Islamic State of Afghanistan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992–1996 1996–2001: inNorthern Alliance zone only 2001–2002 | |||||||||||||
| Motto: لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله lā ʾilāha ʾillà l-Lāh, Muḥammadun rasūlu l-Lāh "There is no god except Allah, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" | |||||||||||||
| Anthem: قلعه اسلام قلب اسیا "Fortress of Islam, Heart of Asia" (1992–1999; 2002) | |||||||||||||
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| Status | Government-in-exile controlling arump state (1996–2001) | ||||||||||||
| Capital | Kabul ('1992–1996, 2001–2002) | ||||||||||||
| Capital-in-exile | Taloqan (1996–2000) Fayzabad (2000–2001) | ||||||||||||
| Official languages | Dari andPashto | ||||||||||||
| Religion | Islam(official) | ||||||||||||
| Demonym | Afghan | ||||||||||||
| Government | Semi-presidentialIslamic state | ||||||||||||
| President | |||||||||||||
• 1992 (acting) | Sibghatullah Mojaddedi | ||||||||||||
• 1992–2001 | Burhanuddin Rabbani | ||||||||||||
• 2001–2002 (acting) | Hamid Karzai | ||||||||||||
| Vice President | |||||||||||||
• 1992 | Abdul Rasul Sayyaf | ||||||||||||
• 1992–1993 | Mawlawi Mir Hamza | ||||||||||||
• 1993–1994 | Mohammad Shah Fazli | ||||||||||||
• 1993–1996 | Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi | ||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||||||
• 1992 | Abdul Kohistani | ||||||||||||
• 1993–1994 | Gulbuddin Hekmatyar | ||||||||||||
• 1994–1995 (acting) | Arsala Rahmani Daulat | ||||||||||||
• 1995–1996 (acting) | Ahmad Shah Ahmadzai | ||||||||||||
• 1996–1997 | Gulbuddin Hekmatyar | ||||||||||||
• 1997 | Abdul Rahim Ghafoorzai | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
| 24 April 1992 | |||||||||||||
• State proclaimed | 28 April 1992 | ||||||||||||
| 27 September 1996 | |||||||||||||
| 1996–2001 | |||||||||||||
| 7 October 2001 | |||||||||||||
| 13 November 2001 | |||||||||||||
| 11 June 2002 | |||||||||||||
| Currency | Afghani (AFN) | ||||||||||||
| Calling code | +93 | ||||||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | AF | ||||||||||||
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TheIslamic State of Afghanistan (Dari:دولت اسلامی افغانستان,Dawlat-i Islāmī-yi Afghānistan,Pashto:دا افغانستان اسلامی دولت,Da Afghanistan Islami Dowlat) was anIslamic state that was established in April 1992 under thePeshawar Accord. Its power was limited due to thecountry's second civil war, which was won by theTaliban, whoseizedKabul in September 1996. The Islamic state then transitioned to agovernment-in-exile and led the anti-TalibanNorthern Alliance. It remained the internationally recognized government of Afghanistan at theUnited Nations until 2001, when theTransitional Islamic State of Afghanistan was created and anAfghan Interim Administration took control of Afghanistan with US andNATO assistance following the overthrow of the first Taliban government. The Transitional Islamic State was subsequently transformed into theIslamic Republic, which existed until the Taliban seized power again in 2021 followinga prolonged insurgency.
In March 1992, PresidentMohammad Najibullah, having lost the Russian support that upheld his government, agreed to resign and make way for a neutral, interim government. Severalmujahideen parties started negotiations to form a national coalition government. But one group, theHezb-e Islami led byGulbuddin Hekmatyar, presumably supported and directed byPakistan'sInter-Services Intelligence (ISI), did not join the negotiations and announced its intent to conquerKabul alone. Hekmatyar moved his troops to Kabul, and was allowed into the town soon after 17 April. This left the other mujahideen groups no choice but to enter Kabul, on 24 April, to prevent Hekmatyar from taking over national government.[1][2]
This ignited a civil war between five or six rival armies, (nearly) all backed by foreign states. Several mujahideen groups proclaimed an 'interim government' on 26 April 1992 but this never attained real authority over Afghanistan. ManyAfghan mujahideen parties participated in its creation, after the fall of thesocialist government.[1][3][4]
PresidentMohammad Najibullah, leader of theDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan, was forced to resign on 15 April 1992.[5] ThePeshawar Accord of 25 April 1992, which established a power-sharing interim government to take control of Kabul, was signed by six of the seven major Afghan anti-Soviet resistance parties[5] (notably excluding theHezb-e Islami ["Islamic Party"] faction ofGulbuddin Hekmatyar, a Pashtun, who refused to sign the Accord), and supported by some remnants of the Najibullah administration. AnIslamic state was proclaimed,[clarification needed]Islamic law introduced,bars were closed, and women were ordered to wear thehijab.[5] In June,Burhanuddin Rabbani, leader of the Tajik-dominatedJamiat-e Islami ("Islamic Association") faction, was made interim-president of the new Islamic State of Afghanistan, and on 30 December 1992 he was elected head of the 7-member Government Council for a two-year term.[5] However, Hekmatyar's Hezb-e Islami rebel faction (which had split from Jamiat-e Islami in 1976) demanded a share in power as well, and started clashing with Rabbani's troops. After months of fighting, they signed an agreement in March 1993 making Hekmatyar the Prime Minister of Afghanistan in June, and shortening Rabbani's presidency from 2 years to 1.5 year.[5] Fighting between different rebel factions continued, however, and Kabul was largely destroyed.
In late 1994, a new Pashtun-dominated Islamic fundamentalist militia called theTaliban (lit. '"Religious students"') managed to conquer large parts of southern Afghanistan with the support of Pakistan.[5] Making steady gains throughout 1995 and 1996, the Taliban were able to seize control of the capital city of Kabul in September 1996, driving the Rabbani government and other factions northward, and by the end of the year occupying two-thirds of Afghanistan. Former president Najibullah was arrested and executed in public by hanging on 27 September 1996.
The Taliban renamed the country theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan, and imposed an even more strict version of Sharia andpurdah on the population they controlled. This especiallynegatively impacted women, who were forced to wear aburqa, stay indoors and banned from working outside the house with rare exceptions. Almost all girls lost access to education, increasing illiteracy rates.Movie theaters, soccer stadiums, and television stations were now closed as well.[5]
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The ousted Rabbani government formed a political coalition with Tajik leaderAhmed Shah Massoud, Uzbek warlordAbdul Rashid Dostum, and the ShiaHizb-i-Wahdat faction (dominated by Hazaras) ofKarim Khalili.[5] Its formal name was United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, known in theWestern world as theNorthern Alliance, and its goal was to take back the country from the Taliban.
By the end of May 1997, the Taliban offensive came to a halt due to a number of strategic victories by the Northern Alliance. International pressure forced both sides to negotiate, but the demands posed by either party were so high that the differences were irreconcilable, and a political impasse ensued.[5] The country was in a dire state according to a 1997 United Nations report, which found that theinfant mortality rate was 25%, numerous civil casualties due to landmines, economic blockades imposed by the militias causing hunger, and international humanitarian organisations being unable to carry out their work. A February 1998 earthquake in northeastern Afghanistan killed 4,500 people.[5]
In the first half of 1998, the negotiations appeared to reach a peace settlement, but then the Northern Alliance fell apart. Taking advantage of the resistance factions' disunity the Taliban launched a campaign, rapidly conquering the provincial capital cities ofMaimana,Sheberghan, and finallyMazar-i-Sharif (8 August 1998). Taliban fighters committed amassacre amongst the Shia population of the last city, alsokilling eight Iranian diplomats and journalists. This aroused international outrage, and brought the Taliban regime on the brink of war with Iran.[5]
The Northern Alliance drove the Taliban away in December 2001, following theUnited States invasion of Afghanistan. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was succeeded by the interimTransitional Islamic State of Afghanistan in 2002.[citation needed]
note - the self-proclaimed Taliban government refers to the country as Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
37°7′03″N70°34′47″E / 37.11750°N 70.57972°E /37.11750; 70.57972
| Preceded by | Islamic State of Afghanistan 1992–1996 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Islamic State of Afghanistan 2001–2002 | Succeeded by |
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