TheIslamic State – Libya Province (Arabic:ولاية ليبيا,romanized: Wilayah Libya) is a militantIslamist group active in Libya under three branches:Fezzan Province[a] in the desert south,Cyrenaica Province[b] in the east, andTripolitania Province[c] in the west aroundTripoli, Libya's capital city.[27][28] The branches were formed on 13 November 2014, following pledges of allegiance toIS leaderAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi by Islamist militants inLibya.[29]
Following the 2011Libyan Civil War, which resulted in the ousting of ColonelMuammar Gaddafi and hisgovernment, many rebel fighters went to Syria to fight alongside militant groups who were fightingBashar al-Assad and his loyalists in theSyrian Civil War.[30] In 2012, one group of Libyans fighting in Syria declared the establishment of theBattar Brigade. TheBattar Brigade would laterpledge loyalty to IS, and fight for it in both Syria and Iraq.[31]
In early 2014, up to 300 Battar Brigade veterans returned to Libya. InDerna, they formed a new faction called theIslamic Youth Shura Council, which began recruiting militants from other local groups. Among those who joined were many members of the Derna branch ofAnsar al-Sharia.[31][32] During the next few months, they declared war on anyone in Derna who opposed them, killing judges, civic leaders and other opponents, including local militants who rejected their authority such as theal-Qaeda-alliedAbu Salim Martyrs Brigade.[20]
In September 2014, an IS delegation that had been dispatched by the group's leadership arrived in Libya. The representatives includedAbu Nabil al Anbari, a senior aide to al-Baghdadi and a veteran of the Iraq conflict,[20] the Saudi Abu Habib al-Jazrawi, and the Yemeni[32] or Saudi[20]Abu al-Baraa el-Azdi, a militant and preacher from Syria.[20][31][33] On 5 October 2014, the Islamic Youth Shura Council-aligned militant factions came together and pledged allegiance to IS. After the pledging ceremony, more than 60 pickup trucks filled with fighters cruised through the city in a victory parade.[32] A second more formal gathering involving a larger array of factions took place on 30 October 2014, where the militants gathered to pledge allegiance toAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi in the city square.[32][34]
On 13 November 2014, al-Baghdadi released an audio recording in which he accepted pledges of allegiance from supporters in five countries, including Libya, and announced the expansion of his group to those territories.[35] He went on to announce the creation of three "provinces" (wilayah) in Libya:Wilayah al-Fizan (Fezzan in the desert south),Wilayah al-Barqah (Cyrenaica in the east), andWilayah al-Tarabulus (Tripolitania in the west).[28][27][36] The threewilayahs in Libya represent statelets.[37]
The Islamic State – Libya Province in 2015, during its peak
When founded, IS claimed a presence inal Bayda,Benghazi,Sirte,al-Khums, and the Libyan capitalTripoli.[38] The Cyrenaica branch of IS had around 800 fighters and half a dozen camps in Derna's outskirts. It also had larger facilities in theJebel Akhdar area, whereNorth African fighters were trained.[20]
In December 2014, IS recruiters inTurkey told their Libyan associates to stop sending fighters to Syria and to focus on domestic attacks, according to theWall Street Journal. In the following weeks, IS carried out attacks against oil installations and international hotels, performed mass executions and attempted to take over further Libyan territory.[1] The group made tactical alliances with al Qaeda-linked groups that did not formally pledge allegiance to it, such as theBenghazi branch ofAnsar al-Sharia,[39][40] members of Tunisia'sAnsar al-Sharia, andal-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb'sTarek Ibn Ziyad Brigade.[1] On 30 March 2015,Ansar al-Sharia's generalShariajurist Abu Abdullah Al-Libi pledged allegiance to IS, a number of the group's members defected with him.[41][42]
The city ofSirte had been loyal toMuammar Gaddafi and sufferedmassive damage at the conclusion of the 2011 Civil War,[43] later becoming home to militant Islamist groups like Ansar al-Sharia. IS formally announced their presence in Sirte in early 2015, driving a parade of vehicles through the city and declaring it part of theircaliphate. Ansar al-Sharia split over how to respond, with most of their members joining IS.[44][45] The group reportedly recruited many locals, former Gaddafi supporters alienated from the post-war political order in Libya, after they "repented" and pledged allegiance to al-Baghdadi. They were quickly able to take over much of the city.[45] IS implemented their harsh interpretation of Sharia gradually, first focusing on building loyalty and allegiance from the tribal society of Sirte. In August 2015 Islamic codes of dress and behaviour began to be enforced more strongly and punishments like crucifixions and lashings began to be carried out.[46] There was an uprising against IS in Sirte in the same month, with members of the Ferjani tribe, Salafists and former members of the security forces attacking IS forces. IS brought in reinforcements from outside of Sirte and the uprising was swiftly defeated, with media reports claiming dozens or hundreds of Sirte residents were killed after the fighting.[47]
IS began to solidify its rule in Sirte, increasing its state building efforts and using it as a base to expand its territory.[48] IS fighters from Sirtetook over the neighbouring towns ofNofaliya,[49] andHarawa during this period.[50] They also seized control ofGhardabiya Airbase and important infrastructure like power plants and part of theGreat Man-Made River water irrigation project.[51][52] By early 2016, there were an estimated 1,500, mostly foreign, fighters in the city,[46] and Vice AdmiralClive Johnstone, commander ofNATO'sAllied Maritime Command, warned that IS militants aspired to build a maritime arm that could carry out attacks in theMediterranean Sea against tourist and transfer ships.[53]
The group suffered reverses in other parts of Libya during this period, including inDerna,Benghazi, andSabratha. In June 2015, clashes erupted in Derna between IS and the rivalShura Council of Mujahideen in Derna supported by theLibyan Air Force, which caused heavy casualties on both sides and led to IS forces being driven out of their strongholds in the city the following month.[54][55][56] In November 2015, a US air strike killed ISIL's leader in Libya, Abu Nabil al Anbari.[2] He was succeeded by Abdel Qader al-Najdi.[57] In early 2016, theKhalifa Haftar-ledLibyan National Army, reportedly with the assistance of French Special Forces, captured parts of Benghazi that had been held by IS for months.[58] In February 2016, a U.S. air strike targeted an IS training camp near Sabratha, killing more than 40 people including the Tunisian IS memberNoureddine Chouchane, linked to the2015 Sousse attacks,[59][60] as well as twoSerbians who had been kidnapped by IS in 2015.[61]
An IS training camp nearSirte in January 2017, shortly after thefall of this city to anti-IS forces
In December 2016, followinga 7-month long battle, IS was cleared from Sirte by Libyan Forces, with assistance from air strikes by the United States.[62] The group withdrew to desert areas south of Sirte, and began mostly low level attacks on Libyan forces and local infrastructure.[63] In January 2017, U.S. airstrikes on an IS base 25 miles southwest of Sirte reportedly killed over 80 militants.[64][65] Having suffered heavy losses, the Libyan branch of IS greatly declined in activity in the next years.[66]
Over a course of ten days in 2019, from September 19 to 29,AFRICOM claimed airstrikes that they carried out on the Islamic State in southwestern Libya on four separate occasions left 43 militants dead.[67] As of 2020, IS forces in Libya mostly operate as moving insurgencies. Instead of trying to hold territory, they temporarily occupy areas and raid them, launch attacks on security posts, and generally cause instability.[68] IS attacks continue in all parts of Libya.[68] In operating as mobile raiders, the Islamic State militants attempt to prevent the restoration of state authority throughout Libya, thereby maintaining a chaotic situation in which they could attempt a comeback in the future.[69] The IS central command also regards its forces' continued presence in Libya as important due to the area being a useful springboard for terrorist attacks on Europe[70] and for an expansion into and connection with Sub-Saharan Africa.[71]
On June 6, 2021, IS claimed responsibility for a blast that killed 2 police officers, including a senior police officer, during an SVBIED attack in the southern city of Sebha, Libya.[72]
On June 14, 2021, IS activated an IED against a patrol of the Libyan General Haftar's army in the Al-Haruj Mountains, near the city of Fuqaha, about 380 km south of Sirte, killing a Libyan army commander and his escort. They also released photos of their operatives in Libya including a photo of a recent suicide bomber that attacked Libyan police officers on June 6, 2021.[73]
In Libya, IS heavily relied on foreign volunteers for its fighting forces. IS recruits came from across the Middle East and Africa.[74] Libyan intelligence chiefs claimed in early February 2016, that the Islamic State is recruiting fighters from Africa's poorest nations, includingChad,Mali andSudan. IS offers generous salaries compared to the average wages in the region. Many of the fighters reach Libya using existing people-smuggling routes used by Africanmigrants heading to Europe.[75] Following the battle of Sirte during which most of IS's foreign forces in Libya were killed,[66] the Libyan branch increasingly recruited Sub-Saharan Africans into its ranks.[76]
The "Media Office for Cyrenaica Province" has published photos and other material showing buildings with IS insignia, suicide bombers, parades, and pledges of allegiance toAbu Bakr al-Baghdadi.[77] A reporter forThe New York Times who visited the outskirts of Sirte found that IS had taken over the local radio station, and all four stations on the dial were being used to transmit Islamic sermons.[44]
IS in Libya had threatened to facilitate the arrival ofthousands of migrants to destabilize Europe if they are attacked.[78]
Billboards instructing women how to dress according toSharia were erected in Sirte in July 2015. The billboard gave a list of restrictions on dress for women. "Instructions on wearing thehijab according to Sharia
It must be thick and not revealing
It must be loose (not tight)
It must cover all the body
It must not be attractive
It must not resemble the clothes of unbelievers or men
By late 2014, Derna was fully under IS control, with theBlack Standard flying over government buildings, police cars carrying IS insignia, and the local football stadium being used for public executions.[79] AHuman Rights Watch report accused IS linked groups in control of Derna ofwar crimes andhuman rights abuses that include terrorizing residents in the absence of state authorities and the rule of law. Human Rights Watch documented 3 apparentsummary executions and at least 10 public floggings by the Islamic Youth Shura Council, which joined IS in November 2014. They also documented beheadings of three Derna residents and 250 seemingly politically motivated assassinations of judges, public officials, members of the security forces, journalists, and others with no public investigations. Sarah Leah Whitson, HRW Middle East, and North Africa director said, "Commanders should understand that they may face domestic or international prosecution for the grave rights abuses their forces are committing."[80]
Under IS's watch, women increasingly woreface veils and young men caught drinking alcohol were flogged. Education changes included male/female segregation of students, and the removal of history and geography from the curriculum. NewIslamic religious police flyers ordered clothing stores to cover their mannequins and not to display "scandalous women's clothes that cause sedition." The law school was closed.[32]
In November 2014, IS's Cyrenaica wing claimed it had previously dispatched nine suicide bombers from Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia to carry out attacks against Libyan security forces in and aroundBenghazi.CNN reported that several of these attacks seemed to correspond to previously unclaimed suicide bombings, including a twin-attack on a Libyan special forces camp in Benghazi on 23 July 2014 and a 2 October 2014 attack on a military checkpoint near Benina airport.[20]
IS's Cyrenaica Province is the prime suspect in a 12 November 2014 suicide bombing inTobruk that killed one and wounded 14, and a bombing outside Labraq air force base in Al-Bayda that killed four, according to aCNN report.[20][81]
On 13 November 2014, bombs exploded near the embassies of Egypt and the UAE inTripoli, however no casualties were reported. An IS-linked Twitter account suggested their Tripoli wing was responsible for the attacks, according to theSITE Intelligence Group.[82]
In December 2014, the beheaded bodies of Mohammed Battu and Sirak Qath, human rights activists abducted inDerna on 6 November 2014, were found.[83]
In January 2015, IS's Cyrenaica branch published photos claiming to show the execution of two Tunisian journalists who had been kidnapped in September 2014.[84]
On 27 January 2015, anattack on the Corinthia Hotel in Tripoli involving gunmen and a car bomb killed at least ten people, including five foreigners. The IS's Tripoli branch claimed responsibility for the attack, claiming it was revenge for the death of Libyanal-Qaeda operativeAbu Anas al-Libi in American custody earlier in the month.[85][86]
On 3 February 2015, gunmen claiming to represent IS stormed a French-Libyan oil field near the town of Mabruk, killing nine guards.[1]
On 15 February 2015, IS released a video showing thebeheading of 21 Christian Egyptians who had been kidnapped in Sirte.[87] IS'sDabiq magazine had earlier published photos of theCopts and threatened to kill them to "avenge the kidnapping of Muslim women by the Egyptian Coptic Church".[88]
On 20 February 2015, the IS carried outbombings in Al Qubbah, which targeted a petrol station, a police station and the home of the Libyan parliamentary speaker, killing at least 40 people.[89]
On 24 March 2015, IS claimed responsibility for a suicidecar bombing that killed five soldiers and two civilians at an army checkpoint in Benghazi.[90]
On 5 April 2015, IS's Tripolitania branch claimed responsibility for a suicide bombing on a checkpoint outsideMisrata, which killed four and wounded 21.[91]
On 13 April 2015, militants claiming loyalty to IS posted claims of responsibility onTwitter for a bombing outside the Moroccan embassy that caused no casualties, and a gun attack on the South Korean embassy the day before that killed two guards.[92]
On 19 April 2015, a video was released online by IS showing thekilling of approximately 30 Ethiopian Christians in Libya. 15 of the men were beheaded, and another group of the same size were shot in the head.[93]
On 27 April 2015, the bodies of five men with slit throats were found in theGreen Mountain forests. The bodies were identified as five journalists working for a Libyan TV station who had been kidnapped at an IS checkpoint in August 2014.[94]
On 9 June 2015, US government officials confirmed that IS in Libya had captured 86 Eritrean migrants south ofTripoli.[95]
On 10 June 2015, IS gunmen in Derna killed Nasser Akr and Salem Derbi, two senior commanders of the Al-Qaeda affiliatedShura Council of Mujahideen in Derna.[24]
On 7 January 2016, IS carried out atruck bomb attack against a police training center in Zliten, killing at least 60 and wounding around 200.[96]
On 25 February 2016, IS fighters inSabratha took control of a security headquarters, killing and beheading 12 security officers before being driven out the next day.
On 28 October 2018, at least 5 people were killed, including the son of the chairman of the local council, and at least 10 people, including employees of local police stations, were abducted in an IS attack on the Libyan town ofFuqaha. IS attacked the desert town with 25 vehicles and set local government buildings and police stations on fire before fleeing southward to theHaruj mountains to avoid a confrontation with LNA forces.[98][99]
On 8 July 2019, a group of IS fighters appeared insouthern Libya under the command of Abu Musab al-Libi and took responsibility for an attack that killed and wounded an unidentified number ofLNA members on 3 July. Al-Libi was previously a commander of IS fighters in Benghazi.[100]
On 23 May 2020, a blast targeted a security point manned by LNA soldiers at the entrance toTraghan, southern Libya. There were no casualties, but IS claimed responsibility for the incident, making it the first claimed attack in almost a year.[101]
On 6 June 2021, a blast killed at least two people, including a senior police officer, at a checkpoint in the southern city ofSebha. IS claimed responsibility for the explosion, saying that one of its militants carried out asuicide bombing by attacking the checkpoint in an explosive-filled car.[102]
The growth of its branch in Libya is seen by IS and its proponents as a model for IS expansion outside Iraq and Syria.[25][103]
TheLong War Journal wrote that no well-established Libyan militant organizations had pledged their support to the group and that "the Islamic State has failed, thus far, to garner the allegiance ofAnsar al Sharia Libya, which is notorious for its role in theSept. 11, 2012, terrorist attacks in Benghazi and remains one of the most powerfuljihadist organizations in eastern Libya. None of Ansar al Sharia's allies in theBenghazi Revolutionaries Shura Council, the Islamist coalition fighting GeneralKhalifa Haftar's forces for control of territory, pledged allegiance to Baghdadi. The Islamic State has supporters in Libya, particularly among the jihadist youth. But other groups are still, by all outward appearances, more entrenched."[104]
^abcdefghPaul Cruickshank, Nic Robertson, Tim Lister and Jomana Karadsheh, CNN (18 November 2014)."ISIS comes to Libya - CNN.com".CNN.Archived from the original on 23 November 2014. Retrieved29 January 2015.{{cite news}}:|author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^"The Islamic State's Archipelago of Provinces". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 14 November 2014.Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved17 November 2014.Baghdadi also noted that his declaration entails "nullification" of all jihadist local groups in the five places mentioned above, as well as "the announcement of new wilayat (provinces) of the Islamic State and the appointment of wulat (governors) for them."
^Elmenshawy, Mohamed (25 August 2014)."Egypt's Emerging Libya Policy".The Huffington Post.Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved25 September 2014.
^Schmitt, Eric; Gordon, Michael R. (19 January 2017)."U.S. Bombs ISIS Camps in Libya".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 19 May 2017. Retrieved6 February 2017.
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