| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 182,607 (3.4% of the population) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Oslo andViken |
95–100% | |
90–95% | |
50–70% | |
30–35% | |
10–20% | |
5–10% | |
4–5% | |
2–4% | |
1–2% | |
< 1% |
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Islam is the second largest religion inNorway afterChristianity. As of 2020, the number ofMuslims living in Norway was 182,607 (3.4% of the total population).[2][3][4] The majority of Muslims in Norway areSunni, with a significantShia minority. 55 percent of Muslims in the country live inOslo and the formerFylkeViken (nowAkershus,Buskerud andØstfold. The vast majority of Muslims have an immigrant background, and very fewethnic Norwegians are Muslim.
Icelandicannals date the arrival of representatives from the Muslim sultan ofTunis in Norway in the 1260s, after KingHåkon Håkonsson had sent embassies to the Sultan with rich gifts.[5] However, the number of Muslims in the country was not significant until the latter half of the 20th century. By 1958,Ahmadiyya missionaries had attracted a small number of converts and established a small community in Oslo.[6] Immigration from Muslim countries to Norway began late compared to other western European countries and did not gather pace until the late 1960s. However, due to the oil boom, labor migration lasted longer than in other countries.[7] The first Pakistani immigrant laborers arrived in 1967.[7] In 1975, laborimmigration to Norway was halted, but rules for family reunification were relatively relaxed for several more years.[8] As a result, while most immigrants until the 1970s were laborers, immigration in the 1980s and 1990s was dominated bythose seeking asylum.[7]
The number of Muslims in Norway was first registered in official statistics in 1980 when it was given as 1006.[citation needed] These statistics were based on membership of a registered congregation. The actual number is likely to be higher given that few Muslims were then members of amosque. Historian of religionKari Vogt estimates that 10% of Norwegian Muslims were members of a mosque in 1980, a proportion which had increased to 70% by 1998.[9][page needed] Being a member of a mosque was an alien concept to many immigrants from Muslim countries. The number of registered members of mosques increased to 80,838 in 2004, but then dropped to 72,023 in 2006. Part of the reason for the drop could be a new methodology in the compilation of statistics.[10]
At the end of the 1990s, Islam passed theRoman Catholic Church andPentecostalism to become the largest minority religion in Norway, provided Islam is seen as one group.[citation needed] However, as of 2013, theRoman Catholic Church regained its position as the largest minority religion in Norway due to increasing immigration from European countries and less immigration from Muslim-majority countries.[11] In 2009, the total number of registered Muslim congregations was 126. More than 40 prayer locations exist in the city of Oslo.[12]
In 2010 a Muslim fromÖrebro in Sweden wanted to build a mosque inTromsø with money from Saudi Arabia but the Norwegian government declined to give permission on the grounds that Saudi Arabia has nofreedom of religion and potential Norwegian money to churches in the opposite direction would be stopped as churches are illegal there.[13]
In June 2018, the parliament of Norway passed a bill banning clothing covering the face at educational institutions as well as daycare centres, which included face-covering Islamic veils. The prohibition applies to pupils and staff alike.[14][15]
Studies conducted for a TV channel in 2006 found that 18% of Norwegian Muslims reported visiting the mosque once a week. A similar study in 2007 reported that 36% of Muslim youth visit the mosque less than once a month.[16]
According to a 2007/2008 survey of students at upper secondary schools in Oslo, 25% of Muslims pray regularly while 12% attend religious services weekly.[17]
According to a survey in 2016, about 98% of Norwegian Muslims believed that Human rights are important, about 94% believed Democracy is important, and 95% believed that Muslims should live in peace with Non-Muslims. In the same poll a minority of 47% said that it is not important to follow Sharia law.[18]
According to a 2017 poll, 3 out of 10 Muslims agree it's important to followSharia law.[19]
According to a survey of 4,000 Muslims in 2017, only two percent agreed to statements such as "Islam allows the use of violence" and that theSeptember 11 attacks on America in 2001 can be justified.[20]
About 70 people have left Norway to become foreign fighters in Syria or Iraq, while around 20 have returned.[21]
In May 2019 it was announced that those who had joined the Islamic State who only had residence permits in Norway would have their permits annulled to prevent them from returning to Norway.[22] And in September 2019, 15foreigners in Norway had their residence permits revoked.[23]
In 2004, it was estimated that 500–1,000 Norwegians have converted to Islam. Many Norwegians, both men and women, have converted in order to marry Muslims.[24]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 1,006 | — |
| 1990 | 54,000 | +5267.8% |
| 2000 | 56,458 | +4.6% |
| 2010 | 144,000 | +155.1% |
| 2020 | 182,607 | +26.8% |
| Note: 1990 data,[25] 2010 data,[25] 2018 data[26][27][28] | ||
Muslims in Norway are a very fragmented group, coming from many different backgrounds.Kari Vogt estimated in 2000 that there were about 500 Norwegian converts to Islam.[29] The rest are mostly first or second-generation immigrants from a number of countries. The largest immigrant communities from Muslim countries in Norway are from Pakistan, Iraq and Somalia:
| Country of origin | Number (2008)[30] |
|---|---|
| Pakistan | 30,134 |
| Somalia | 27,881 |
| Iraq | 21,795 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 15,649 |
| Iran | 15,134 |
| Turkey | 15,003 |
| Converts | 1,000[31]-3,000[32] |
An unknown, but presumably high, proportion of these immigrant populations is Muslim. In other words, the largest group of Norwegian Muslims originate in Pakistan, but no single nationality constitute as much as a quarter of the total population.[citation needed]
The Turkish, Pakistani and Iranian communities are quite established in Norway. 55% of Iranians have lived in Norway for more than 10 years. The Iraqis are a more recent group, with 80% of the Iraqi community having arrived in the past 10 years.[citation needed]
In the 1990s there was a wave of asylum seekers from theBalkans, mostlyBosniaks. In recent years most immigrants arrive as part of family reunification.[citation needed]
According to theVerdens Gang newspaper, during the 1990s around 500 people converted to Islam in Norway and this number increased to around 3,000 in 2019.[32]
| Electoral districts | % Muslim | # Muslim |
|---|---|---|
| Oslo | 9.5% | 64 882 |
| Akershus | 3.8% | 23 812 |
| Østfold | 4.6% | 13 620 |
| Buskerud | 4.6% | 13 011 |
| Rogaland | 2.5% | 11 742 |
| Hordaland | 1.5% | 7 837 |
| Vestfold | 2.3% | 5 820 |
| Telemark | 2.8% | 4 796 |
| Vest-Agder | 2.4% | 4 565 |
| Hedmark | 1.5% | 3 045 |
| Oppland | 1.6% | 3 005 |
| Nordland | 1.1% | 2 593 |
| Møre og Romsdal | 1.0% | 2 635 |
| Trøndelag | 1.5% | 7 017 |
| Troms | 1.3% | 2 170 |
| Aust-Agder | 1.7% | 2 051 |
| Sogn og Fjordane | 1.2% | 1 359 |
| Finnmark | 1.4% | 1 029 |
| Norway | 3.3% | 175 507 |
| Region | Percent Muslim |
|---|---|
| Eastern Norway | 4.9% |
| Western Norway | 1.7% |
| Trøndelag | 1.5% |
| Southern Norway | 2.2% |
| Northern Norway | 1.2% |
| Year | Muslims | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| 2006[34] | 76,000 | 1.6% |
| 2010[25] | 144,000 | 2.9% |
| 2018[26] | 166,861 | 3.2% |
| 2030[25] | 359,000 | 6.3% |
Mosques have been important, not just as places of prayer, but also as a meeting place for members of minority groupings. Several mosques also do different forms of social work, e.g. organising the transport of deceased members back to their countries of origin for burial. The mosques are mostly situated in regular city blocks, and are not easily visible features of the cities.
Some of the earliest attempts to organize Islamic worship in Norway was done by labor organizations as early Muslims were labor migrants.[35] The first mosque was established in 1972 by Pakistani immigrants.[35] Another mosque, theIslamic Cultural Centre (ICC) opened in Oslo in 1974.[36] The initiative for the mosque came from Pakistanis who were helped by the Islamic Cultural Centre which had already opened inCopenhagen inDenmark. The new mosque adhered to thedeobandi branch ofSunni Islam.[citation needed] Adherents of theSufi inspiredBarelwi movement, who constituted the majority of Pakistanis in Norway, soon felt the need for a mosque of their own, and opened theCentral Jamaat-e Ahl-e Sunnat in 1976. Today this is the second largest mosque in Norway, with over 6,000 members.[37] The firstShia mosque,Anjuman-e hussaini, was founded in 1975, and until 1994 was the only Shia congregation.[38][39] TheTablighi Jamaat came to Norway in 1977.[38] An Albanian mosque was established in 1989, and a Bosnian mosque in the 1990s.[38] Until the 1990s, mosques and Islamic organizations in Norway were established along ethnic lines. Such establishments were by immigrants from Pakistan, Turkey, Morocco, Arab world, Somalia,The Gambia and Bosnia.[35]
Startingc. 1990, Muslims of different ethnicities and sects came together to form umbrella organizations.[40] TheMuslim Defence Committee was established in 1989 to give an Islamic response to theSalman Rushdie affair.[40] TheIslamic Women's Group of Norway andUrtehagen Foundation were established in 1991, and in 1993 theIslamic Council of Norway was established to conduct dialogue with theChurch of Norway.[40] Another major change in the 1990s was that mosques became more inclusive to women.[41] For example, in 1999 the ICC began offering Arabic andQur'an classes to women and including women inEid prayers.[41]
Also in the 1990s, Muslim youth and student associations were established.[42] In 1995, the Muslim Student Society (MSS) was founded at theUniversity of Oslo, driven by a need to findprayer space forIslamic prayer.[43] The MSS soon expanded its activities to include conductinginterfaith dialogue, courses ondawah,[43]iftar duringRamadan,[44] and other community projects. In 1996, the Muslim Youth of Norway (NMU) was founded.[45] In 1999, NMU began publishingExplore (later calledUng Muslim) a magazine geared towards Norwegian Muslim youth.[46]
By 2005, only one purpose-built mosque existed in Norway, built by theSufi-inspired[47]Sunni MuslimWorld Islamic Mission in Oslo in 1995.Minhaj-ul-Quran International established its mosque and centre in 1987.[48] In 2000, this was the first Norwegian mosque to start performing theadhan - the call to prayer. Initially, the mosque received permission fromGamle Oslo borough to perform the adhan once a week. This was appealed to county authorities by theProgress Party. The ruling of thefylkesmann (county governor) of Oslo and Akershus stated that no permission was required for performing the adhan, leaving the mosque free to perform it at their own discretion.[49] The mosque decided to limit themselves to performing the adhan once a week.
While less than 10% of Muslims were members of an Islamic organization in 1980, this figure rose to 50% in 1990,[50] and increased to 55% by 2007.[51]
The main umbrella organization in Norway is theIslamic Council Norway, which was set up in 1993.[52] As of 2008, it comprises 40 member organisations totalling 60,000 members.[53] One researcher estimates it represents 50-75% of all Norwegian Muslims.[24] Since 1997, the Islamic Council has also hadShia representation.[54] The Islamic Council is regularly consulted by the government in matters of religion.[53] The council is also involved with interfaith dialogue, particularly with theChurch of Norway.[53] In 2009, the Islamic Council publicly denounced harassment of homosexuals.[55]Minhaj-ul-Quran has a branch in Norway and community centre was established in Oslo in 1987.[56] In 1991, the Islamic Women's Group Norway (Islamsk Kvinnegruppe Norge) was founded, after an initiative by the Norwegian convert Nina Torgersen.[citation needed] In 1995, a Muslim Students' Society (Muslimsk Studentsamfunn) was established at theUniversity of Oslo, with some of its officers, such asMohammad Usman Rana, becoming important voices in the Norwegian public sphere.[citation needed] The Islamic foundationUrtehagen was established in 1991 by the Norwegian convert Trond Ali Linstad, at first running a kindergarten and youth club. In 1993, Linstad applied for the first time to establish a Muslim private school. TheLabour Party government ofGro Harlem Brundtland rejected the application in 1995, stating that it would be "detrimental to the integration of the children". After the Labour government was replaced by the government ofKjell Magne Bondevik of theChristian People's Party in 1997, Linstad applied again, and his application was approved in 1999. In August 2001, Urtehagen School (Urtehagen friskole) opened with 75 pupils. However, internal conflicts at the school led to its closure in the spring of 2004.[57] Plans to open a similar school inDrammen in 2006 were blocked after the newcenter-left government stopped all new private schools after coming to power in 2005.[58]
Various Ahmadi mosques include Noor Mosque, opened in Oslo August 1, 1980,[59] andBaitun Nasr Mosque in Furuset, Oslo.[60] There are about 1,700 Ahmadi Muslims in Norway. The majority of the Ahmadi Muslims in Norway are fromPakistan.[61]
Profetens Ummah is aSalafist organisation notorious for its statements and vocal demonstrations praisingIslamic terrorism.[62][63] ManyNorwegian jihadi fighters forISIL have links with the organizations,[64] and some Norwegians who joined ISIL were also members of the radical organizationIslam Net, founded in 2008.[65][66]
In June 2017,Thee Yezen al-Obaide revealed plans to create a mosque in Oslo namedMasjid al-Nisa (The Women's Mosque). In an interview, al-Obaide described the mosque as "a feminist mosque where women have as much space as men. Both men and women should be able to lead prayers, and all genders should be able to pray in the same room." The mosque will also be open to LGBT people and has been compared to theIbn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Germany and theMariam Mosque in Denmark.[67]
Since 2007, the Islamic Cultural Centre stages an Eid Mela annually that attracts around 5,000 visitors. The event involves food, concerts, and other activities.[69]
In 2007, a debate arose over banning face veils in higher education but institutions advised against such a bill. Similar debates occurred in 2010 but again did not result in a ban. In 2012, a student at theUniversity of Tromsø was expelled from class by a professor but no general ban was adopted. However, theOslo City Council and County Board of Østfold banned niqabs in teaching situations at their high schools. Norwegian law does not make reference to the right for people to wear religious headgear, but the issue is part of by the Working Environment Act and the Gender Equality Act. The Norwegian Labour Inspectorate considers refusal to accommodate religious headgear as discrimination. Hijabs have been incorporated into uniforms in the army, healthcare, etc.[70]
In a 2014 poll conducted by the NorwegianDirectorate of Integration and Diversity, a majority of Norwegians held negative views over the wearing of thehijab outside the home.[71] Stronger disagreement (75%) was expressed towards the hijab being part of thepolice uniform in Norway.[71] Concerning the full-coverniqab, 86% expressed a negative or very negative opinion.[71]
In June 2017, the Norwegian government proposed rules banning female students from wearing full-face veils. Education MinisterTorbjørn Røe Isaksen said that in their perspective, full-face veils like the hijab have no place in educational settings since they hinder good communication. The administration is subsequently examining the likelihood of controlling the utilization of such pieces of clothing in childcare focuses, schools and colleges.[72]
The Prime Minister of NorwayErna Solberg stated in an interview that in Norwegian work environments it is essential to see each other's faces and therefore anyone who insists on wearing aniqab is in practiceunemployable. Solberg also views the wearing of the niqab as a challenge to social boundaries in the Norwegian society, a challenge that would be countered by Norway setting boundaries of its own. Solberg also stated that anyone may wear what they wish in their spare time and that her comments applied to professional life but that any immigrant has the obligation to adapt to Norwegian work life and culture.[73]
In June 2018, the parliament of Norway passed a bill banning clothing covering the face at educational institutions as well as daycare centres, which included face-covering Islamic veils. The prohibition applies to pupils and staff alike.[74][75]
In April 2019, telecom companyTelia received bomb threats after featuring a Muslim woman taking off herhijab in a commercial. Although the police considered unlikely that the threat would be carried out, delivering such threats is still a crime in Norway.[76][77][78][79]
Following the2015 Copenhagen shootings, Norwegian Muslims were among those taking part in a vigil on February 21, 2015, evening, in which they joined hands with Norwegian Jews and others to form a symbolic protective ring around the Norwegian capital's main synagogue.[80]
In 2010, theNorwegian Broadcasting Corporation after one year of research, revealed that antisemitism was common among Norwegian Muslims.[81][82] Such antisemitism was condemned by Muslim organizations in Norway.[83]
A 2017 study by the NorwegianCenter for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities found that negative attitudes towards Muslims and Jews were prevalent. 34% of Norwegians had negative attitudes towards Muslims. Among Muslim immigrants who have lived in Norway for at least 5 years, 28.9% had negative attitudes towards Jews (compared to 8.3% for the population). The survey also found that a majorities of Norwegian Jews and Norwegian Muslims believed in cooperating with one another to fight discrimination.[84]
Islamophobia refers to the set of discourses, behaviours and structures which express feelings fear, towards Islam and Muslims in Norway.[85][86] Islamophobia can manifest itself through discrimination in the workforce,[87] negative coverage in the media,[88] and violence against Muslims.[89] In 2004 the slogan, "Ikke mobb kameraten min (Don't touch my hijab)," was adopted by a Norwegian protest movement focused around the case ofAmbreen Pervez and a proposed hijab ban. Pervez was told by her employer that she was not to wear her hijab to work. The slogan was an adaption of the French slogans, "Ne touche pas a mon pote (Don't touch my buddy)," and, "Touche pas à mon foulard (Don't touch my hijab.)" A number of employment discrimination cases in Norway arose over the wearing of the hijab.[90][91][92]
A 2005 study analyzed the portrayal of Muslims in the 8 largest newspapers of Norway. It found that Muslims were generally portrayed negatively, even more negatively than other immigrants, and only 3% of the articles portrayed Muslims positively.[93]
In a 2014 poll conducted by the NorwegianDirectorate of Integration and Diversity, 5 of 10 Norwegians considered Islamic values to be either completely or partially incompatible with Norwegian society.[71]
According to a 2017 poll study by the NorwegianCenter for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities, 34.1% of the population showed strong prejudice against Muslims: 27.8% feels "disgusted" by Muslims; 19.6% would not want Muslims as neighbors; 42% thought that Muslims did not want to integrate into Norway; 39% saw Muslims as a "threat" to Norwegian culture; 31% thought that Muslims wanted to take over Europe. These figures were slightly lower than those from a similar study made in 2011.[84] Nevertheless 75% of Norwegians condemned acts ofanti-Muslim violence.[84]
According to a 2020 poll conducted by the NorwegianDirectorate of Integration and Diversity, a slight majority of people of Norway (52%) consider Islam incompatible with fundamental values of the Norwegian society. This result had been similar for the last 15 years. By comparison, only a minority (22%) consideredBuddhism incompatible with Norwegian values.[94]
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