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| Part ofa series on Sunni Islam |
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In terms ofIhsan: |
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Sunni Islam was the official religion of theOttoman Empire. The highest position in Islam,caliphate, was claimed by the sultan, after the defeat of theMamluks which was established asOttoman Caliphate. The sultan was to be a devout Muslim and was given the literal authority of the caliph.[clarification needed] Additionally, Sunni clerics had tremendous influence over government and their authority was central to the regulation of the economy. Despite all this, the sultan also had a right to the decree, enforcing a code called Kanun (law) in Turkish. Additionally, there was a supreme clerical position called theSheykhulislam ("Sheykh of Islam" in Arabic). Minorities, particularly Christians and Jews but also some others, were mandated to pay thejizya, the poll tax as mandated by traditional Islam.[citation needed]
Before theTanzimat, the ruling institution, also known as the Muslim millet, was known as theBab-ı Meşihat, the office of theSheykhulislam. Other names used were theBâb-ı Fetvâ,Meşîhat Dairesi or theŞeyhülislâm Kapısı (Gate of theSheykhulislam).[1]
Since the founding of the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman law and religious life were defined by theHanafimadhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence). With respect to creed, theMaturidi school was majorly adhered to, dominatingmadrassahs (Islamic Both the Maturidi and Ash'ari schools of Islamic theology usedIlm al-Kalam to understand theQuran and thehadith (sayings and actions of Mohammed and theRashidun) so as to apply Islamic principles tofatwas (Islamic rulings)).[2][3][4]
| Part ofa series on theAlevis Alevism |
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Because of their heterodox beliefs and practices, Alevis have been the target of historical and recent oppression. They sided[when?] with the Persian Empire against the Ottoman Empire[citation needed] and forty thousand Alevis were killed in 1514 by Ottomans.[5] The Qizilbash of Anatolia found themselves on the "wrong" side of the Ottoman-Safavid border after 1555Peace of Amasya. They become subjects of an Ottoman court that viewed them with suspicion. In that troubled period underSuleiman the Magnificent the Alevi people were persecuted and murdered.
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