano Island eagles	Garganoaetus freudenthali	Gargano Island	Extinct(Late Miocene)	Aquila delphinensis
Gargano Island eagles	G. murivorus	Gargano Island	Extinct(Late Miocene)	Aquila delphinensis
Haast's eagle	Hieraaetus moorei	New Zealand	Extinct(c. AD 1400)	Little eagle
Philippine eagle	Pithecophaga jefferyi	Philippines	Critically endangered	Bateleur^[24]

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Hercules parrot	Heracles inexpectatus	New Zealand	Extinct(Miocene)	Other parrots
Kākāpō	Strigops habroptilus	New Zealand	Critically Endangered	Other parrots
Broad-billed parrot	Lophopsittacus mauritianus	Mauritius	Extinct(c. AD 1680)	Psittaculine parrots

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Cretan owl	Athene cretensis	Crete	Extinct(Pleistocene)	Little owl
Cuban giant owls	Ornimegalonyx spp.	Cuba	Extinct(Pleistocene)	Wood owls
Greater Gargano giant owl	Tyto gigantea	Gargano Island	Extinct(Late Miocene)	Barn owls
Andros Island barn owl	Tyto pollens	Andros Island,Bahamas	Extinct(before AD 1600)
Rivero's barn owl	Tyto riveroi	Cuba	Extinct
Lesser Gargano giant owl	Tyto robusta	Gargano Island	Extinct(Early Pliocene)

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
New Zealand owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles novazelandiae	New Zealand	Extinct(c. AD 1200)	Australian owlet-nightjar
New Caledonian owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles savesi	New Caledonia	Critically endangered	Australian owlet-nightjar

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Chatham raven	Corvus moriorum	Chatham Islands	Extinct	New Zealand raven
Long-legged bunting	Emberiza alcoveri	Tenerife	Extinct(after AD 1)	Cabanis's bunting
Giant nukupu'u	Hemignathus vorpalis	Hawaii	Extinct(after AD 1000)	Finches
Tasmanian superb fairywren	Malurus cyaneus cyaneus	Tasmania	Least Concern	Superb fairywren
Kangaroo Island superb fairywren	M. c. ashbyi	Kangaroo Island	Least Concern	Superb fairywren
Stout-legged wren	Pachyplichas yaldwyni	South Island ofNew Zealand	Extinct	Other passeriforms
St Kilda wren	Troglodytes troglodytes hirtensis	St Kilda, Scotland	Unknown	Eurasian wren
Capricorn silvereye	Zosterops lateralis chlorocephalus	Capricorn and Bunker Group of theAustralian Great Barrier Reef	Unknown	Silvereye

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative	Insular / mainland length or mass ratio
Tongan giant iguana^[25]	Brachylophus gibbonsi	Tonga	Extinct(c. 800 BC)	South American iguanas
Fijian giant iguana^[26]	Lapitiguana impensa	Fiji	Extinct(c. 1000 BC)	South American iguanas
Angel Island chuckwalla	Sauromalus hispidus	Isla Ángel de la Guarda,Baja California	Near Threatened	Peninsular chuckwalla	MR ≈ 5^[27]
San Esteban chuckwalla	Sauromalus varius	San Esteban Island,Baja California	Endangered	Peninsular chuckwalla	MR ≈ 5^[27]

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative	Insular / mainland length or mass ratio
Delcourt's giant gekko	Gigarcanum delcourti	New Caledonia	Extinct(c. AD 1870)	Diplodactylid geckos	LR ≈ 6.75^[c]
New Caledonian giant gecko	Rhacodactylus leachianus	New Caledonia	Least Concern	Diplodactylid geckos	LR ≈ 4.4^[d] MR ≈ 60^[e]
Rodrigues giant day gecko	Phelsuma gigas	Rodrigues	Extinct(c. AD 1850)	Day geckos

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Vaillant's mabuya	Chioninia vaillanti	Cape Verde	Endangered	Mainlandmabuyine skinks
Cape Verde giant skink	Chioninia coctei	Cape Verde	Extinct(after AD 1900)	Mainlandmabuyine skinks
Mauritius giant skink	Leiolopisma mauritiana	Mauritius	Extinct(after AD 1600)	Mainlandeugongyline skinks
Terror skink	Phoboscincus bocourti	Île des Pins offNew Caledonia	Endangered	Mainlandeugongyline skinks
Kishinoue's giant skink	Plestiodon kishinouyei	Miyako Islands andYaeyama Islands,Japan	Vulnerable	Plestiodon tamdaoensis

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
La Palma giant lizard	Gallotia auaritae	La Palma	Critically endangered	Mediterranean sandrunner lizards
La Gomera giant lizard	Gallotia bravoana	Gomera	Critically endangered
Tenerife giant lizard^[31]	Gallotia goliath	Tenerife	Extinct(c. AD 1500)
El Hierro giant lizard	Gallotia simonyi	El Hierro	Critically endangered
Gran Canaria giant lizard	Gallotia stehlini	Gran Canaria	Least Concern

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Angel de la Guarda Island speckled rattlesnake	Crotalus mitchellii angelensis	Isla Ángel de la Guarda offBaja California	Least Concern	Speckled rattlesnake
Tadanae-jima striped snake population^[32]	Elaphe quadrivirgata	Tadanae-jima island offTokyo	Unknown	Japanese striped snake
Island tiger snake populations	Notechis scutatus	IslandsMount Chappell (Tasmania);Williams,Hopkins, and theNuyts Archipelago (allSouth Australia)^[33]	Least Concern^[34]	Tiger snake
Isla Cerralvo long-nosed snake	Rhinocheilus lecontei etheridgei	Jacques Cousteau Island offBaja California Sur	Unknown	Long-nosed snake

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative	Insular / mainland length or mass ratio
São Tomé giant tree frog	Hyperolius thomensis^[42]	São Tomé Island	Endangered	African reed frogs
Palm forest tree frog	Leptopelis palmatus^[42]	Príncipe Island	Vulnerable	Red tree frog	LR ≈ 1.2^[f]
Giant Fiji ground frog	Platymantis megabotoniviti^[45]	Viti Levu,Fiji	Extinct	Asianplatymantines
São Tomé giant grass frog	Ptychadena newtoni^[42]	São Tomé Island	Endangered	Mascarene grass frog

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Coconut crab	Birgus latro	Indian Ocean islands andPolynesia^[46]	Vulnerable	Coenobitahermit crabs
Giant weta	Deinacrida spp.	New Zealand	Variable	South African king crickets
Giant pseudoscorpion^[47]	Garypus titanius	Boatswain Bird Island	Critically Endangered	Garypoids
Hissing cockroaches	Gromphadorhini spp.	Madagascar	Unknown	Blaberids
Saint Helena earwig	Labidura herculeana	Saint Helena	Extinct(c. AD 1967)	Shore earwig
Wallace's giant bee	Megachile pluto	North Moluccas	Vulnerable	Callomegachile
Megalara	Megalara garuda	Mekongga Mountains, Sulawesi	Unknown	Crabronine wasps
Madagascan giant pill-millipedes	Microsphaerotherium spp.	Madagascar		Indian giant pill-millipedes (Arthrosphaera)
	Sphaeromimus spp.
	Zoosphaerium spp.
Orsonwelles	Orsonwelles spp.	Hawaii		Money spiders
Conant's giant Nīhoa tree cricket	Thaumatogryllus conanti	Nīhoa		Tree crickets
Giant Fijian long-horned beetle^[48]	Xixuthrus heros	Viti Levu,Fiji	Endangered	AustralasianXixuthrus
Taveuni beetle	Xixuthrus terribilis	Taveuni,Fiji	Unknown	AustralasianXixuthrus
Tyrannomolpus	Tyrannomolpusrex	Three Kings Islands	Unknown	Pilacolaspis leaf beetles

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Possible causes

Examples

Mammals

Birds

Stem birds

Reptiles

Dubious examples

Flora

See also

Notes

References

External links

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Kauri land snails	Paryphanta spp.	New Zealand	Near Threatened	Other rhytidids
Kauri land snails	Powelliphanta spp.	New Zealand	Near Threatened	Other rhytidids

Example	Binomial name	Native range	Current status	Continental relative
Campbell Island carrot	Anisotome latifolia	Campbell andAuckland Islands	Unknown	Apiaceae
Ross lily	Bulbinella rossii	Campbell andAuckland Islands	Naturally Uncommon	New Zealand Maori lily
Chatham Islands korokio^[50]^[51]	Corokia macrocarpa	Chatham Islands	Unknown	New Zealand korokio^[52]
Black-eyed daisy	Damnamenia vernicosa	Auckland andCampbell Islands	Naturally Uncommon	Astereae
Cucumber tree^[53]	Dendrosicyos socotranus	Socotra	Vulnerable	Gourds
St. Catherine's lace^[54]	Eriogonum giganteum	CaliforniaChannel Islands	Naturally Uncommon	Eriogonum
Coco de mer^[55]^[53]	Lodoicea maldivica	Seychelles	Endangered	Borassoid palms
	Pleurophyllum criniferum	Antipodes,Auckland andCampbell Islands	Unknown	Cineraria
Silver-leaf daisy	Pleurophyllum hookeri	Macquarie Island,Auckland andCampbell Islands	Unknown
Campbell Island daisy	Pleurophyllum speciosum	Campbell andAuckland Islands	Naturally Uncommon
Macquarie Island cabbage	Stilbocarpa polaris	Macquarie Island andNew Zealand subantarctic islands	Vulnerable	Araliaceae

v t e Biological rules
Rules	Allen's ruleShorter appendages in colder climates Bateson's ruleExtra limbs mirror their neighbours Bergmann's ruleLarger bodies in colder climates Cope's ruleBodies get larger over time Deep-sea gigantismLarger bodies in deep-sea animals Dollo's lawLoss of complex traits is irreversible Eichler's ruleParasites co-vary with their hosts Emery's ruleInsect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts Fahrenholz's ruleHost and parasite phylogenies become congruent Foster's rule (Insular gigantism,Insular dwarfism)Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands Gause's lawComplete competitors cannot coexist Gloger's ruleLighter coloration in colder, drier climates Haldane's ruleHybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic Harrison's ruleParasites co-vary in size with their hosts Hamilton's ruleGenes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor Kleiber's lawAn animals metabolic rate decreases with its size Hennig's progression ruleIn cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area Jarman–Bell principleThe correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet Jordan's ruleInverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae Lack's principleBirds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for Rapoport's ruleLatitudinal range increases with latitude Rensch's ruleSexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger Rosa's ruleGroups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones Schmalhausen's lawA population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect Thayer's lawThe top of an animals coloration is darker than the bottom Thorson's ruleNo. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude Van Valen's lawProbability of extinction of a group is constant over time von Baer's lawsEmbryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms Williston's lawParts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function
Related	Countergradient variationWhere genetics opposes environment as a factor GigantothermyLarge ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature